In 2021, more than **** million people were estimated to reside within the Legal Amazon area in Brazil. Since 1970, the resident population in the region has quadrupled. The Legal Amazon in Brazil extends across nine Brazilian states, with the the largest area located in the state of Amazonas.

Patterns of habitat use directly influence a species’ fitness, yet for many species an individual’s age can influence patterns of habitat use. However, in tropical rainforests, which host the greatest terrestrial species diversity, little is known about how age classes of different species use different adjacent habitats of varying quality. We use long term mistnet data from the Amazon rainforest to assess patterns of habitat use among adult, adolescent (teenage), and young understory birds in forest fragments, primary, and secondary forest at the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project in Brazil. Insectivore adults were most common in primary forest, adolescents were equally likely in primary and secondary forest, and all ages were the least common in forest fragments. In contrast to insectivores, frugivores and omnivores showed no differences among all three habitat types. Our results illustrate potential ideal despotic distributions among breeding populations of some guilds o..., , , # Habitat use of Amazonian birds varies by age and foraging guild along a disturbance gradient

Cite this dataset: Luther, David 2024. Habitat use of Amazonian birds varies by age and foraging guild along a disturbance gradient [Dataset]. Dryad. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.8kprr4xvw

Title: Habitat use of Amazonian birds varies by age and foraging guild along a disturbance gradient

Abstract: Patterns of habitat use directly influence a species’ fitness, yet for many species an individual’s age can influence patterns of habitat use. However, in tropical rainforests, which host the greatest terrestrial species diversity, little is known about how age classes of different species use different adjacent habitats of varying quality. We use long term mistnet data from the Amazon rainforest to assess patterns of habitat use among adult, adolescent (teenage), and young understory birds in forest fragments, primary, and secondary forest a...

Abstract The Southwestern Region of the Brazilian Amazon is formed by forests dominated by bamboos. The genus Guadua is endemic to the Americas, and little is known about the genetic diversity and structure of species of this genus. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity and structure of two native Guadua species in natural populations in the Southwestern region of the Brazilian Amazon. Therefore, the genetic diversity and structure of Guadua aff. chaparensis and Guadua aff. lynnclarkiae were evaluated with the use of microsatellite molecular markers (SSR). It was verified that the average genetic diversity for the populations studied was considered high ( H ^ e =0.5) compared to other species of bamboo. All populations had rare and private alleles, and none of them presented significant values of inbreeding. The populations were divergent ( G ^ ST = 0.46), resulting in a low apparent gene flow. The Bayesian analysis showed that among the 350 individuals analyzed, five groups (K=5) were formed, with little similarity among the groups (Populations), although two of them presented clonal individuals. According to the results obtained, it can be conclude that populations should be treated as having unique characteristics, mainly when accessed for management and for in situ and ex situ conservation studies.

The Amazon rainforest is known for being one of the most diverse ecosystems on Earth. According to the source, this biome located in South America was home to one in every ten known species on the planet. The Amazon basin spans across nine South American countries or territories: Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana. The region occupies an area of *** million square miles, which represents around ** percent of the total South American territory.

ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze the practice of self-medication and the associated factors in the riverside population of the Middle Solimões river region - Amazon rainforest. Methods: a cross-sectional population-based study conducted between April and July 2015, through interviews at home. Results: the prevalence of self-medication among the riverside population was 76.3%. Analgesics and antibacterials were the main therapeutic classes used in self-medication. Self-medication proved to be associated with the male gender, young people, not having sought the health service in the last month, longer commuting from the community to the urban area and the habit of consuming allopathic medicines on their own. Conclusions: self-medication among the riverside population of Coari - Amazon may reflect the need to seek self-care by people, with the use of allopathic medicines without prescription, mainly due to the restricted access to health services.

