The statistic shows the total population of India from 2019 to 2029. In 2023, the estimated total population in India amounted to approximately 1.43 billion people.

Total population in India

India currently has the second-largest population in the world and is projected to overtake top-ranking China within forty years. Its residents comprise more than one-seventh of the entire world’s population, and despite a slowly decreasing fertility rate (which still exceeds the replacement rate and keeps the median age of the population relatively low), an increasing life expectancy adds to an expanding population. In comparison with other countries whose populations are decreasing, such as Japan, India has a relatively small share of aged population, which indicates the probability of lower death rates and higher retention of the existing population.

With a land mass of less than half that of the United States and a population almost four times greater, India has recognized potential problems of its growing population. Government attempts to implement family planning programs have achieved varying degrees of success. Initiatives such as sterilization programs in the 1970s have been blamed for creating general antipathy to family planning, but the combined efforts of various family planning and contraception programs have helped halve fertility rates since the 1960s. The population growth rate has correspondingly shrunk as well, but has not yet reached less than one percent growth per year.

As home to thousands of ethnic groups, hundreds of languages, and numerous religions, a cohesive and broadly-supported effort to reduce population growth is difficult to create. Despite that, India is one country to watch in coming years. It is also a growing economic power; among other measures, its GDP per capita was expected to triple between 2003 and 2013 and was listed as the third-ranked country for its share of the global gross domestic product.

Genetic data are useful for detecting sudden population declines in species that are difficult to study in the field. Yet this indirect approach has its own drawbacks, including population structure, mutation patterns, and generation overlap. The ivory gull (Pagophila eburnea), a long-lived Arctic seabird, is currently suffering from rapid alteration of its primary habitat (i.e., sea ice), and dramatic climatic events affecting reproduction and recruitment. However, ivory gulls live in remote areas, and it is difficult to assess the population trend of the species across its distribution. Here we present complementary microsatellite- and SNP-based genetic analyses to test a recent bottleneck genetic signal in ivory gulls over a large portion of their distribution. With attention to the potential effects of population structure, mutation patterns, and sample size, we found no significant signatures of population decline worldwide. At a finer scale, we found a significant bottleneck signa...

While biological invasions have the potential for large negative impacts on local communities and ecological interactions, increasing evidence suggests that species once considered major problems can decline over time. Declines often appear driven by natural enemies, diseases, or evolutionary adaptations that selectively reduce populations of naturalized species and their impacts. Using permanent long-term monitoring locations, we document declines of Alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard) in eastern North America with distinct local and regional dynamics as a function of patch residence time. Projected site-specific population growth rates initially indicated expanding populations, but projected population growth rates significantly decreased over time and at the majority of sites fell below 1, indicating declining populations. Negative soil feedback provides a potential mechanism for the reported disappearance of ecological dominance of A. petiolata in eastern North America.

A central question in conservation is how best to manage biodiversity, despite human domination of global processes (= Anthropocene). Common responses (i.e. translocations, genetic rescue) forestall potential extirpations, yet have an uncertain duration. A textbook example is the greater prairie chicken (GRPC: Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus), where translocations (1992–1998) seemingly rescued genetically depauperate Illinois populations. We re-evaluated this situation after two decades by genotyping 21 microsatellite loci from 1831 shed feathers across six leks in two counties over 4 years (2010–2013). Low migration rates (less than 1%) established each county as demographically independent, but with declining-population estimates (4 year average N = 79). Leks were genetically similar and significantly bottlenecked, with low effective population sizes (average Ne = 13.1; 4 year Ne/N = 0.166). Genetic structure was defined by 12 significantly different family groups, with relatedness r = 0....

