Bangladesh Poverty Headcount Ratio at Societal Poverty Lines: % of Population data was reported at 28.100 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 34.100 % for 2016. Bangladesh Poverty Headcount Ratio at Societal Poverty Lines: % of Population data is updated yearly, averaging 44.150 % from Dec 1983 (Median) to 2022, with 10 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 48.900 % in 1988 and a record low of 28.100 % in 2022. Bangladesh Poverty Headcount Ratio at Societal Poverty Lines: % of Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Bangladesh – Table BD.World Bank.WDI: Social: Poverty and Inequality. The poverty headcount ratio at societal poverty line is the percentage of a population living in poverty according to the World Bank's Societal Poverty Line. The Societal Poverty Line is expressed in purchasing power adjusted 2017 U.S. dollars and defined as max($2.15, $1.15 + 0.5*Median). This means that when the national median is sufficiently low, the Societal Poverty line is equivalent to the extreme poverty line, $2.15. For countries with a sufficiently high national median, the Societal Poverty Line grows as countries’ median income grows.;World Bank, Poverty and Inequality Platform. Data are based on primary household survey data obtained from government statistical agencies and World Bank country departments. Data for high-income economies are mostly from the Luxembourg Income Study database. For more information and methodology, please see http://pip.worldbank.org.;;The World Bank’s internationally comparable poverty monitoring database now draws on income or detailed consumption data from more than 2000 household surveys across 169 countries. See the Poverty and Inequality Platform (PIP) for details (www.pip.worldbank.org).

Historical dataset showing Bangladesh poverty rate by year from 1983 to 2022.

Poverty rate at $1.9 a day of Bangladesh plummeted by 58.97% from 19.50 % in 2016 to 8.00 % in 2022. Since the 0.20% rise in 1991, poverty rate at $1.9 a day sank by 84.38% in 2022. Population below $1.9 a day is the percentage of the population living on less than $1.9 a day at 2005 international prices. As a result of revisions in PPP exchange rates, poverty rates for individual countries cannot be compared with poverty rates reported in earlier editions.

Bangladesh BD: Poverty Headcount Ratio at $1.90 a Day: 2011 PPP: % of Population data was reported at 14.300 % in 2016. This records a decrease from the previous number of 19.200 % for 2010. Bangladesh BD: Poverty Headcount Ratio at $1.90 a Day: 2011 PPP: % of Population data is updated yearly, averaging 34.200 % from Dec 1983 (Median) to 2016, with 9 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 43.500 % in 1991 and a record low of 14.300 % in 2016. Bangladesh BD: Poverty Headcount Ratio at $1.90 a Day: 2011 PPP: % of Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Bangladesh – Table BD.World Bank.WDI: Social: Poverty and Inequality. Poverty headcount ratio at $1.90 a day is the percentage of the population living on less than $1.90 a day at 2011 international prices. As a result of revisions in PPP exchange rates, poverty rates for individual countries cannot be compared with poverty rates reported in earlier editions.; ; World Bank, Poverty and Inequality Platform. Data are based on primary household survey data obtained from government statistical agencies and World Bank country departments. Data for high-income economies are mostly from the Luxembourg Income Study database. For more information and methodology, please see http://pip.worldbank.org.; ; The World Bank’s internationally comparable poverty monitoring database now draws on income or detailed consumption data from around 2000 household surveys across 169 countries. See the Poverty and Inequality Platform (PIP) for details (www.pip.worldbank.org).

35.2 (%) in 2010. Rural poverty rate is the percentage of the rural population living below the national rural poverty line.