ABSTRACT Malnutrition in the indigenous population is a current public health problem and a major cause of morbidity and mortality of children in these groups in Brazil. In order to support actions to promote food and nutrition education, including forest peoples from the state of Amazonas, Brazil, whose territory borders Colombia, in addition to the field visit in 2018, it was necessary, at the same time, to map the literature as this one. Population lives and how care is provided. The scope review sought topics related to the lifestyle of women and children in the Amazon, diet during pregnancy and the postpartum period, breastfeeding practices, the introduction of solid foods to the baby, and the care of health services. As a result, 21 multidisciplinary studies were retrieved. Traditional food has been found to have higher nutritional value than industrialized food, and local cuisine is a source of income for indigenous women in the urban environment and a link between ethnicities. It is concluded that the researches should incorporate the health promotion paradigm and cover themes such as indigenous acculturation in the Amazonian urban centers, the arrival of the internet in the villages and the role of distance care, which needs to be investigated to better address the problem.

Data from: Amazonian rivers are leaky barriers to gene flow in forest understory birds https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.z34tmpgnr Our paper estimates the role of gene flow between three pairs of avian taxa separated by Amazonian rivers. For each taxon pair, we fit 15 demographic models to the site frequency spectrum using fastSIMCOAL2 v27 (Excoffier, et al. 2013). Here we include the Site Frequency Spectra files (MODEL_MSFS.obs), demographic model description files (MODEL.tpl) and parameter files (MODEL.est) required to run fastSIMCOAL2 for model testing and parameter estimation. ## Description of the data and file structure The zipped directory "Site_Frequency_Spectra.zip" contains three folders with the names of the three species analyzed. Inside each are two folders that contain the site frequency spectrum file (MODEL_MSFS.obs) for a two-population model (located in the directory “2POP”) and a three-population model (“3POP”). The SFS spectrum contains only the two focal sister taxa for the two-population model and in addition contains the sister species to these in the three-population model. The zipped directory "FastSIMCOAL2_MODELS.zip" contains all the model files needed to define demographic models in fastSIMCOAL2. This directory contains two subdirectories: "Two_population_models" contains the two-population demographic models shown in Figure 3 of the paper, and "Three_population_models" contains the three-populations models used in Table S1. Each model is define by a file with .tlp extension which defines the models and a file with .est extension which defines the parameter values for the parameters in the .tlp file. FastSIMCOAL2 populations in the .tlp files are numbered beginning with 0. For each of our three species complexes analyzed, population 0 refers to Dendrocincla fuliginosa rufoolivacea which is found south of the Amazonian river and east of the Tapajos / Teles Pires river system; an undescribed subspecies of Xiphorhynchus spixii found west of the Xingu River; and an undescribed subspecies of Willisornis vidua nigrigula found west of the lower Tapajos River. Population 1 refers to Dendrocincla fuliginosa fuliginosa which are found north of the Amazonian river; an undescribed subspecies of Xiphorhynchus spixii found east of the Xingu River; and an undescribed subspecies of Willisornis vidua nigrigula found east of the Tapajos River/Teles Pires river system. Population 2 refers to the sister species to populations 0 and 1 which are Dendrocincla [fuliginosa] atrirostris (which we consider to be a biological and phylogenetic species that is distinct from D. fuliginosa but which has not officially been split); Xiphorhynchus elegans; and Willisornis guttatus. Site frequency spectra have the same population order as the fastSIMCOAL2 files. .tlp files have parameters as follows: NPOP0_TIPS: Effective population size for population 0 NPOP1_TIPS: Effective population size for population 1 NPOP2_TIPS: Effective population size for population 2 ANCSIZE: Effective population size for population M01A, M10A, M02A, M20A, M02A, M20A etc: Migration rate parameters between pairs of populations. For example, M01A represents per capita migration rate between population 0 and population 1 going backward in time (e.g. towards the point of coalescence). Conversely it represents the rate between 1 and 0 forward in time. TIME3, TIME2 etc: these represent the timing (in generations from the present going back in time) of switches in migration rate matrixes. TDIV, TDIV1, TDIV2: Divergence time. TDIV is the population divergence time between the taxa pairs in out two-population models, and TDIV2 in out three population models. TDIV1 is the divergence between the common ancestor of our taxon pairs and its sister species in our three population models. .est files define sampling distributions for each of the model parameters in the .tlp file. For additional details see the manual for fastSIMCOAL2. ## Code/Software The command used to run fastsimcoal2 (Excoffier, et al. 2013) on each model is: fasc27093 -t MODEL.tpl -e MODEL.est --msfs --multiSFS --maxlhood --brentol 0.001 -M -q -x -n 200000 --numloops 60 -c2 -B2 ## References Excoffier, L., Dupanloup, I., Huerta-Sánchez, E., Sousa, V. C., & Foll, M. (2013). Robust demographic inference from genomic and SNP data. PLoS Genetics, 9(10), e1003905. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003905 Ever since Alfred Russel Wallace’s nineteenth-century observation that related terrestrial species are often separated on opposing riverbanks, major Amazonian rivers have been recognized as key drivers of speciation. However, rivers are dynamic entities whose widths and courses may vary through time. It thus remains unknown how effective rivers are at reducing gene flow and promoting speciation over long timescales. We fit demographic models to genomic sequence to reconstruct the history of gene f...

