South Africa is the sixth African country with the largest population, counting approximately 60.5 million individuals as of 2021. In 2023, the largest city in South Africa was Cape Town. The capital of Western Cape counted 3.4 million inhabitants, whereas South Africa's second largest city was Durban (eThekwini Municipality), with 3.1 million inhabitants. Note that when observing the number of inhabitants by municipality, Johannesburg is counted as largest city/municipality of South Africa.

From four provinces to nine provinces

Before Nelson Mandela became president in 1994, the country had four provinces, Cape of Good Hope, Natal, Orange Free State, and Transvaal and 10 “homelands” (also called Bantustans). The four larger regions were for the white population while the homelands for its black population. This system was dismantled following the new constitution of South Africa in 1996 and reorganized into nine provinces. Currently, Gauteng is the most populated province with around 15.9 million people residing there, followed by KwaZulu-Natal with 11.68 million inhabiting the province. As of 2022, Black African individuals were almost 81 percent of the total population in the country, while colored citizens followed amounting to around 5.34 million.

A diverse population

Although the majority of South Africans are identified as Black, the country’s population is far from homogenous, with different ethnic groups usually residing in the different “homelands”. This can be recognizable through the various languages used to communicate between the household members and externally. IsiZulu was the most common language of the nation with around a quarter of the population using it in- and outside of households. IsiXhosa and Afrikaans ranked second and third with roughly 15 percent and 12 percent, respectively.

Port Elizabeth. name, office head of government, Mayor, image, Area, date founded, Elevation, Country, administrative division, continent, latitude, waterbody, longitude, Website, population, Demonym

Abstract

In 1990 the Central Statistical Service of South Africa sponsored a household expenditure survey in a sub-set of households in 12 major metro/urban areas in the country. The aim of the survey was to obtain data on income and expenditure patterns of South African households on which the Consumer Price Index (CPS) and various other economic indicators could be based. The survey was conducted by Markdata, the fieldwork arm of the Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC). All population groups were enumerated but this dataset does not contain data files for the "white" population group.

Geographic coverage

The IES 1990 only collected data on expenditure from the 12 largest urban areas in the country, leaving out buying patters in small towns and rural areas. Areas enumerated were: Cape Peninsula, Port Elizabeth- Uitenhage, East London, Kimberley, Pietermaritz burg, Durban, Pretoria, Johannesburg, Witwatersrand (excl Jhb), Klerksdorp, Vaal Triangle, Orange Free State-Gold Fields, Bloemfontein.

Analysis unit

Households and individuals

Universe

The survey covered all household members in the selected areas

Kind of data

Sample survey data

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Two survey instruments were provided in the IES 1990: A detailed "long" questionnaire and a "short" questionnaire without detailed classification of expenditure items. The "short" questionnaire was completed by two out of three households enumerated. The "short" and "long" questionnaires are identified separately in the variable q_type. "Long" questionnaires are indicated as questionnaire = 1 and "short' questionnaires as questionnaire = 2.

Researchers implemented the PLACE (Priorities for Local AIDS Control Efforts) method in two townships in the Eastern Cape of South Africa in 2001 and 2003. As part of an initiative to focus on these locals that have an elevated risk of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections, the PLACE protocal was implemented to identify specific high-risk locations where locals met to find new sexual partners and inject drugs and to monitor strategically located prevention efforts. Townships in Port Elizabeth and Utienhage were selected because of high levels of poverty, population mobility, and unemployment. A list of sites where people meet new sexual partners was developed, and interview teams visited and mapped each site. Researchers then asked people attending these venues about their sexual behaviors, knowledge, and receptivity to HIV/AIDS prevention efforts. This 106-page report provides the results of these protocols and provides recommendation for future HIV/AIDS prevention interventions.

Optimal and sustainable management of fish resources cannot be ensured without a thorough understanding of the migration patterns and population (demographic stock) structure. Recent studies suggest that these aspects of the economically and ecologically important deepwater hake Merluccius paradoxus are not reflected in the current assessment and management practices for the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem. In this study, we compiled data from multiple demersal trawl surveys from the entire distribution area and applied state-of-the-art geostatistical population modelling (GeoPop) to estimate growth rate, mortality, and spatial and temporal distribution patterns of M. paradoxus. The data and the model enabled us to follow temporal and spatial changes in the distribution and infer movements from the recruitment/nursery areas, through the juvenile phase and the adults’ migration to the spawning areas outside/upstream of the nursery areas. The results indicated one primary recruitment/nursery area on the west coast of South Africa and a secondary less-productive recruitment/nursery area on the south coast near Port Elizabeth. Juveniles initially migrated away from the main recruitment area, followed by natal homing by larger individuals. This pattern was highly consistent through the time-series of the study. This perception of a, primarily, panmictic population that performs transboundary migrations between Namibia and South Africa corresponds largely to the hypothesis and data plots given in recent studies. We recommend that fisheries assessment, advice and management take into consideration these aspects of the distribution and population (stock) structure of M. paradoxus.

