Key information about China Foreign Direct Investment

• China Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) fell by 8.3 USD bn in Sep 2024, compared with a drop of 14.9 USD bn in the previous quarter.
• China Foreign Direct Investment: USD mn net flows data is updated quarterly, available from Mar 1998 to Sep 2024.
• The data reached an all-time high of 107.2 USD bn in Mar 2022 and a record low of -14.9 USD bn in Jun 2024.

• In the latest reports of China, Current Account recorded a surplus of 147.6 USD bn in Sep 2024.
• China Direct Investment Abroad expanded by 34.5 USD bn in Sep 2024.
• Its Foreign Portfolio Investment increased by 24.0 USD bn in Sep 2024.
• The country's Nominal GDP was reported at 4,166.8 USD bn in Mar 2023.

This statistic shows the direct investment position of the United States in China from 2000 to 2023, on a historical-cost basis. In 2023, the U.S. investments made in China were valued at 126.91 billion U.S. dollars. Direct investment position of the United States - additional information Foreign direct investment (FDI), simply put, is an investment of one company into another company located in a different country. It differs from a traditional way of investing into shares of foreign companies listed on a stock exchange. The companies which make foreign direct investment usually own a part of the company in which they invest and they have influence on the decision making process. In the United States, FDI is defined as an American investor (called the U.S. parent) owning a minimum of 10 percent of a foreign firm (known as a foreign affiliate). The total direct position of the United States abroad amounted to 6.68 trillion U.S. dollars in 2023. Although the phenomenon profits greatly from the technological advances of the 21st century, as well as from the cultural flexibility of today’s workforce, FDI has a long history, going back to the colonial empires. Not without critics, FDI is generally believed to bring advantages to the investing company, such as access to new markets and decreased costs of labor, materials and production facilities. The local economy can benefit from an infusion of capital, access to new technologies and engagement of native labor pool. There are three recognized types of foreign direct investment, namely horizontal FDI, platform FDI and vertical FDI, along with various methods of implementing the investment itself. FDI considered by many one of the motors of worldwide economic growth. U.S. foreign investment abroad has seen a dramatic growth in the past decades. Multinational American corporations, especially focused on manufacturing, have largely invested in facilities overseas, due to financial benefits. However, a large share of these corporations focuses toward not only supplying the U.S. market, but also the local markets in which they operate. In 2020, the country that received the largest amount of U.S. foreign investment was the United Kingdom, with a little over one trillion U.S. dollars, followed by the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. Overall, the total amount of U.S. dollars invested in European states in 2021 reached 3.98 trillion U.S. dollars compared to 2.25 trillion U.S. dollars a decade prior.

Market liquidity can reflect whether financial market conditions are favorable and is the primary concern for investors when making investment decisions. Therefore, investors’ psychological perception and confidence in the quality of products (assets) are particularly important. Using 264 of China’s online loan platforms from August 2017 to November 2018, we investigate the impact of the negative psychological perceptions of investors on platform liquidity. The empirical results suggest that the negative psychological perceptions of investors reduce platform liquidity and increase platform liquidity risk. Using the Baidu Search Index to measure investor sentiment, we find that the negative psychological perceptions of investors affect platform liquidity by affecting investor sentiment, which provides a good channel for explaining the main conclusions. Heterogeneity analysis shows that the impact of the negative psychological perceptions of investors on platform liquidity is smaller in high-quality platforms with higher market share and higher registered capital. Meanwhile, we also find that the impact of negative psychological perceptions of investors is greater in private platforms, after the rectification policy, with positive net inflow, and in first- and second-tier cities and coastal cities. Precautionary financial regulatory policies are necessary, not punishment ex post. The research findings of this article can assist investors, platform managers, and regulatory agencies in identifying the liquidity characteristics of platforms, which can contribute to strengthening market liquidity management and financial risk control and provide some reference and support for formulating sustainable development policies in the financial industry.

Construction Aggregates Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global construction aggregates market size reached USD 510.8 billion in 2024, reflecting sustained demand across infrastructure, residential, and commercial construction projects worldwide. The market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 5.7% from 2025 to 2033, with the market size forecasted to reach USD 845.2 billion by 2033. The primary growth driver for the construction aggregates market is the robust expansion of the global construction sector, fueled by rapid urbanization, infrastructure modernization initiatives, and increasing investments in transportation and energy projects.