IntroductionRegional urban and rural areas outside major metropolitan centres are facing escalating mobility challenges driven by declining socio-economic vitality and demographic shifts like population decline and ageing. Smart mobility innovations – including Autonomous Vehicles (AV), Demand-Responsive Transport (DRT), ridesharing and Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) – have attracted attention as potential solutions. Yet most scholarship on these innovations has focused on user acceptance or theoretical potential, offering limited empirical assessment of their actual problem-solving effectiveness. It consequently remains unclear whether these smart mobility technologies can live up to lofty expectations about their benefits, especially in regional settings facing declining socio-economic conditions.Objective and methodWe examine the experiences of regional Japan, where declining ridership and revenue – triggered by population aging and shrinkage – are forcing the contraction of public transport services and threatening their financial sustainability. Drawing on evidence from questionnaires and interviews, we comparatively examine the challenges, approaches and outcomes of 67 smart mobility projects implemented in 65 cities, towns and villages across Japan. A key contribution lies in our application of a common, systemic perspective – grounded in systems mapping methods – to analyse transport challenges across larger and smaller municipalities.ResultsFindings show that both larger and smaller municipalities are grappling with broadly the same challenges despite vastly differing geographical conditions. Our structural analysis indicates that challenges consist of root causes (driver shortages, declining revenue, poor convenience, downscaling of transport networks) and symptoms (poor access). In terms of effectiveness at tackling these challenges, the analysis reveals a mixed picture. On the one hand, projects reported substantial success in improving convenience, reducing accessibility barriers for users, and filling gaps in transport networks. On the other hand, we find less success at ameliorating other root-cause problems, notably driver shortages and low profitability.DiscussionOur empirics suggest that smart mobility innovations do not provide a panacea for all transport challenges, particularly when macro-level demographic conditions such as population ageing and decline pose a structural impediment to their effectiveness. Japan’s experiences in dealing with the impacts of population ageing and associated socio-economic decline on regional mobility carry high instructive value for other countries facing similar demographic changes.

This is a copy of the statewide Census Tract GIS Tiger file. It is used to determine if a census tract (CT) is DAC or not by adding ACS (American Community Survey) Median Household Income (MHI) data at the CT level. The IRWM web based DAC mapping tool uses this GIS layer. Every year this table gets updated after ACS publishes their updated MHI estimates. Created by joining ACS 2016-2020 5 year estimates to the 2020 Census Tracts feature class. The TIGER/Line Files are shapefiles and related database files (.dbf) that are an extract of selected geographic and cartographic information from the U.S. Census Bureau's Master Address File / Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing (MAF/TIGER) Database (MTDB). The MTDB represents a seamless national file with no overlaps or gaps between parts, however, each TIGER/Line File is designed to stand alone as an independent data set, or they can be combined to cover the entire nation. Census tracts are small, relatively permanent statistical subdivisions of a county or equivalent entity, and were defined by local participants as part of the 2010 Census Participant Statistical Areas Program. The Census Bureau delineated the census tracts in situations where no local participant existed or where all the potential participants declined to participate. The primary purpose of census tracts is to provide a stable set of geographic units for the presentation of census data and comparison back to previous decennial censuses. Census tracts generally have a population size between 1,200 and 8,000 people, with an optimum size of 4,000 people. When first delineated, census tracts were designed to be homogeneous with respect to population characteristics, economic status, and living conditions. The spatial size of census tracts varies widely depending on the density of settlement. Physical changes in street patterns caused by highway construction, new development, and so forth, may require boundary revisions. In addition, census tracts occasionally are split due to population growth, or combined as a result of substantial population decline. Census tract boundaries generally follow visible and identifiable features. They may follow legal boundaries such as minor civil division (MCD) or incorporated place boundaries in some States and situations to allow for census tract-to-governmental unit relationships where the governmental boundaries tend to remain unchanged between censuses. State and county boundaries always are census tract boundaries in the standard census geographic hierarchy. In a few rare instances, a census tract may consist of noncontiguous areas. These noncontiguous areas may occur where the census tracts are coextensive with all or parts of legal entities that are themselves noncontiguous. For the 2010 Census, the census tract code range of 9400 through 9499 was enforced for census tracts that include a majority American Indian population according to Census 2000 data and/or their area was primarily covered by federally recognized American Indian reservations and/or off-reservation trust lands; the code range 9800 through 9899 was enforced for those census tracts that contained little or no population and represented a relatively large special land use area such as a National Park, military installation, or a business/industrial park; and the code range 9900 through 9998 was enforced for those census tracts that contained only water area, no land area.