Abstract

The South Africa Enterprise Survey was conducted between January and December 2007. Data from 1057 establishments in private manufacturing and services sectors were analyzed. The sample included enterprises with more than four employees (937 companies) as well as micro firms, establishments with less than 5 workers, (120 observations). The survey targeted establishments in Johannesburg, Cape Town, Port Elizabeth and Durban.

The objective of the survey is to obtain feedback from enterprises in client countries on the state of the private sector as well as to help in building a panel of enterprise data that will make it possible to track changes in the business environment over time, thus allowing, for example, impact assessments of reforms. Through interviews with firms in the manufacturing and services sectors, the survey assesses the constraints to private sector growth and creates statistically significant business environment indicators that are comparable across countries.

The standard Enterprise Survey topics include firm characteristics, gender participation, access to finance, annual sales, costs of inputs/labor, workforce composition, bribery, licensing, infrastructure, trade, crime, competition, capacity utilization, land and permits, taxation, informality, business-government relations, innovation and technology, and performance measures. Over 90% of the questions objectively ascertain characteristics of a country’s business environment. The remaining questions assess the survey respondents’ opinions on what are the obstacles to firm growth and performance. The mode of data collection is face-to-face interviews.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

The primary sampling unit of the study is the establishment. An establishment is a physical location where business is carried out and where industrial operations take place or services are provided. A firm may be composed of one or more establishments. For example, a brewery may have several bottling plants and several establishments for distribution. For the purposes of this survey an establishment must make its own financial decisions and have its own financial statements separate from those of the firm. An establishment must also have its own management and control over its payroll.

Universe

The whole population, or the universe, covered in the Enterprise Surveys is the non-agricultural economy. It comprises: all manufacturing sectors according to the ISIC Revision 3.1 group classification (group D), construction sector (group F), services sector (groups G and H), and transport, storage, and communications sector (group I). Note that this population definition excludes the following sectors: financial intermediation (group J), real estate and renting activities (group K, except sub-sector 72, IT, which was added to the population under study), and all public or utilities sectors.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The South Africa Enterprise Survey 2007 included enterprises with more than four employees as well as micro establishments, firms with less than five workers. There are 120 micro establishments in the sample.

The sample for enterprises with more than four employees was designed using stratified random sampling with strata defined by region, sector and firm size.

Establishments located in Johannesburg, Cape Town, Port Elizabeth and Durban were interviewed.

Following the ISIC (revision 3.1) classification, the following industries were targeted: all manufacturing sectors (group D), construction (group F), retail and wholesale services (subgroups 52 and 51 of group G), hotels and restaurants (group H), transport, storage, and communications (group I), and computer and related activities (sub-group 72 of group K). For establishments with five or more full-time permanent paid employees, this universe was stratified according to the following categories of industry: 1. Manufacturing: Food and Beverages (Group D, sub-group 15), Machinery and Equipment (Group D, sub-group 29), Electrical Machinery and Equipment (Group D, sub-group 31); 2. Manufacturing: Textiles (Group D, sub-group 17), Garment (Group D, sub-group 18), Leather and Footwear (Group D, sub-group 19), Paper and Paper Products (Group D, sub-group 21), Printing and Publishing (Group D, sub-group 22); 3. Manufacturing: Non-Metallic Mineral Products (Group D, sub-group 26), Basic Metals (Group D, sub-group 27), Fabricated Metal Products (Group D, sub-group 28); 4. Manufacturing: Wood and Wood Products (Group D, sub-group 20), Furniture (Group D, sub-group 36) 5. Manufacturing: Refined Petroleum Products (Group D, sub-group 23), Chemical Products (Group D, sub-group 24), Rubber and Plastics (Group D, sub-group 25) 6. Retail Trade: (Group G, sub-group 52); 7. Rest of the universe, including: • Other Manufacturing (Group D excluding sub-groups in strata 1-5); • Construction (Group F); • Wholesale trade (Group G, sub-group 51); • Hotels, bars and restaurants (Group H); • Transportation, storage and communications (Group I); • Computer related activities (Group K, sub-group 72).

Size stratification was defined following the standardized definition used for the Enterprise Surveys: small (5 to 19 employees), medium (20 to 99 employees), and large (more than 99 employees). For stratification purposes, the number of employees was defined on the basis of reported permanent full-time workers.

