We present a high-frequency dataset of algorithmic trading. Given that, the dataset contains different time intervals depending on the timestamp when an arbitrage opportunity occurred. Our dataset has 9,799,130 tick-level records of the Bitcoin-to-Euro exchange rate starting from 2019-01-01 00:00:31 until 2020-03-30 23:59:48. Data covered information about different cryptocurrency pairs from 18 cryptocurrency exchanges. These pairs contained information about exchanges in which it was possible to buy and sell simultaneously. Each row presented the amount of arbitrage that it was possible to earn if a transaction would have been executed. The dataset contains information about the amount of arbitrage that could be earned after executing a transaction in given cryptocurrency exchanges, the quantity which had to be bought to earn arbitrage, the best sell, and the best buy prices, the balance of fiat currency in “Exchange 1” and the balance of cryptocurrency in “Exchange 2”. If there was enough fiat currency in “Exchange 1” and enough cryptocurrency in “Exchange 2” it means that the transaction was successfully executed and given arbitrage amount was earned. This information could be used by investors to discover potential earning capabilities, and create effective arbitrage trading strategies. Moreover, this dataset could serve academics for deeper analysis of efficiency and liquidity questions as well as it could be used to spot and evaluate risks in the market, identify patterns in the market. Short description of the dataset: ID - Unique ID arb_timestamp - timestamp of arbitrage opportunity arb_exch1 - presents exchanges where one was able to successfully buy Bitcoin arb_exch2 - presents exchanges where one was able to successfully sell Bitcoin arb_ticker - BTCEUR exchange rate arb_prc - percentage earned compared to the invested amount arb_amount - the amount of arbitrage that would be earned if a transaction had been executed arb_quantity - Bitcoin quantity that needed to be bought in order to execute a transaction and to earn arbitrage best_sell_price - best price at which it was possible to sell Bitcoin in "Exchange 2" best_buy_price - best price at which it was possible to buy Bitcoin in "Exchange 1" balance_fiat - the amount of Euros available in “Exchange 1” balance_crypto - the amount of Bitcoin available in “Exchange 2”

Context

Blockchain technology, first implemented by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2009 as a core component of Bitcoin, is a distributed, public ledger recording transactions. Its usage allows secure peer-to-peer communication by linking blocks containing hash pointers to a previous block, a timestamp, and transaction data. Bitcoin is a decentralized digital currency (cryptocurrency) which leverages the Blockchain to store transactions in a distributed manner in order to mitigate against flaws in the financial industry.

Nearly ten years after its inception, Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies experienced an explosion in popular awareness. The value of Bitcoin, on the other hand, has experienced more volatility. Meanwhile, as use cases of Bitcoin and Blockchain grow, mature, and expand, hype and controversy have swirled.

Content

In this dataset, you will have access to information about blockchain blocks and transactions. All historical data are in the bigquery-public-data:crypto_bitcoin dataset. It’s updated it every 10 minutes. The data can be joined with historical prices in kernels. See available similar datasets here: https://www.kaggle.com/datasets?search=bitcoin.

Querying BigQuery tables

You can use the BigQuery Python client library to query tables in this dataset in Kernels. Note that methods available in Kernels are limited to querying data. Tables are at bigquery-public-data.crypto_bitcoin.[TABLENAME]. Fork this kernel to get started.

Method & Acknowledgements

Allen Day (Twitter | Medium), Google Cloud Developer Advocate & Colin Bookman, Google Cloud Customer Engineer retrieve data from the Bitcoin network using a custom client available on GitHub that they built with the bitcoinj Java library. Historical data from the origin block to 2018-01-31 were loaded in bulk to two BigQuery tables, blocks_raw and transactions. These tables contain fresh data, as they are now appended when new blocks are broadcast to the Bitcoin network. For additional information visit the Google Cloud Big Data and Machine Learning Blog post "Bitcoin in BigQuery: Blockchain analytics on public data".

Photo by Andre Francois on Unsplash.

Inspiration

• How many bitcoins are sent each day?
• How many addresses receive bitcoin each day?
• Compare transaction volume to historical prices by joining with other available data sources