The associated data are considered DWR enterprise GIS data, which meet all appropriate requirements of the DWR Spatial Data Standards, specifically the DWR Spatial Data Standard version 3.3, dated April 13, 2022. This data set was not produced by DWR. Data were originally developed and supplied by US Bureau of Census. DWR makes no warranties or guarantees - either expressed or implied - as to the completeness, accuracy, or correctness of the data. DWR neither accepts nor assumes liability arising from or for any incorrect, incomplete, or misleading subject data. Comments, problems, improvements, updates, or suggestions should be forwarded to the official GIS steward as available and appropriate at gis@water.ca.gov.

These are files to be able to reproduce the analyses and plots in Henden et al. 2020 in Journal of Applied Ecology. Data on willow ptarmigan are based on line transect distance sampling. Small rodent data are based on an abundance index from sampling using the small quadrat sampling scheme. Carcass data comes from a national database of dead reindeer found Harvest data comes from detailed records from the main management and landowner, FeFo, in Finnmark. Data on red foxes comes from an ongoing fox decimation program on Varanger Peninsula. Abstract from accepted paper in Journal of Applied Ecology Increasing populations of mesopredators are suspected to cause declines in vulnerable wildlife to the extent that mesopredator decimation actions (culling) have become commonplace. Design constraints, especially a lack of spatial replication, often hamper the assessment of the impact of such actions. However, extensive temporal replication (i.e. time series) and accounting for potentially confounding variables may alleviate this problem. In alpine-arctic tundra, the red fox Vulpes vulpes is increasing, while many bird species are declining, likely due to increased predation. Here, we assessed the impact of a long-term (12-year) and spatially extensive (~3500km2) red fox culling action on the red listed willow ptarmigan Lagopus lagopus in the Norwegian Arctic. Ptarmigan populations were monitored annually in the impact area and in an adjacent no-action area, including a 5-year period before the action commenced. While logistical constraints prohibited monitoring of red fox population densities, the number of culled foxes and three influential food web covariates were monitored after the onset of the culling action. A Before-After-Control-Impact-Paired-Series (BACIPS) analysis without food web covariates indicated that red fox culling curbed the decline of the population in the impact area, and that ptarmigan population density became ~25 % higher than in the reference area. Spatially and temporally variable drivers within the food web confounded the simple BACIPS analysis. Accounting for three food web drivers as covariates in a linear mixed model after the onset of action, yielded a more unbiased impact estimate that amounted to ~40 % higher ptarmigan population density (4.3 more ptarmigan/km2) in the red fox impact area. Synthesis and applications. We provide the first evidence of the role of the recent expansion of red fox in the decline of bird populations in tundra. We also show that red fox culling may be able to curb such declines, given that management actions are large-scale and long-term. As mesopredator culling campaigns are often expensive and controversial, it is important that their impacts are accurately assessed. We demonstrate that the accuracy of impact assessments can be profoundly increased by monitoring drivers of food web dynamics that impinge on the target species so that such drivers can be included as covariates in the analysis. This applies in particular to declining bird populations in boreal and arctic food webs ruled by strong multi-annual interaction cycles.

Investigation of knowledge and attitudes of the Dutch adult population regarding the population issue, attitudes towards government policy towards people with children and acceptance and possible effects of possible future policy measures in this area. Priority of social problems / knowledge of demographic data / reasons for declining birth rate / evaluation of: declining birth rate, unequal geographic distribution, increasing foreign population / government role in population issues / knowledge of existing facilities for people with children: family allowance, pregnancy and maternity leave, day nurseries and creches / preferences regarding alternative implementations of these facilities / evaluation of possible future facilities: family formation loan, child-rearing benefit, one year unpaid parental leave, short paternity leave, leave for illness of children, part-time jobs and flexible working hours, day-mothers, child care for school going children / intrinsic value of children scale / general values scale / intentions of having a ( another ) child / influence of having a ( another ) child on realization of personal values / effects of pronate government policy measures / information network regarding having ( more ) children. Background variables: basic characteristics/ residence/ housing situation/ household characteristics/ occupation/employment/ income/capital assets/ education/ politics/ religion