The implementing agency (EEC Canada) was unable to obtain a satisfactory sample frame from South African statistical agency (STASA) or its Department of Revenue. The best alternative solution was a list obtained from the Department of Trade and Industry Companies and Intellectual Property Registration Office (CIPRO), which contained about 800000 establishments when delineating in-scope cities and industries, but which had incomplete firm characteristics necessary for stratification purposes (e.g. contact information, size). In order to determine the sample frame, EEC Canada randomly drew 9550 units and contacted them.

In South Africa, the survey included panel data collected from establishments surveyed in the 2003 Investment Climate Survey (ICS) of South Africa. That survey included establishments in the manufacturing and the rest of universe strata, distributed across Gauteng (Johannesburg), KwaZulu Natal (Durban), Western Cape (Cape Town) and Eastern Cape (Port Elizabeth) provinces.

In order to collect the largest possible set of panel data, an attempt was made to contact and survey valid establishments (579) in the panel list provided which was part of the Enterprise Survey's scope. Of the 716 establishments provided to EEC Canada from those surveyed in 2003, there were 35 doubles, 8 out-of-scope, 89 excluded from this survey by The World Bank to avoid over representing Construction in a single Residual stratum, and 5 with undefined ISIC codes. This left a total potential of 579 panel establishments. EEC Canada surveyed 231 panel establishments or 40% of the total potential panels without eliminating those establishments which had closed. Once eliminated, this percentage coverage exceeded 55%. Given the non-random nature of panel establishment selection, these establishments are not allocated probability weights in the final dataset.

In this survey, the micro establishment stratum covers all establishments of the targeted categories of economic activity with less than 5 employees located in Johannesburg. The implementing agency selected an aerial sampling approach to estimate the population of establishments and select the sample in this stratum for all states of the survey.

First, to randomly select individual micro establishments for surveying, the following procedure was followed: i) select districts and specific zones of each district where there was a high concentration of micro establishments; ii) count all micro establishments in these specific zones; iii) based on this count, create a virtual list and select establishments at random from that virtual list; and iv) based on the ratio between the number selected in each specific zone and the total population in that zone, create and apply a skip rule for selecting establishments in that zone.

The districts and the specific zones were selected at first according to local sources. The EEC team then went in the field to verify the sources and to count micro establishments. Once the count for each zone was completed, the numbers were sent back to EEC head office in Montreal.

At the head office, the count by zone was converted into one list of sequential numbers for the whole survey region, and a computer program performed a random selection of the determined number of establishments from the list. Then, based on the number that the computer selected in each specific zone, a skip rule was defined to select micro establishments to survey in that zone. The skip rule for each zone was sent back to the EEC field team.

In Johannesburg, enumerators were sent to each zone with instructions how to apply the skip rule defined for that zone as well as how to select replacements in the event of a refusal or other cause of non-participation.

For complete information about sampling methodology, refusal rate and weighting please review "South Africa Enterprise Survey 2007 Implementation Report" in "Technical Documents" folder.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The current survey instruments are available: - Core Questionnaire + Manufacturing Module [ISIC Rev.3.1: 15-37] - Core Questionnaire + Retail Module [ISIC Rev.3.1: 52] - Core Questionnaire [ISIC Rev.3.1: 45, 50, 51, 55, 60-64, 72] - Micro

Demographic analysis parameters for mtDNA ND2 sequences of all sampling populations of Galeorhinus galeus.

Characteristics of the study population, stratified by age and expressed as means and 95% CI or %, and differences between age groups based on mixed linear and mixed logistic regression analyses.

Genetic diversity estimates for all Southern Hemisphere sampling populations of Galeorhinus galeus.

Pairwise ΦST values for mtDNA (below diagonial) and pairwise FST values for microsatellite data (above diagonial) among sampling locations across the Southern Hemisphere (left) and South Africa (right).

Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) across the Southern Hemisphere of Galeorhinus galeus based on mtDNA ND2 sequence and microsatellite data.

The Nelson Mandela University in Port Elizabeth, South Africa, seeks to transform its health professions curricula in order to achieve equity in health outcomes. Integral to this are interprofessional education service-learning initiatives attendant to socially accountable objectives. We describe one such initiative, the Zanempilo Mobile Health Education Platform (MHEP), which engages interprofessional healthcare students and faculty members in delivering health services to underserved communities. The Zanempilo MHEP consists of a converted 13-ton truck as a mobile clinic from where student-run services are provided. We illustrate the intentional process by which we, an interprofessional health science working group, created socially accountable learning goals appropriate to the above platform. We developed, employed, and refined a process-oriented-participatory approach rooted in theories of social constructivism and social network development that included the following phases: orientation, analysis, synthesis, production, and dissemination. Out of this approach emerged several socially accountable learning goals for students and faculty members working on the Zanempilo MHEP. These goals incorporated five educational domains, namely knowledge, attitudes, skills, intentions, and relationships. We anticipate using these goals to identify future curricular objectives and competencies.