BD: Poverty Headcount Ratio at National Poverty Lines: % of Population data was reported at 18.700 % in 2022. BD: Poverty Headcount Ratio at National Poverty Lines: % of Population data is updated yearly, averaging 18.700 % from Dec 2022 (Median) to 2022, with 1 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 18.700 % in 2022 and a record low of 18.700 % in 2022. BD: Poverty Headcount Ratio at National Poverty Lines: % of Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Bangladesh – Table BD.World Bank.WDI: Social: Poverty and Inequality. National poverty headcount ratio is the percentage of the population living below the national poverty line(s). National estimates are based on population-weighted subgroup estimates from household surveys. For economies for which the data are from EU-SILC, the reported year is the income reference year, which is the year before the survey year.;World Bank, Poverty and Inequality Platform. Data are compiled from official government sources or are computed by World Bank staff using national (i.e. country–specific) poverty lines.;;This series only includes estimates that to the best of our knowledge are reasonably comparable over time for a country. Due to differences in estimation methodologies and poverty lines, estimates should not be compared across countries.

Abstract

The main objective of the Bangladesh Poverty and Groundwater Salinity Survey (BPGSS) 2016 is to understand the linkages between groundwater salinity and poverty in coastal areas in Bangladesh. It is also to assess the extent to which high water salinity might be associated with poor health outcomes among women and children, and identify potential coping and adaptation mechanisms, which households might be using to address high water salinity in these areas.

Geographic coverage

Regional coverage

Analysis unit

Households

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

SAMPLING PROCEDURE The Bangladesh Poverty and Groundwater Salinity Survey 2016 collected data from a total of 1,500 households in three sub-districts or upazilas in Bangladesh - 500 households in each upazila distributed across 50 primary sampling units (PSUs). The three upazilas selected for this study are the following: (i) Taltoli upazila in the Barguna district of the Barisal division; (ii) Morrelganj upazila in the Bagerhat district of the Khulna division; and (iii) Shyamnagar upazila in the Satkhira district in the Khulna division. Each upazila was allocated an equal size of households in order to get poverty estimates of similar precision. The sampling frame consists of a list of all rural villages developed by the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) based on the Census Enumeration Areas (CEAs) constructed for the 2011 Census of Population and Housing. PSUs are constructed by dividing rural villages into listing blocks or Enumeration Areas (EAs) of around 50 households each and then randomly selecting one block for listing.

The three upazilas included in this study where selected based on discussion with a water salinity expert in Bangladesh and practical considerations using a two-stage procedure. In the first stage, we combined upazila level poverty data from the official 2010 Bangladesh Poverty Maps with upazila level information on groundwater salinity collected by the Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) with support from the Institute of Water Modelling (IWM). Using these combined dataset, we classified all 146 upazilas in coastal areas in four groups: (i) high water salinity and high poverty rate; (ii) high water salinity and low poverty rates; (iii) low water salinity and high poverty rate; (iv) low water salinity and low poverty rates. Figure 1 shows the spatial distribution of coastal area upazilas based on these four categories. In the second stage, we selected one upazila from each of the first three categories as focal areas for this study after discussion with a groundwater expert on availability of other water-supply options (e.g. managed aquifer recharge) and practical considerations. This categorization of upazilas also serve as our three sampling strata - high water salinity and high poverty rate, high water salinity and low poverty rates, and low water salinity and high poverty rate.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The household questionnaire is available in Bengali and English under the Related Materials tab.

Cleaning operations

Data entry and editing was done by Survey CTO.

Bangladesh BD: Poverty Headcount Ratio at $2.15 a Day: 2017 PPP: % of Population data was reported at 5.000 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 13.500 % for 2016. Bangladesh BD: Poverty Headcount Ratio at $2.15 a Day: 2017 PPP: % of Population data is updated yearly, averaging 32.650 % from Dec 1983 (Median) to 2022, with 10 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 41.900 % in 1991 and a record low of 5.000 % in 2022. Bangladesh BD: Poverty Headcount Ratio at $2.15 a Day: 2017 PPP: % of Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Bangladesh – Table BD.World Bank.WDI: Social: Poverty and Inequality. Poverty headcount ratio at $2.15 a day is the percentage of the population living on less than $2.15 a day at 2017 purchasing power adjusted prices. As a result of revisions in PPP exchange rates, poverty rates for individual countries cannot be compared with poverty rates reported in earlier editions.;World Bank, Poverty and Inequality Platform. Data are based on primary household survey data obtained from government statistical agencies and World Bank country departments. Data for high-income economies are mostly from the Luxembourg Income Study database. For more information and methodology, please see http://pip.worldbank.org.;;The World Bank’s internationally comparable poverty monitoring database now draws on income or detailed consumption data from more than 2000 household surveys across 169 countries. See the Poverty and Inequality Platform (PIP) for details (www.pip.worldbank.org).

