Russian estimates suggest that the total population of the Soviet Union in 1941 was 195.4 million people, before it fell to 170.5 million in 1946 due to the devastation of the Second World War. Not only did the USSR's population fall as a consequence of the war, but fertility and birth rates also dropped due to the disruption. Hypothetical estimates suggest that, had the war not happened and had fertility rates remained on their pre-war trajectory, then the USSR's population in 1946 would have been 39 million higher than in reality. Gender differences When it comes to gender differences, the Soviet male population fell from 94 million in 1941, to 74 million in 1946, and the female population fell from 102 to 96 million. While the male and female population fell by 19 and 5.5 million respectively, hypothetical estimates suggest that both populations would have grown by seven million each had there been no war. In actual figures, adult males saw the largest change in population due to the war, as a drop of 18 to 21 percent was observed across the three age groups. In contrast, the adult female population actually grew between 1941 and 1946, although the population under 16 years fell by a number similar to that observed in the male population due to the war's impact on fertility.

Due to the devastating impact of the Second World War on the Soviet population, the total population in 1950 was almost 15.5 million fewer than in 1940, which is a decrease of eight percent. In Russia (RSFSR), the largest of the Soviet states, the population difference was almost nine million people; also eight percent. It would take until 1955 for the populations of either the USSR or Russia to reach their pre-war levels, which was a decade after the conflict had ended. Urbanization Despite this drop in total population, industrialization and urbanization saw a significant change in the USSR's population distribution between the given years. The Soviet urban population increased by 6.3 million, or ten percent, between 1940 and 1950; 5.8 million of this was in Russia, which was a 15 percent increase. In contrast, the Soviet Union's rural population dropped by 21.8 million (a 17 percent change), 14.5 million of which in Russia (a decrease of 20 percent). In terms of overall population, the urban population of the USSR rose from 33 to 39 percent between 1940 and 1950, and from 34 to 43 percent in Russia. By 1955, 44 percent of the Soviet population, and 49 percent of the Russian population, lived in an urban setting.

There are no exact statistics of victims of the communist regime in the USSR. Firstly, there is a lack of reliable documentary materials. Secondly, it is difficult to define even this very concept – "victim of the regime".

It can be understood narrowly: victims are persons arrested by the political police (security agencies) and convicted on political charges by various judicial and quasi–judicial instances. Then, with small errors, the number of repressed in the period from 1921 to 1953 will be about 5.5 million people.

https://bessmertnybarak.ru/img/article_img/1524392960_stalin_spisok_004.jpg" alt="">

• Attracted means people who have been brought to criminal responsibility (most, but not all of them were arrested before that). The figures in that column reflect, rather, the number of cases conducted by the state security agencies in a given year, rather than the number of people actually affected (for example, this number includes all those released during the investigation).
• Convicted information about people who have been sentenced to various punishments by various tribunals or administrative commissions ("troika", "two", "special meeting", etc.) is reflected here. It should be borne in mind that the "convicts" are not necessarily among the "involved" of the same year – often the conviction takes place in the next calendar year.
• Execution (capital punishment) this column provides information about the number of people who have received death sentences.

This statistic provides data about public sentiments related to the role of Stalin in the history of their country from 2003 to 2019. The survey revealed that the largest part of the Russian population considered that Stalin had a positive impact in the history of Russia. Furthermore, the share of Stalin’s defenders has been increasing during the observed timeframe and reached 52 percent in 2019. Only 5 percent of respondents in 2019 thought that Stalin had a very negative impact on Russian history.

Life expectancy in Russia was 29.6 in the year 1845, and over the course of the next 175 years, it is expected to have increased to 72.3 years by 2020. Generally speaking, Russian life expectancy has increased over this 175 year period, however events such as the World Wars, Russian Revolution and a series of famines caused fluctuations before the mid-twentieth century, where the rate fluctuated sporadically. Between 1945 and 1950, Russian life expectancy more than doubled in this five year period, and it then proceeded to increase until the 1970s, when it then began to fall again. Between 1970 and 2005, the number fell from 68.5 to 65, before it then grew again in more recent years.

