The largest city in Poland in terms of population was the capital, ******, in 2024, with more than **** million inhabitants. Kraków and Wrocław followed it.

The files contain individual information on births in the Poznań parish of St. Mary Magdalene for the years 1842-1874. Project Title: Long-term social costs of adverse conditions occurring in early life in 19th-century populations on the example of the city of Poznań. The main aim of the project is to investigate the long-term social consequences of adverse conditions experienced in early life (prenatal and early child development) by society in historical times. The following questions call for research: whether and to what extent did the extreme conditions occurring in early life influence intergenerational mobility? Whether and to what extent did they limit the chances of social mobility/ social advancement through marriage, occupational, and military careers? The goal will be achieved with the use of a model population, represented by the population of Poznań residents from the 1840s to the end of the 19th century, varied in terms of denomination, social and economic strata, and underwent political, economic, and social changes at that time. The analysis will be based on the reconstructed histories of individuals from birth to marriage and/or death, which will allow capturing the social changes occurring in their life through marriage and/or acquired profession. The socioeconomic status (SES) of an individual at birth and in adulthood will be reconstructed. Intergenerational changes in social status between parents and their adult children will be compared. The most critical stages of early life development, encompassing fetal and early childhood period, will be estimated. To reconstruct the living conditions in early life, local economic and demographic rates will be assigned to this period: prices and consumption of potatoes and meat (as proxies for the level of nutrition during the fetal and early childhood period), the level of unemployment and mortality of infants and children up to 5 (as proxies for the stress level in family/ society). The research results will be an important step in understanding the relationship between social costs in adulthood and adverse conditions in the earliest stages of life.

Numbers of souls for the Poznań parishes, collected by: Szymon Antosik (AMU, Poznań). Source of data for Catholic parishes: Diocesan Elenchye deposited in the Library of the Poznań Society for the Advancement of Arts and Sciences. Project Title: Long-term social costs of adverse conditions occurring in early life in 19th-century populations on the example of the city of Poznań. The main aim of the project is to investigate the long-term social consequences of adverse conditions experienced in early life (prenatal and early child development) by society in historical times. The following questions call for research: whether and to what extent did the extreme conditions occurring in early life influence intergenerational mobility? Whether and to what extent did they limit the chances of social mobility/ social advancement through marriage, occupational, and military careers? The goal will be achieved with the use of a model population, represented by the population of Poznań residents from the 1840s to the end of the 19th century, varied in terms of denomination, social and economic strata, and underwent political, economic, and social changes at that time. The analysis will be based on the reconstructed histories of individuals from birth to marriage and/or death, which will allow capturing the social changes occurring in their life through marriage and/or acquired profession. The socioeconomic status (SES) of an individual at birth and in adulthood will be reconstructed. Intergenerational changes in social status between parents and their adult children will be compared. The most critical stages of early life development, encompassing fetal and early childhood period, will be estimated. To reconstruct the living conditions in early life, local economic and demographic rates will be assigned to this period: prices and consumption of potatoes and meat (as proxies for the level of nutrition during the fetal and early childhood period), the level of unemployment and mortality of infants and children up to 5 (as proxies for the stress level in family/ society). The research results will be an important step in understanding the relationship between social costs in adulthood and adverse conditions in the earliest stages of life.

In 2024, Poznań had the most parking spaces in relation to its population of all cities with more than ******* inhabitants in Poland. There were almost * parking spaces per 1,000 inhabitants. The Polish capital Warszawa (Warsaw) had the most parking spaces in absolute terms with *****, while Wrocław had the most parking garages with **. The worst parking situation for people was in Lublin, where there were only *** parking spaces, which amounted to *** parking spaces per 1,000 residents.

As of April 1, 2022, the most significant number of Ukrainians was recorded in Rzeszów — about ** percent. The largest city in Poland, Warsaw, had ** percent of Ukrainians, as did Szczecin.

The files contain individual information on weddings in the Poznań parish of St. Mary Magdalene for the years 1842-1874. Project Title: Long-term social costs of adverse conditions occurring in early life in 19th-century populations on the example of the city of Poznań. The main aim of the project is to investigate the long-term social consequences of adverse conditions experienced in early life (prenatal and early child development) by society in historical times. The following questions call for research: whether and to what extent did the extreme conditions occurring in early life influence intergenerational mobility? Whether and to what extent did they limit the chances of social mobility/ social advancement through marriage, occupational, and military careers? The goal will be achieved with the use of a model population, represented by the population of Poznań residents from the 1840s to the end of the 19th century, varied in terms of denomination, social and economic strata, and underwent political, economic, and social changes at that time. The analysis will be based on the reconstructed histories of individuals from birth to marriage and/or death, which will allow capturing the social changes occurring in their life through marriage and/or acquired profession. The socioeconomic status (SES) of an individual at birth and in adulthood will be reconstructed. Intergenerational changes in social status between parents and their adult children will be compared. The most critical stages of early life development, encompassing fetal and early childhood period, will be estimated. To reconstruct the living conditions in early life, local economic and demographic rates will be assigned to this period: prices and consumption of potatoes and meat (as proxies for the level of nutrition during the fetal and early childhood period), the level of unemployment and mortality of infants and children up to 5 (as proxies for the stress level in family/ society). The research results will be an important step in understanding the relationship between social costs in adulthood and adverse conditions in the earliest stages of life.

BackgroundExposure to the SARS-CoV-2 activates two forms of active immunity: natural appearance after infection and vaccine induced immunity.MethodsWe have conducted a retrospective analysis the serum concentration of IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in the population of Poznan University Clinical Hospital (PH) and Miedzyrzecz Hospital (MH) from 2021 to 2023.ResultsIn the entire study population (n = 3,104), as well as in the PH (n = 1,746) and MH (n = 1,358) groups, no significant differences in age (p = 0.1455) or BAU/ml values (p = 0.7874) between women and men were found. Significant differences were observed between the 18–35 and 36–60 age subgroups compared to the >60 age subgroup in the entire study population (p = 0.0022; p = 0.0001) and the PH group (p = 0.0176; p = 0.0003). In the MH group, significant differences were seen between the 18–35 and 36–60 age subgroups (p = 0.0305), as well as between the 18–35 and >60 age subgroups (p = 0.0050). A positive correlation was found between the number of infections and the number of tests conducted in each study group (R = 0.59, p = 0.0016).ConclusionThe concentration of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies is significantly higher in individuals over 60 years old compared to those in the 18–35 and 36–60 age groups. The correlations between age and antibody levels were significant but weak, suggesting that age should not be considered the main factor in predicting the immune response after vaccination or COVID-19 infection. Both women and men presented a similar immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 during the pandemic. Additionally, the number of infections within a specific time period influenced the number of individuals tested for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.