14.3 (%) in 2016. Poverty headcount ratio at $1.90 a day is the percentage of the population living on less than $1.90 a day at 2011 international prices. As a result of revisions in PPP exchange rates, poverty rates for individual countries cannot be compared with poverty rates reported in earlier editions.

Bangladesh BD: Poverty Headcount Ratio at National Poverty Lines: Rural: % of Rural Population data was reported at 35.200 % in 2010. This records a decrease from the previous number of 43.800 % for 2005. Bangladesh BD: Poverty Headcount Ratio at National Poverty Lines: Rural: % of Rural Population data is updated yearly, averaging 43.800 % from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2010, with 3 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 52.300 % in 2000 and a record low of 35.200 % in 2010. Bangladesh BD: Poverty Headcount Ratio at National Poverty Lines: Rural: % of Rural Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Bangladesh – Table BD.World Bank.WDI: Social: Poverty and Inequality. Rural poverty headcount ratio is the percentage of the rural population living below the national poverty lines.; ; World Bank, Global Poverty Working Group. Data are compiled from official government sources or are computed by World Bank staff using national (i.e. country–specific) poverty lines.; ; This series only includes estimates that to the best of our knowledge are reasonably comparable over time for a country. Due to differences in estimation methodologies and poverty lines, estimates should not be compared across countries.

2.6 (%) in 2016. Poverty gap at $1.90 a day (2011 PPP) is the mean shortfall in income or consumption from the poverty line $1.90 a day (counting the nonpoor as having zero shortfall), expressed as a percentage of the poverty line. This measure reflects the depth of poverty as well as its incidence. As a result of revisions in PPP exchange rates, poverty rates for individual countries cannot be compared with poverty rates reported in earlier editions.

Bangladesh has made recent progress in reducing poverty, but still faces the reality that roughly half its citizens live in deprivation. This report examines the record of advances during the 1990s, major challenges still to be overcome and priority measures to accelerate poverty reduction. The report suggests that changes in practices an policies, to realize healthy economic growth designed to benefit the rural poor as well as more rapid, sustained movement toward greater social justice. Dramatically lowering the incidence of poverty requires significantly higher levels of economic performance, it also requires that growth reaches the poor and expands their opportunities. Primary education managed to enroll nearly equal proportions of boys and girls and of urban and rural children. Drinking and cooking water now come from tube wells rather than from less sanitary surface water. Prioritizing use of governmental resources, correcting the deterioration that has taken place in government finances in recent years, and imposing strong discipline on the many wasteful state-owned enterprises would help restore fiscal order and macroeconomic stability.

The Bangladesh Interactive Poverty Maps allow you to explore and visualize socioeconomic data at the zila (district) and upazila (sub-district) level. The tool provides users an easy way to access different types of indicators including poverty, demographics of the population, children’s health and nutrition, education, employment, and access to energy, water, and sanitation services. These maps were constructed by combining three different data sources all of which are publicly available. These include the 2010 Bangladesh Poverty Maps, the IPUMS sample from the 2011 Bangladesh Census of Population and Housing, and the 2012 Undernutrition Maps of Bangladesh.

Definition of variables and data sources

These maps were constructed by combining three different data sources all of which are publicly available. These include the 2010 Bangladesh Poverty Maps, the 2011 Census of Population and Housing sample available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series project (IPUMS), and the 2012 Undernutrition Maps of Bangladesh.

The 2010 Bangladesh Poverty Maps technical report describing the metholody used to construct the zila and upazila national poverty statistics can be accessed at the following link: http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2014/09/30/poverty-maps

The Population and Housing Census sample (IPUMS) dataset can be accessed at the following link: https://international.ipums.org/international-action/sample_details/country/bd

The undernutrition maps produced by the World Food Program (WFP) are available at the following link: https://www.wfp.org/content/undernutrition-maps-bangladesh-2012

Detailed information describing the construction of the variables and sources is presented below.