Abstract INTRODUCTION: The Amazon tropical rainforest has the most dense and diverse ecosystem worldwide. A few studies have addressed rodent-borne diseases as potential hazards to humans in this region. METHODS: A retrospective survey was conducted using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting mammarenavirus and orthohantavirus antibodies in 206 samples collected from rural settlers of the Brazilian Western Amazonian region. RESULTS: Six (2.91%) individuals in the age group of 16 to 36 years were found to possess antibodies against mammarenavirus. CONCLUSION: Evidence of previous exposure to mammarenavirus in the rural population points to its silent circulation in this region.

Habitat fragmentation remains a major focus of research by ecologists decades after being put forward as a threat to the integrity of ecosystems. While studies have documented myriad biotic changes in fragmented landscapes, including the local extinction of species from fragments, the demographic mechanisms underlying these extinctions are rarely known. However, many of them – especially in lowland tropical forests – are thought to be driven by one of two mechanisms: (1) reduced recruitment in fragments resulting from changes in the diversity or abundance of pollinators and seed dispersers or (2) increased rates of individual mortality in fragments due to dramatically altered abiotic conditions, especially near fragment edges. Unfortunately, there have been few tests of these potential mechanisms due to the paucity of long-term and comprehensive demographic data collected in both forest fragments and continuous forest sites. Here we report 11 years (1998-2009) of demographic data from populations of the Amazonian understory herb Heliconia acuminata (LC Rich.) found at Brazil's Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project (BDFFP). The resulting data set comprises >66000 plant×year records of 8586 plants, including 3464 seedlings that became established after the initial census. Seven populations were in experimentally isolated fragments (one in each of four 1-ha fragments and one in each of three 10-ha fragments), with the remaining six populations in continuous forest. Each population was in a 50×100m permanent plot, with the distance between plots ranging from 500 m-60 km. The plants in each plot were censused annually, at which time we recorded, identified, marked, and measured new seedlings, identified any previously marked plants that died, and recorded the size of surviving individuals. Each plot was also surveyed 4-5 times during the flowering season to identify reproductive plants and record the number of inflorescences each produced. These data have been used to investigate topics ranging from the way fragmentation-related reductions in germination influence population dynamics to statistical methods for analyzing reproductive rates. This breadth of prior use reflects the value of these data to future researchers. In addition to analyses of plant responses to habitat fragmentation, these data can be used to address fundamental questions in plant demography, the evolutionary ecology of tropical plants, and for developing and testing demographic models and tools. Though we welcome opportunities to collaborate with interested users, there are no restrictions on the use this data set. However, we do request that those using the data for teaching or research inform us of how they are doing so and cite this paper and the data archive when appropriate. Any publication using the data must also include a BDFFP Technical Series Number in the Acknowledgments. Authors can request this series number upon the acceptance of their article by contacting the BDFFP's Scientific Coordinator or E. M. Bruna.

