From 1990 to 2024, the population of the city of Rio de Janeiro grew almost every year, from approximately 5.5 million to 6.7 million residents, which is an increase of 22 percent. The data shows several fluctuations; however, these may be attributed to changes in methodology. It is unclear whether the changes shown in the 2022 census are due to counting methodologies, or if it is representative of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Growth of the population The city of Rio de Janeiro has consistently had a higher birth rate than the death rate, although the gap between these two indicators is narrowing. In 2023, 9.3 births were registered per 1,000 inhabitants of Rio, while in the same period a rate of 8.4 deaths per 1,000 inhabitants was reported. The surrounding of the city Considering the entire metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro, the region is home to approximately 13 million people. Rio's population is aging, with about eight million people over the age of 30 and half this value between the ages of 30 and 49. In the most recent census, whites made up nearly 44 percent of the population, followed by Pardo Brazilians, who composed about 37 percent of all residents.

Brazil Working Age Population: Labour Force: Rio de Janeiro data was reported at 8,803.000 Person th in Mar 2020. This records a decrease from the previous number of 8,868.000 Person th for Dec 2019. Brazil Working Age Population: Labour Force: Rio de Janeiro data is updated quarterly, averaging 8,262.000 Person th from Mar 2012 (Median) to Mar 2020, with 33 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 8,881.000 Person th in Mar 2019 and a record low of 7,948.000 Person th in Dec 2013. Brazil Working Age Population: Labour Force: Rio de Janeiro data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.GBA005: Continuous National Household Sample Survey: Working Age Population: Labour Force: by Sex.

Brazil Working Age Population: Labour Force: Rio de Janeiro: Female data was reported at 4,059.000 Person th in Mar 2020. This records a decrease from the previous number of 4,106.000 Person th for Dec 2019. Brazil Working Age Population: Labour Force: Rio de Janeiro: Female data is updated quarterly, averaging 3,697.000 Person th from Mar 2012 (Median) to Mar 2020, with 33 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4,106.000 Person th in Dec 2019 and a record low of 3,543.000 Person th in Dec 2014. Brazil Working Age Population: Labour Force: Rio de Janeiro: Female data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.GBA005: Continuous National Household Sample Survey: Working Age Population: Labour Force: by Sex.

According to an online survey as of March 2020, the majority of the population who identified as vegetarian, vegan or supporter in the state of Rio de Janeiro were from the city of Rio de Janeiro, with over nearly two thousand people. The second largest population was found in Niterói, with 263 respondents. As of that year, Rio de Janeiro was the second city in the country with the highest amount of self-identified vegetarians, vegans and supporters.

The history of modern Brazil begins in the year 1500 when Pedro Álvares Cabral arrived with a small fleet and claimed the land for the Portuguese Empire. With the Treaty of Torsedillas in 1494, Spain and Portugal agreed to split the New World peacefully, thus allowing Portugal to take control of the area with little competition from other European powers. As the Portuguese did not arrive with large numbers, and the indigenous population was overwhelmed with disease, large numbers of African slaves were transported across the Atlantic and forced to harvest or mine Brazil's wealth of natural resources. These slaves were forced to work in sugar, coffee and rubber plantations and gold and diamond mines, which helped fund Portuguese expansion across the globe. In modern history, transatlantic slavery brought more Africans to Brazil than any other country in the world. This combination of European, African and indigenous peoples set the foundation for what has become one of the most ethnically diverse countries across the globe.