Basic information:

1) Total population: Total population in the zila/upazila. 2) Share of rural population: Share of the zila/upazila population who lives in rural areas. 3) Working population: Total number of working age population (15-64 years) in zila/upazila. 4) Total households: Total number of households in the zila/upazila.

Source: Indicators 1, 2, 3, and 4 were computed using the 2011 Census of Population and Housing.

Poverty (among the population):

5) Poverty headcount ratio (%): Percentage of the population that lives below the official national upper poverty line. 6) Extreme poverty headcount ratio (%): Percentage of the population that lives below the official national lower poverty line. 7) Percentage of population in bottom 40%: Percentage of the population in the zila/upazila that belongs to the bottom 40% of the national real per capita consumption distribution.

Source: Indicators 5, 6, and 7 come from 2010 Bangladesh Poverty Maps. The total number of poor, extreme poor, and population that belongs to the bottom 40% were computed using indicators 5, 6, 7 and indicator 1 (Total population in the zila/upazila).

Demographic (among population):

8) Population between 0 and 6 years old: Total population in the age range of 0-6 years old. 9) Population between 7 and 14 years old: Total population in the age range of 7-14 years old. 10) Population between 15 and 64 years old: Total population in the age range of 15-64 years old. 11) Population ages 65 and above: Total population in the age range of 65 and above.

Source: Indicators 8, 9, 10, and 11 were constructed using question 14 from the 2011 Census of Population and Housing.

Question 14. Age (Completed years)

Nutrition (among children below 5):

12) Percentage of underweight children: Percentage of children under five years of age whose standarized weight-for-age is more than two standard deviations below the median for the international reference. population (WHO standard) 13) Percentage of severely underweight children: Percentage of children under five years of age whose standarized weight-for-age is more than three standard deviations below the median for the international reference population (WHO standard). 14) Percentage of stunted children: Percentage of children under five years of age whose standarized height-for-age is more than two standard deviations below the median for the international reference population (WHO standard). 15) Percentage of severely stunted children: Percentage of children under five years of age whose standarized weight-for-age is more than three standard deviations below the median for the international reference population (WHO standard).

Source: Indicators 12, 13, 14, and 15 were produced by the World Food Program (WFP) and are constructed based on data from the Child and Mother Nutrition Survey of Bangladesh 2012 (MICS) and the Health and Morbidity Status Survey 2011 (HMSS). The total number of children under the age of 5 years was estimated using data from the 2011 Census of Population and Housing.

Primary Employment (among working population):

16) Agriculture: If employed, sector of employment is agriculture. 17) Industry: If employed, sector of employment is industry. 18) Services: If employed, sector of employment is services.

Source: Indicators 16, 17, and 18 were constructed using Question 25 from the 2011 Census of Population and Housing. Question 25 was asked for persons 7 years of age and older who reported being employed.

Question 25. If employed, field of employment (1) Agriculture (2) Industry (3) Service

Energy & Sanitation (among households):

19) With Electricity: Percentage of households with access to electricity. 20) With flush toilet: Percentage of households with access to flush toilet. 21) With non-flush, latrine: Percentage of households with access to latrine. 22) Without toilet, open defecation: Percentage of households who practice open defecation. 23) With access to tap water: Percentage of households with access to tap water. 24) With access to tube-well water: Percentage of households with access to tube-well water.

Source: Indicators 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, and 24 were constructed using questions 8, 9 and 10 from the 2011 Census of Population and Housing.

Question 8. Source of drinking water (1) Tap (2) Tube-well (3) Other

Question 9. Toilet facilities (1) Sanitary (with water seal) (2) Sanitary (no water seal) (3) Non-sanitary (4) None

Question 10. Electricity connection (1) Yes (2) No

Literacy & Educational Attainment (among adults 18 years and above)

25) Literate population: Percentage of adults who can write a letter. 26) Less than primary completed: Percentage of adults who have not completed primary education. 27) Primary completed: Percentage of adults who have completed primary education. 28) Secondary completed: Percentage of adults who have completed secondary education. 29) University completed: Percentage of adults who have completed univeristy.