While variation in age structure over time and space has long been considered important for population dynamics and conservation, reliable estimates of such spatio-temporal variation in age structure have been elusive for wild vertebrate populations. This limitation has arisen because of problems of imperfect detection, the potential for temporary emigration impacting assessments of age structure, and limited information on age. However, identifying patterns in age structure is important for making reliable predictions of both short- and long-term dynamics of populations of conservation concern. Using a multistate superpopulation estimator, we estimated region-specific abundance and age structure (the proportion of individuals within each age class) of a highly endangered population of snail kites for two separate regions in Florida over 17 years (1997–2013). We find that in the southern region of the snail kite—a region known to be critical for the long-term persistence of the species—the population has declined significantly since 1997, and during this time, it has increasingly become dominated by older snail kites (> 12 years old). In contrast, in the northern region—a region historically thought to serve primarily as drought refugia—the population has increased significantly since 2007 and age structure is more evenly distributed among age classes. Given that snail kites show senescence at approximately 13 years of age, where individuals suffer higher mortality rates and lower breeding rates, these results reveal an alarming trend for the southern region. Our work illustrates the importance of accounting for spatial structure when assessing changes in abundance and age distribution and the need for monitoring of age structure in imperiled species.

Many tropical species show declining populations. The pantropical order Trogoniformes has 76% of its species ranked as declining, reflecting a world-wide problem. Here we report on the reproductive ecology and life history traits of the declining and near-threatened old world Whitehead’s Trogon (Harpactes whiteheadi), the declining new world Collared Trogon (Trogon collaris) and the stable Masked Trogon (T. personatus). We also reviewed the literature on reproductive ecology and life history traits of trogons to assess possible commonalities that might help explain population declines. We found that the declining Whitehead’s and Masked Trogons had reasonable nest success (32% and 25%, respectively), while the stable Masked Trogon had poor reproductive success (9%), all contrary to population trends. However, the limited literature data suggested that poor reproductive success may be common among trogons, which may contribute to population declines. Parents fed young at a low rate and ha..., Whitehead’s Trogon was studied in Kinabalu Park, Sabah, Malaysian Borneo (6° 05'N, 116° 33'E), a 754 km2 protected area of primary forest. Research was conducted during the 2009–2020 breeding seasons from early February to mid-June. Seven study plots were established at elevations of 1,450–1,950 m. These plots were contiguously located and included ca. 560 ha, with each plot ca. 60–70 ha in size (Martin & Mouton, 2020). Collared and Masked Trogons were studied in the northern Andes in Yacambú National Park, a 269 km2 area in Lara State, western Venezuela (9°38′N 69°40′W). The fieldwork was restricted to primary cloud forest habitat between 1400 and 2000 m, encompassing a similar elevation range to our study in Borneo. Data was collected during seven breeding seasons from 2002 to 2008 and from late February to early July. Research was conducted on seven study plots similar in size (ca. 60-70 ha) to those on the Borneo site (Martin and Mouton 2020). These trogons were not focal study ..., , # Data from: Comparative reproductive ecology of Old and New World Trogons, an order in decline across the world

https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.hx3ffbgmg

Description of the data and file structure

WHTR INC Attentiveness.csv

Incubation attentiveness video data for Whitehead's Trogon.

Variables are as follows: NID = Nest ID Date = Date on which the nest was filmed. Day = Day after start of incubation (start of incubation is day 0 on the day the last egg was laid). Duration = duration in hours of the total video time at that nest on that Day Sum_On = duration in hours of the total time an adult was on the nest incubating during the video Percent_On = percent of the total daily video time (Duration) an adult was on the nest incubating.

WHTRBRDTFEED.csv

Video data of parental feeding and brooding behavior for Whitehead's Trogon.

Variables are as follows: NID = Nest ID Date = Date on which the nest was filmed. Brood_Size = Number ...