Independence and Monarchy By the early eighteenth century, Portugal had established control over most of modern-day Brazil, and the population more than doubled in each half of the 1800s. The capital of the Portuguese empire was moved to Rio de Janeiro in 1808 (as Napoleon's forces moved closer towards Lisbon), making this the only time in European history where a capital was moved to another continent. The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves was established in 1815, and when the Portuguese monarchy and capital returned to Lisbon in 1821, the King's son, Dom Pedro, remained in Brazil as regent. The following year, Dom Pedro declared Brazil's independence, and within three years, most other major powers (including Portugal) recognized the Empire of Brazil as an independent monarchy and formed economic relations with it; this was a much more peaceful transition to independence than many of the ex-Spanish colonies in the Americas. Under the reign of Dom Pedro II, Brazil's political stability remained relatively intact, and the economy grew through its exportation of raw materials and economic alliances with Portugal and Britain. Despite pressure from political opponents, Pedro II abolished slavery in 1850 (as part of a trade agreement with Britain), and Brazil remained a powerful, stable and progressive nation under Pedro II's leadership, in stark contrast to its South American neighbors. The booming economy also attracted millions of migrants from Europe and Asia around the turn of the twentieth century, which has had a profound impact on Brazil's demography and culture to this day.

The New Republic

Despite his popularity, King Pedro II was overthrown in a military coup in 1889, ending his 58 year reign and initiating six decades of political instability and economic difficulties. A series of military coups, failed attempts to restore stability, and the decline of Brazil's overseas influence contributed greatly to a weakened economy in the early 1900s. The 1930s saw the emergence of Getúlio Vargas, who ruled as a fascist dictator for two decades. Despite a growing economy and Brazil's alliance with the Allied Powers in the Second World War, the end of fascism in Europe weakened Vargas' position in Brazil, and he was eventually overthrown by the military, who then re-introduced democracy to Brazil in 1945. Vargas was then elected to power in 1951, and remained popular among the general public, however political opposition to his beliefs and methods led to his suicide in 1954. Further political instability ensued and a brutal, yet prosperous, military dictatorship took control in the 1960s and 1970s, but Brazil gradually returned to a democratic nation in the 1980s. Brazil's economic and political stability fluctuated over the subsequent four decades, and a corruption scandal in the 2010s saw the impeachment of President Dilma Rousseff. Despite all of this economic instability and political turmoil, Brazil is one of the world's largest economies and is sometimes seen as a potential superpower. The World Bank classifies it as a upper-middle income country and it has the largest share of global wealth in Latin America. It is the largest Lusophone (Portuguese-speaking), and sixth most populous country in the world, with a population of more than 210 million people.

Brazil Working Age Population: Labour Force: Employed: Rio de Janeiro (RJ) data was reported at 7,526.000 Person th in Mar 2020. This records a decrease from the previous number of 7,651.000 Person th for Dec 2019. Brazil Working Age Population: Labour Force: Employed: Rio de Janeiro (RJ) data is updated quarterly, averaging 7,498.000 Person th from Mar 2012 (Median) to Mar 2020, with 33 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 7,651.000 Person th in Dec 2019 and a record low of 7,290.000 Person th in Mar 2017. Brazil Working Age Population: Labour Force: Employed: Rio de Janeiro (RJ) data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.GBA008: Continuous National Household Sample Survey: Working Age Population: Labour Force: Employed: by Sex.

Abstract Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-COV-2) is a disease caused by the new coronavirus, whose dissemination across the world has caused the Covid-19 pandemic. This article is based on the spatialization of governmental data about the city of Rio de Janeiro, combined with interviews and other types of information. It starts from a theoretical perspective that considers the action of different agents in the contribution of socio-spatial processes. The writing of the article was grounded in the bulletin “Mapa Social do Corona” (Social Map of the Coronavirus), issued by Observatório de Favelas between June and August 2020 with the collaboration of an interdisciplinary team, in partnership with different institutions and professionals. It shows that socio-spatial inequality has contributed to a higher lethality rate in low--income neighborhoods.

Since 2014, the crude death rate has remained below nine deaths per 1,000 population. The exception was the years 2020 and 2021 when the value was above 10.5 deaths, with the Covid-19 pandemic being the contributing factor to this increase. When compared to the national data, the city of Rio de Janeiro has a higher mortality rate than the national rate. As of 2024, the crude death rate is recorded at 8.7 deaths per 1,000 population.