Source: Indicators 25, 26, 27, 28, and 29 were constructed using Questions 21 and 23 from the 2011 Census of Population and Housing.

Question 21. Highest class passed (write class passed code)

Question 23. Can write a letter? (1) Yes (2) No

School attendance (among school-age children)

30) Overall (6-18 year olds): Percentage of children 6-18 years old who attend school. 31) Primary level (6-10 years): Percentage of children 6-10 years old who attend school. 32) Junior level (11-13 years): Percentage of children 11-13 years old who attend school. 33) Secondary level (14-15 years): Percentage of children 14-15 years old who attend school. 34) High secondary level (16-18 years): Percentage of children 16-18 years old who attend school.

Source: Indicators 30, 31, 32, 33, and 34 were constructed using Question 20 from the 2011 Census of Population and Housing.

Question 20. Student (Currently) (1) Yes (2) No

Additional Notes: * All national averages reported correspond to weighted upazila/zila level means, except for the nutrition variables and the population in national bottom 40% which correspond to unweighted upazila/zila level means.

Additional file 3.

Bangladesh BD: Poverty Headcount Ratio at $5.50 a Day: 2011 PPP: % of Population data was reported at 84.200 % in 2016. This records a decrease from the previous number of 87.600 % for 2010. Bangladesh BD: Poverty Headcount Ratio at $5.50 a Day: 2011 PPP: % of Population data is updated yearly, averaging 92.600 % from Dec 1983 (Median) to 2016, with 9 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 97.100 % in 1983 and a record low of 84.200 % in 2016. Bangladesh BD: Poverty Headcount Ratio at $5.50 a Day: 2011 PPP: % of Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Bangladesh – Table BD.World Bank.WDI: Social: Poverty and Inequality. Poverty headcount ratio at $5.50 a day is the percentage of the population living on less than $5.50 a day at 2011 international prices. As a result of revisions in PPP exchange rates, poverty rates for individual countries cannot be compared with poverty rates reported in earlier editions.; ; World Bank, Poverty and Inequality Platform. Data are based on primary household survey data obtained from government statistical agencies and World Bank country departments. Data for high-income economies are mostly from the Luxembourg Income Study database. For more information and methodology, please see http://pip.worldbank.org.; ; The World Bank’s internationally comparable poverty monitoring database now draws on income or detailed consumption data from around 2000 household surveys across 169 countries. See the Poverty and Inequality Platform (PIP) for details (www.pip.worldbank.org).

Number of poor at $1.9 a day of Bangladesh plummeted by 20.14% from 28.3 million persons in 2010 to 22.6 million persons in 2016. Since the 6.07% surge in 2000, number of poor at $1.9 a day sank by 48.28% in 2016. Number of people, in millions, living on less than $1.90 a day at 2011 PPP is calculated by multiplying the poverty rate and the population. As a result of revisions in PPP exchange rates, poverty rates for individual countries cannot be compared with poverty rates reported in earlier editions.

Abstract

The 2018 Dhaka Low Income Area Gender, Inclusion, and Poverty (DIGNITY) survey attempts to fill in the data and knowledge gaps on women's economic empowerment in urban areas, specifically the factors that constrain women in slums and low-income neighborhoods from engaging in the labor market and supplying their labor to wage earning or self-employment. While an array of national-level datasets has collected a wide spectrum of information, they rarely comprise all of the information needed to study the drivers of Female Labor Force Participation (FLFP). This data gap is being filled by the primary data collection of the specialized DIGNITY survey; it is representative of poor urban areas and is specifically designed to address these limitations. The DIGNITY survey collected information from 1,300 urban households living in poor areas of Dhaka in 2018 on a range of issues that affect FLFP as identified through the literature. These range from household composition and demographic characteristics to socioeconomic characteristics such as detailed employment history and income (including locational data and travel details); and from technical and educational attributes to issues of time use, migration history, and attitudes and perceptions.