While climate warming is widely predicted to reduce body size of ectotherms, evidence for this trend is mixed. Body size depends not only on temperature but also on other factors, such as food quality and intraspecific competition. Because temperature trends or other long-term environmental factors may affect population size and food sources, attributing trends in average body size to temperature requires the separation of potentially confounding effects. We evaluated trends in the body size of the midge Tanytarsus gracilentus and potential drivers (water temperature, population size, and food quality) between 1977 and 2015 at Lake Mývatn, Iceland. Although temperatures increased at Mývatn over this period, there was only a slight (non-significant) decrease in midge adult body size, contrary to theoretical expectations. Using a state-space model including multiple predictors, body size was negatively associated with both water temperature and midge population abundance, and it was posit..., Midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) were captured using window traps (Jónsson et al., 1986) at two locations around Lake Mývatn, Iceland. They were innumerated to species and separated into two cohorts (early summer and late summer), matching the voltinism pattern of the focal species (Tanytarsus gracilentus) which overwinter as larvae (Gardarsson et al., 2004; Lindegaard & Jónasson, 1979; Einarsson et al. 2002, 2004). Archived midges were used to measure carbon stable isotopes (McCormick et al. 2022) and wing lengths were measured from arculus to tip on 15-20 individuals per generation (where abundances were adequate). Because identifications of female midges is difficult and often impossible, the dataset includes only males. Air temperature data come from the Icelandic Meterological Office (https://www.vedur.is/). All processing to the data are included in scripts., , # Data and code for: Disentangling the drivers of decadal body size decline in an insect population

https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.79cnp5j2m

This analysis had two major goals:

1. characterize linear trends at Lake Mývatn, Iceland, between 1977 and 2015 in:
   1. midge (Tanytarsus gracilentus) wing lengths
   2. midge population size
   3. midge stable carbon isotopes (13C)
   4. air and water temperatures
2. characterize the impact of population size, stable isotope signature, and water temperature on midge wing lengths.

To approach this problem, we employed state space models that account for temporal autocorrelation and measurement error. We assessed significance by using boostrapped likelihood ratio tests (2,000 simulations for each term).

Description of the data and file structure

This file consists of three subfolders: Data, Output, and Scripts.

Data includes the raw data on which the analyses were used.

• f...

U.S. citizens with a professional degree had the highest median household income in 2023, at 172,100 U.S. dollars. In comparison, those with less than a 9th grade education made significantly less money, at 35,690 U.S. dollars. Household income The median household income in the United States has fluctuated since 1990, but rose to around 70,000 U.S. dollars in 2021. Maryland had the highest median household income in the United States in 2021. Maryland’s high levels of wealth is due to several reasons, and includes the state's proximity to the nation's capital. Household income and ethnicity The median income of white non-Hispanic households in the United States had been on the rise since 1990, but declining since 2019. While income has also been on the rise, the median income of Hispanic households was much lower than those of white, non-Hispanic private households. However, the median income of Black households is even lower than Hispanic households. Income inequality is a problem without an easy solution in the United States, especially since ethnicity is a contributing factor. Systemic racism contributes to the non-White population suffering from income inequality, which causes the opportunity for growth to stagnate.

In 2023, **** percent of Black people living in the United States were living below the poverty line, compared to *** percent of white people. That year, the total poverty rate in the U.S. across all races and ethnicities was **** percent. Poverty in the United States Single people in the United States making less than ****** U.S. dollars a year and families of four making less than ****** U.S. dollars a year are considered to be below the poverty line. Women and children are more likely to suffer from poverty, due to women staying home more often than men to take care of children, and women suffering from the gender wage gap. Not only are women and children more likely to be affected, racial minorities are as well due to the discrimination they face. Poverty data Despite being one of the wealthiest nations in the world, the United States had the third highest poverty rate out of all OECD countries in 2019. However, the United States' poverty rate has been fluctuating since 1990, but has been decreasing since 2014. The average median household income in the U.S. has remained somewhat consistent since 1990, but has recently increased since 2014 until a slight decrease in 2020, potentially due to the pandemic. The state that had the highest number of people living below the poverty line in 2020 was California.