In 1800, the population of the area of modern-day Hungary was approximately 3.3 million, a figure which would steadily rise in the first two decades of the 19th century, as modernization driven by rising exports of cash crops resulting from the ongoing Napoleonic wars would see Hungary become a major exporter in Europe. The slowing in population growth in the 1920s can be attributed in part to the economic recession which hit Hungary in the years following Napoleon defeat, as a grain prices collapsed, and economic hardship intensified in the country. Hungary would see a small increase in population growth in the 1860s, as the country would merge with the Austria to form Austria-Hungary in 1967. As industrialization would continue to accelerate in Hungary, the country’s population rise even further, reaching just over seven million by 1900.

While Hungary had enjoyed largely uninterrupted growth throughout the 19th century, the first half of the 20th century would see several major disruptions to Hungary’s population growth. Growth would slow greatly in the First World War, as Austria-Hungary would find itself one of the largest combatants in the conflict, losing an estimated 1.8 to 2 million people to the war. Hungary’s population would flatline entirely in the 1940s, as the country would see extensive military losses in the country’s invasion of the Soviet Union alongside Germany, and further loss of civilian life in the German occupation of the country and subsequent deportation and mass-murder of several hundred thousand Hungarian Jews. As a result, Hungary’s population would remain stagnant at just over nine million until the early 1950s.

After remaining stagnant for over a decade, Hungary’s population would spike greatly in the early 1950s, as a combination of a tax on childlessness and strict contraception restrictions implemented by then-Minister of Public Welfare Anna Ratkó would lead to a dramatic expansion in births, causing Hungary’s population to rise by over half a million in just five years. However, this spike would prove only temporary, as the death of Stalin in 1953 and subsequent resignation of much of the Stalinist regime in Hungary would see an end to the pro-natalist policies driving the spike. From 1980 onward, however, Hungary’s population would begin to steadily decline, as a sharp reduction in birth rates, combined with a trend of anti-immigrant policies by the Hungarian government, both before and after the collapse of the Soviet bloc, has led Hungary’s population to fall steadily from its 10.8 million peak in 1980, and in 2020, Hungary is estimated to have a population of just over nine and a half million.

In der Sowjetunion, offiziell "Union der Sozialistischen Sowjetrepubliken" (UdSSR), lebten im Jahr 1989 ungefähr 286,7 Millionen Menschen. Häufig wird mit der Sowjetunion direkt der Staat "Russland" verbunden oder sogar als Synonym verwendet: Zwar bildeten die Russen 1989 mit einem Bevölkerungsanteil von knapp 147,4 Millionen die mit Abstand größte Bevölkerungsgruppe in der ehemaligen UdSSR, jedoch lebten viele weitere Ethnien auf sowjetischem Boden. Die Sowjetunion war ein Vielvölkerstaat.

Gründung der UdSSR

Nach der russischen Revolution 1917 und dem daraus resultierenden Bürgerkrieg zwischen den kommunistischen Bolschewiken (den "Roten") und den nationalen, demokratischen und monarchistischen Kräften (den "Weißen") gingen die Bolschewiken als Sieger hervor. Diese bildeten zunächst Räte, die so genannten "Sowjets". Dieser Terminus wurde später als Bezeichnung für die zentralen Verwaltungsorgane der Sowjetunion, der Räterepublik, übernommen.

Ausbreitung und Ende der UdSSR

Die Sowjetunion, die Vereinigung aller sowjetischen Republiken, wuchs unter Stalin insbesondere während des Zweiten Weltkriegs deutlich an, als mehrere bis dahin teilweise souveräne Staaten in Europa, wie etwa im Baltikum oder Ostpolen in die UdSSR eingegliedert und annektiert wurden. Zwischen 1945 und 1991 erreichte die Sowjetunion eine Ausbreitung von rund 22,3 Millionen Quadratkilometern. Anfang der 190er Jahre wurden zahlreiche Teilrepubliken unabhängig und Russland blieb als Rumpf- und Nachfolgestaat bestehen.

Weitere Informationen zu historischen Themen finden Sie hier.