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted global health, with diverse factors influencing the risk of death among reported cases. This study mainly analyzes the main characteristics that have contributed to the increase or decrease in the risk of death among Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) cases classified as COVID-19 reported in southeast Brazil from 2020 to 2023.MethodsThis cohort study utilized COVID-19 notification data from the Sistema de Vigilância Epidemiológica (SIVEP) information system in the southeast region of Brazil from 2020 to 2023. Data included demographics, comorbidities, vaccination status, residence area, and survival outcomes. Classical Cox, Cox mixed effects, Prentice, Williams & Peterson (PWP), and PWP fragility models were used to assess the risk of dying over time.ResultsAcross 987,534 cases, 956,961 hospitalizations, and 330,343 deaths were recorded over the period. Mortality peaked in 2021. The elderly, males, black individuals, lower-educated, and urban residents faced elevated risks. Vaccination reduced death risk by around 20% and 13% in 2021 and 2022, respectively. Hospitalized individuals had lower death risks, while comorbidities increased risks by 20–26%.ConclusionThe study identified demographic and comorbidity factors influencing COVID-19 mortality. Rio de Janeiro exhibited the highest risk, while São Paulo had the lowest. Vaccination significantly reduces death risk. Findings contribute to understanding regional mortality variations and guide public health policies, emphasizing the importance of targeted interventions for vulnerable groups.

（停止更新）劳动年龄人口：劳动力：就业人口：RJ：女性在03-01-2020达3,332.000千人，相较于12-01-2019的3,422.000千人有所下降。（停止更新）劳动年龄人口：劳动力：就业人口：RJ：女性数据按季更新，03-01-2012至03-01-2020期间平均值为3,296.000千人，共33份观测结果。该数据的历史最高值出现于12-01-2019，达3,422.000千人，而历史最低值则出现于12-01-2016，为3,166.000千人。CEIC提供的（停止更新）劳动年龄人口：劳动力：就业人口：RJ：女性数据处于定期更新的状态，数据来源于Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística，数据归类于全球数据库的巴西 – Table BR.GBA008: Continuous National Household Sample Survey: Working Age Population: Labour Force: Employed: by Sex。

Figure S1. Photographic records of Leptopanchax opalescens in an aquarium after three hours of capture (Photos 1–3), and record of a male specimen with more exuberant color immediately after capture in its natural habitat (Photos 4–5). Date: March 19th, 2020; Coordinates: 22°42.35'S, 43°41.59'W.

（停止更新）劳动年龄人口：劳动力：就业人口：RJ在03-01-2020达7,526.000千人，相较于12-01-2019的7,651.000千人有所下降。（停止更新）劳动年龄人口：劳动力：就业人口：RJ数据按季更新，03-01-2012至03-01-2020期间平均值为7,498.000千人，共33份观测结果。该数据的历史最高值出现于12-01-2019，达7,651.000千人，而历史最低值则出现于03-01-2017，为7,290.000千人。CEIC提供的（停止更新）劳动年龄人口：劳动力：就业人口：RJ数据处于定期更新的状态，数据来源于Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística，数据归类于全球数据库的巴西 – Table BR.GBA008: Continuous National Household Sample Survey: Working Age Population: Labour Force: Employed: by Sex。

（停止更新）劳动年龄人口：劳动力：里约热内卢：女性在03-01-2020达4,059.000千人，相较于12-01-2019的4,106.000千人有所下降。（停止更新）劳动年龄人口：劳动力：里约热内卢：女性数据按季更新，03-01-2012至03-01-2020期间平均值为3,697.000千人，共33份观测结果。该数据的历史最高值出现于12-01-2019，达4,106.000千人，而历史最低值则出现于12-01-2014，为3,543.000千人。CEIC提供的（停止更新）劳动年龄人口：劳动力：里约热内卢：女性数据处于定期更新的状态，数据来源于Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística，数据归类于全球数据库的巴西 – Table BR.GBA005: Continuous National Household Sample Survey: Working Age Population: Labour Force: by Sex。