The DIGNITY survey was designed to shed light on poverty, economic empowerment, and livelihood in urban areas of Bangladesh. It has two main modules: the traditional household module (in which the head of household is interviewed on basic information about the household); and the individual module, in which two respondents from each household are interviewed individually. In the second module, two persons - one male and one female from each household, usually the main couple, are selected for the interview. The survey team deployed one male and one female interviewer for each household, so that the gender of the interviewers matched that of the respondents. Collecting economic data directly from a female and male household member, rather than just the head of the household (who tend to be men in most cases), was a key feature of the DIGNITY survey.

Geographic coverage

The DIGNITY survey is representative of low-income areas and slums of the Dhaka City Corporations (North and South, from here on referred to as Dhaka CCs), and an additional low-income site from the Greater Dhaka Statistical Metropolitan Area (SMA).

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sampling procedure followed a two-stage stratification design. The major features include the following steps (they are discussed in more detail in a copy of the study's report and the sampling document located in "External Resources"):

FIRST STAGE: Selection of the PSUs

Low-income primary sampling units (PSUs) were defined as nonslum census enumeration areas (EAs), in which the small-sample area estimate of the poverty rate is higher than 8 percent (using the 2011 Bangladesh Poverty Map). The sampling frame for these low-income areas in the Dhaka City Corporations (CCs) and Greater Dhaka is based on the population census of 2011. For the Dhaka CCs, all low-income census EAs formed the sampling frame. In the Greater Dhaka area, the frame was formed by all low-income census EAs in specific thanas (i.e. administrative unit in Bangladesh) where World Bank project were located.

Three strata were used for sampling the low-income EAs. These strata were defined based on the poverty head-count ratios. The first stratum encompasses EAs with a poverty headcount ratio between 8 and 10 percent; the second stratum between 11 and 14 percent; and the third stratum, those exceeding 15 percent.

Slums were defined as informal settlements that were listed in the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics' slum census from 2013/14. This census was used as sampling frame of the slum areas. Only slums in the Dhaka City Corporations are included. Again, three strata were used to sample the slums. This time the strata were based on the size of the slums. The first stratum comprises slums of 50 to 75 households; the second 76 to 99 households; and the third, 100 or more households. Small slums with fewer than 50 households were not included in the sampling frame. Very small slums were included in the low-income neighborhood selection if they are in a low-income area.

Altogether, the DIGNITY survey collected data from 67 PSUs.

SECOND STAGE: Selection of the Households

In each sampled PSU a complete listing of households was done to form the frame for the second stage of sampling: the selection of households. When the number of households in a PSU was very large, smaller sections of the neighborhood were identified, and one section was randomly selected to be listed. The listing data collected information on the demographics of the household to determine whether a household fell into one of the three categories that were used to stratify the household sample:

i) households with both working-age male and female members; ii) households with only a working-age female; iii) households with only a working-age male.

Households were selected from each stratum with the predetermined ratio of 16:3:1. In some cases there were not enough households in categories (ii) and (iii) to stick to this ratio; in this case all of the households in the category were sampled, and additional households were selected from the first category to bring the total number of households sampled in each PSU to 20.

The total sample consisted of 1,300 households (2,378 individuals).

Sampling deviation

The sampling for 1300 households was planned after the listing exercise. During the field work, about 115 households (8.8 percent) could not be interviewed due to household refusal or absence. These households were replaced with reserved households in the sample.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

The questionnaires for the survey were developed by the World Bank, with assistance from the survey firm, DATA. Comments were incorporated following the pilot tests and practice session/pretest.

Cleaning operations

Collected data was entered into a computer by using the customized MS Access data input software developed by Data Analysis and Technical Assistance (DATA). Once data entry was completed, two different techniques were employed to check consistency and validity of data as follows:

1. Five (5%) percent of the filled-in questionnaire was checked against entered data to measure the transmission error or typos, and;
2. A logical consistency checking technique was employed to identify inconsistencies using SPSS and or STATA software.