Consumers from countries in Africa, Asia, and South America were most likely to be an owner of cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin, in 2025. This conclusion can be reached after combining ** different surveys from the Statista's Consumer Insights over the course of that year. Nearly one out of three respondents to Statista's survey in Nigeria, for instance, mentioned they either owned or use a digital coin, rather than *** out of 100 respondents in the United States. This is a significant change from a list that looks at the Bitcoin (BTC) trading volume in ** countries: There, the United States and Russia were said to have traded the highest amounts of this particular virtual coin. Nevertheless, African and Latin American countries are noticeable entries in that list too. Daily use, or an investment tool? The survey asked whether consumers either owned or used cryptocurrencies but does not specify their exact use or purpose. Some countries, however, are more likely to use digital currencies on a day-to-day basis. Nigeria increasingly uses mobile money operations to either pay in stores or to send money to family and friends. Polish consumers could buy several types of products with a cryptocurrency in 2019. Opposed to this is the country of Vietnam: Here, the use of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies as a payment method is forbidden. Owning some form of cryptocurrency in Vietnam as an investment is allowed, however. Which countries are more likely to invest in cryptocurrencies? Professional investors looking for a cryptocurrency-themed ETF were more often found in Europe than in the United or China, according to a survey in early 2020. Most of the largest crypto hedge fund managers with a location in Europe in 2020, were either from the United Kingdom or Switzerland - the country with the highest cryptocurrency adoption rate in Europe according to Statista's Global Consumer Survey. Whether this had changed by 2025 was not yet clear.

How many cryptocurrencies are there? In short, there were over ***** as of June 2025, although there were many more digital coins in the early months of 2022. Note, however, that a large portion of cryptocurrencies might not be that significant. There are other estimates of roughly ****** cryptocurrencies existing, but most of these are either inactive or discontinued. Due to how open the creation process of a cryptocurrency is, it is relatively easy to make one. Indeed, the top 20 cryptocurrencies make up nearly ** percent of the total market. Why are there thousands of cryptocurrencies? Any private individual or company that knows how to write a program on a blockchain can technically create a cryptocurrency. That blockchain can be an existing one. Ethereum and Binance Smart Chain are popular blockchain platforms for such ends, including smart contracts within Decentralized Finance (DeFi). The ease of crypto creation allows some individuals to find solutions to real-world payment problems while others hope to make a quick profit. This explains why some crypto lack utility. Meme coins such as Dogecoin - named after a Japanese dog species - are an infamous example, with Dogecoin's creator coming out and stating the coin started as a joke. The many types of cryptocurrency Meme coins are but one group of cryptocurrencies. Other types include altcoins, utility tokens, governance tokens, and stablecoins. Altcoins are often measured against Bitcoin, as this refers to all crypto that followed Bitcoin - the first digital currency ever created. Utility tokens and governance tokens are somewhat connected to NFTs and the metaverse. A specific example is the MANA cryptocurrency, which allows real estate purchases in the Decentraland metaverse. Stablecoins refer to the likes of Tether, which are pegged to a real-world asset like the U.S. dollar. Such coins are meant to be less volatile than regular cryptocurrency.

Graph and download economic data for Coinbase Bitcoin (CBBTCUSD) from 2014-12-01 to 2025-07-30 about cryptocurrency and USA.

Bitcoin's blockchain size was close to reaching 5450 gigabytes in 2024, as the database saw exponential growth by nearly one gigabyte every few days. The Bitcoin blockchain contains a continuously growing and tamper-evident list of all Bitcoin transactions and records since its initial release in January 2009. Bitcoin has a set limit of 21 million coins, the last of which will be mined around 2140, according to a forecast made in 2017. Bitcoin mining: A somewhat uncharted world Despite interest in the topic, there are few accurate figures on how big Bitcoin mining is on a country-by-country basis. Bitcoin's design philosophy is at the heart of this. Created out of protest against governments and central banks, Bitcoin's blockchain effectively hides both the country of origin and the destination country within a (mining) transaction. Research involving IP addresses placed the United States as the world's most Bitcoin mining country in 2022 - but the source admits IP addresses can easily be manipulated using VPN. Note that mining figures are different from figures on Bitcoin trading: Africa and Latin America were more interested in buying and selling BTC than some of the world's developed economies. Bitcoin developments Bitcoin's trade volume slowed in the second quarter of 2023, after hitting a noticeable growth at the beginning of the year. The coin outperformed most of the market. Some attribute this to the announcement in June 203 that BlackRock filed for a Bitcoin ETF. This iShares Bitcoin Trust was to use Coinbase Custody as its custodian. Regulators in the United States had not yet approved any applications for spot ETFs on Bitcoin.

The market size of decentralized finance market size declined to less than 50 billion U.S. dollars come April 2023. This is a significant change from 2021, when the size of the decentralized finance market reached heights it had not reached before. The DeFi market was especially impacted by the crash for Terra (LUNA) and its stablecoin TerraUSD (UST) in May 2022 - with uncertainty still being present in June 2022 when coins such USDD lost their peg to the U.S. dollar. Moreover, a declining crypto market also impact DeFi. As Ethereum is the main blockchain powering transactions for decentralized finance, price developments of this particular cryptocurrency can have a big impact.

In a survey conducted at the end of 2024, four out of ten online merchants surveyed worldwide were using some form of tokenization in payment management.