Obligate river dolphins occur only in the rivers of Asia and South America, where they are increasingly subject to damaging pressures such as habitat degradation, food competition and entanglement in fishing gear as human populations expand. The Amazon basin hosts two, very different, dolphins—the boto or Amazon river dolphin (Inia geoffrensis) and the smaller tucuxi (Sotalia fluviatilis). Both species have wide geographical ranges and were once considered to be relatively abundant. Their IUCN Red List conservation status of Data Deficient (DD), due to limited information on threats, ecology, population numbers and trends, did not initially cause alarm. However, the development of dolphin hunting to provide fish bait at around the beginning of this millennium broadly coincided with the onset of a widespread perception that numbers of both species were in decline. Consequently, the need for population trend data to inform conservation advice and measures became urgent. This paper presents a 22-year time series of standardised surveys for both dolphins within the Mamirauá Reserve, Amazonas State, Brazil. Analysis of these data show that both species are in steep decline, with their populations halving every 10 years (botos) and 9 years (tucuxis) at current rates. These results are consistent with published, independent information on survival rates of botos in this area, which demonstrated a substantial drop in annual survival, commencing at around the year 2000. Mamirauá is a protected area, and is subject to fewer environmental pressures than elsewhere in the region, so there is no reason to suspect that the decline in dolphins within the Reserve is more pronounced than outside it. If South America's freshwater cetaceans are to avoid following their Asian counterparts on the path to a perilous conservation status, effective conservation measures are required immediately. Enforcement of existing fishery laws would greatly assist in achieving this.

Pyriglena leuconotanexus file with sequences of mtDNA ND2Pyriglenaleuconota.nxsPyriglenaleuconotaSEQUENCESExcel file with information about sequences in the file "Pyriglenaleuconota"Pyriglenaleuconotaallsequennexus file with all mtDNA ND2 sequences. Please contact the first author for any further details.

Aim: We tested if historical demographic changes of populations occurring on the floodplains of a major Amazon Basin tributary could be associated with range expansions from upper and middle sections of the river, following the establishment of widespread river-created environments during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene. Location: Solimões River, Western Amazon, South America. Taxon: Myrmoborus lugubris, Thamnophilus cryptoleucus and Myrmotherula assimilis. Methods: We explored spatial patterns of genetic diversity and connectivity among sampled localities using thousands of Ultra-Conserved Elements. Range expansions were tested with alternative methods. We quantified habitat preference for the analyzed species to test whether the occupation of dynamic habitats could predict spatial patterns of genetic diversity. Results: Our study did not support shared population range expansions related to historical regionalized changes in habitat availability. We found considerable variation in the spatial distribution of the genetic diversity between studied taxa, and that species with higher levels of specialization to dynamic environments have a more heterogeneous distribution of genetic diversity and reduced levels of gene flow across space. Main conclusions: Our results suggest that demographic expansions along the Solimões River might be linked to spatially homogeneous oscillation in the distribution of floodplain environments, promoting effective population size changes but not range expansion. We found that habitat specificity might be a good predictor of population connectivity along the Amazonian floodplains.

This data shows current Deforestation Frontiers in the Brazilian Amazon that where derived from multivariate Cluster-analysis of a set of variables containing accessibility, population density, area-management (protected areas & settlements) and the origin of the local population. The methodology to create this data-set can be found in the related publication below. The data comes in form of a raster map with 1km spatial resolution. The following numbers in the raster represent the classes from the map: 1: High Pressure Protected Area Frontier 2: Old Frontier 3: Post Frontier 4: New Frontier 5: Low Pressure Protected Area Frontier 11: North-Eastern Settlement Frontier 12: Northern Settlement Frontier 13: Southern Settlement Frontier

The Amazon River is known as a region of intense biochemical reactivity. As a result of increased anthropogenic impacts in its catchment (e.g. population growth, agriculture, and deforestation), The Amazon River is undergoing fundamental changes. The RV METEOR cruise M174 (https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.935041) aimed to provide an integrated overview of nitrogen cycling processes in areas influenced by the Amazon River, which is crucial to estimate the ecosystem's health and productivity. During this cruise, a MUC was deployed at eight stations to collect short sediment cores, in order to explore the influence of the river on sediments. This dataset presents the results of sediment solid phase characteristics from the surface sediment down to 30 cm depth.