Poverty gap at $3.2 a day of Bangladesh sank by 18.18% from 18.7 % in 2010 to 15.3 % in 2016. Since the 0.60% upward trend in 1991, poverty gap at $3.2 a day plummeted by 54.73% in 2016. Poverty gap at $3.20 a day (2011 PPP) is the mean shortfall in income or consumption from the poverty line $3.20 a day (counting the nonpoor as having zero shortfall), expressed as a percentage of the poverty line. This measure reflects the depth of poverty as well as its incidence.

The Chronic Poverty and Long Term Impact Study in Bangladesh project, which focuses on 102 villages characteristic of rural Bangladesh, aims to further our understanding of the economic, social and political processes that shape chronic poverty in Bangladesh together with the impact of selected anti-poverty interventions on poverty dynamics. After initial community level fieldwork approximately 1,907 core households first surveyed in 1994, 1996, or 2000 were interviewed in late 2006 to ascertain how their living standards, endowment and other characteristics have changed over time and what role selected interventions have had on their welfare trajectories. 365 households who had split from their original households were also interviewed Detailed life-histories were then collected from a stratified sub-sample of approximately 293 adult men and women living in 161 households in order to better understand which events, institutions and processes have trapped certain households in chronic poverty while allowing others to escape from it. By analysing the results of the community level focus groups, panel survey and life-histories interviews together, a much fuller and more nuanced understanding of chronic poverty and the impact of the selected interventions is produced. The panel survey component of the study builds on evaluation studies on the provision of Food or Cash for Education (FFE/CFE) to poor families; production-related interventions, through the introduction of new agricultural technologies; and microfinance, through Non-Governmental organizations (NGOs). This webpage presents the combined dataset of all the three individual datasets for each study. The Food for Education (FFE) survey was conducted in Bangladesh in 2000 and 2003 to evaluate the effect of a conditional transfer of food or cash to poor families, which was designed to increase school attendance. In 2000, the survey covered 600 households in 60 villages in 30 unions in 10 thanas, and 110 schools in the same 30 unions from which the household sample was drawn. In 2003, two thanas were dropped from the sample, reducing the sample size to 480 households and the number of thanas to 8. In 2006/7, there were 511 households from 8 upazilas (the new name for thana). These datasets are available from IFPRI’s website at Impact Evaluation of Food for Education Program in Bangladesh, 2000 and Comparing Food versus Cash for Education Program in Bangladesh, 2003. The Micronutrients-Gender study, also known as the Agricultural Technology Study, was carried out in 1996-1997 to evaluate the micronutrient/gender impact of new agricultural technologies being disseminated by nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) through a variety of targeting mechanisms in three sites in rural Bangladesh: improved vegetables (Saturia); individual fishponds (Mymensingh); and group fishponds (Jessore). The survey covered 330 households in three categories in each site: NGO-member adopting households, NGO-member likely adopter households in villages where the technology was not yet introduced, and a sampling of all other households in both types of villages to represent the general population. This individual dataset is available from IFPRI’s website at Commercial vegetable and polyculture fish production -- their impacts on income, household resource allocation, and nutrition, 1996-1997. The Microfinance study was conducted in Bangladesh in 1994 to analyze the determinants of the formation of and participation in group-based rural financial institutions and the effects of participation on household resource allocation, income generation, and food and nonfood consumption. The study included a 120-village community level survey, 128 credit groups, and a household survey of 350 households in 7 villages. The study included credit groups formed by three Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)- Association for Social Advancement (ASA), Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC), and Rangpur-Dinajpur Rural Services (RDRS). Household surveys were based on stratified random sampling, with household possession of land as the stratifier, irrespective of membership in NGO programs. This individual dataset is available from IFPRI’s website at Rural Finance and Food Security Study in Bangladesh, 1994.

24.40 (%) in 2022. Population below $3.1 a day is the percentage of the population living on less than $3.1 a day at 2005 international prices. As a result of revisions in PPP exchange rates, poverty rates for individual countries cannot be compared with poverty rates reported in earlier editions.