Abstract Peacock bass Cichla temensis is an important species at the Amazon basin, since commercial, subsistence and recreational fisheries simultaneously exploit it. Cichla temensis is the preferred species by recreational fishers and it has been strongly exploited, mainly at the Negro river, the second largest tributary of the Amazon River. It was used data from experimental fisheries, collected at the middle stretch of Negro river, which were coupled with previously published data on its population dynamics, to run a yield per recruit model and build scenarios of sustainable fisheries. The results showed that the age of the first catch is a key variable to successful management of the peacock bass stocks at this region.

Coastal and freshwater cetaceans are particularly vulnerable due to their proximity to human activity, localized distributions and small home ranges. These species include Sotalia guianensis, found in the Atlantic and Caribbean coastal areas of central and South America, and Sotalia fluviatilis, distributed in the Amazon River and tributaries. We investigated the population structure and genetic diversity of these two species by analyses of mtDNA control region and 8-10 microsatellite loci. MtDNA analyses revealed strong regional structuring for S. guianensis (i.e. Colombian Caribbean vs. Brazilian Coast, FST= 0.807, ΦST = 0.878, P <0.001) especially north and south of the Amazon River mouth. For S. fluviatilis, population structuring was detected between the western and eastern Amazon (i.e. Colombian Amazon vs. Brazilian Amazon, FST= 0.085, ΦST = 0.277, P <0.001). Haplotype and nucleotide diversity were higher for S. fluviatilis. Population differentiation was supported by ana...

The data files included are Excel files(.xlsx)

All fishes data with coordinates

Abstract Arapaima is a widely-distributed fish of enormous economic importance in the Amazon region. In the present study, a total of 232 specimens were sampled, 121 from five sites in the Amazon basin and 111 from five sites in the Tocantins-Araguaia basin. The analyses investigated fragments of the Cytochrome b, Control Region, Cytochrome Oxidase I, NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 and seven loci microsatellites. The analyses revealed the existence of two mitochondrial lineages within the general area, with no haplotypes shared between basins, and genetic variability significantly higher in the Amazon than in the Tocantins-Araguaia basin. Two divergent, but sympatric mitochondrial lineages were found in the Amazon basin, but only a single lineage in the Tocantins-Araguaia basin. The existence of these two mitochondrial lineages indicates that past events, probably occurring during the Pleistocene, resulted in the separation of the populations of this species and molded its evolutionary history, which is reflected directly in its mitochondrial DNA. The analysis of the arapaima population structure identified distinct levels of diversity within the distribution of the species, indicating specific geographic regions that will require special attention for the development of conservation and management strategies.

Abstract Municipalities in the Amazon are constantly affected by droughts and floods, and these socioeconomic and environmental risks mainly affect the local population. These precipitation extremes cause severe changes in rivers' hydrology, on both a temporal and a spatial scale. The intended objective of this study therefore was to determine the socioeconomic and environmental risk of municipalities affected by the tributaries and by the main channel of the Amazon River in relation to extreme precipitation events. We used monthly and annual precipitation data from 1982 to 2012 and social data from 2010 (urban, elderly, female and child populations, income and education level) for 47 localities in the Amazon Basin. We concluded that the risk was highest during flood events, particularly in smaller states (Acre and Roraima), and that vulnerability was greater in larger states (Amazonas and Pará). However, the population in the municipalities along the Amazon River have moderate to very strong socioeconomic and environmental risk because of the vulnerability associated with high urbanization and poverty, and threat of floods and droughts ranging from moderate to high.