The global construction aggregates market is witnessing significant expansion due to the escalating pace of urbanization and industrialization in emerging economies. As urban populations swell, particularly in Asia Pacific and parts of Africa, the demand for new housing, commercial spaces, and supporting infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and utilities has surged. Governments are actively investing in large-scale infrastructure projects to support economic growth and improve connectivity, which in turn drives the consumption of construction aggregates. Additionally, the increasing focus on smart city development and sustainable urban planning is further propelling the need for high-quality aggregates in the construction of eco-friendly buildings and advanced transport networks. The adoption of new construction technologies and materials is also contributing to the market’s growth, as these innovations often require specific types of aggregates to ensure durability and performance.

Another key growth factor for the construction aggregates market is the rising trend of renovation and redevelopment projects in developed regions. Aging infrastructure in North America and Europe necessitates substantial repair and maintenance work, which heavily relies on aggregates for tasks such as road resurfacing, bridge reinforcement, and building refurbishment. Moreover, the growing emphasis on environmental sustainability has led to increased usage of recycled aggregates, enabling the industry to reduce its carbon footprint and promote circular economy principles. This shift towards sustainable construction practices is supported by stringent government regulations and incentives aimed at minimizing waste and maximizing resource efficiency. As a result, market players are investing in advanced recycling technologies to process construction and demolition waste into high-quality aggregates, thereby expanding their product portfolios and tapping into new revenue streams.

The construction aggregates market is also benefiting from favorable economic conditions and increased foreign direct investments in infrastructure development. Countries such as China, India, and Brazil are attracting significant capital inflows for the construction of highways, airports, railways, and industrial zones, driving up the demand for aggregates. Furthermore, the proliferation of public-private partnerships (PPPs) in infrastructure projects is enabling governments to leverage private sector expertise and financial resources, accelerating project execution and boosting aggregate consumption. The market is also characterized by ongoing consolidation, with major players acquiring smaller firms to expand their geographic footprint and enhance operational efficiency. This trend is expected to continue as companies seek to capitalize on emerging opportunities and address the evolving needs of the construction sector.

Regionally, Asia Pacific dominates the construction aggregates market, accounting for the largest share in terms of both volume and value. The region’s rapid urbanization, strong economic growth, and ambitious infrastructure development plans are key contributors to this dominance. North America and Europe also represent significant markets, driven by ongoing infrastructure maintenance and upgrades, as well as the adoption of sustainable construction practices. Meanwhile, the Middle East & Africa and Latin America are emerging as high-potential markets, supported by government initiatives to diversify economies and improve infrastructure quality. These regional dynamics are shaping the competitive landscape and influencing market strategies, as companies seek to align their offerings with local demand patterns and regulatory requirements.

Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Ghana amounted to 1.88 billion U.S. dollars in 2021, which represented roughly 3.3 percent of the country's GDP. Compared to 2020, the FDI inflow decreased by 730 million U.S. dollars. Ghana's mining and agricultural sectors are major areas for direct investment equity flows. In 2020, the total investment flowing into the mining sector totaled slightly over 1.1 billion U.S. dollars. Comparatively, direct investment aimed at the agriculture, farming, and fishing sector reached around 8.6 million U.S. dollars.

Major foreign investors

The government of Ghana has introduced tax holidays and corporate tax reductions or exemptions to promote foreign investments. In recent years, some major foreign investors in the country have included China and the United Kingdom. For instance, in 2020, the total stock of FDIs emanating from China amounted to around 1.6 billion U.S. dollars. Other main investors include South Africa, the Netherlands, and Australia.

Rising contribution of domestic investment to GDP

Gross domestic investment was projected to account for 22.1 percent of Ghana's GDP in 2022, representing an increase from an estimated 20.1 percent in the previous year. For domestic private investments, the share was forecast at 20.4 percent in 2022, up from the 18 percent estimate in the preceding year. On the other hand, domestic public investments in Ghana was projected at 1.8 percent of the nation's GDP in 2022, slightly declining from 2.1 percent in 2021.

Regression results of the negative psychological perceptions of investors on investor sentiment.

Robustness check: Adjust the explanatory variable.

Regression results of the negative psychological perceptions of investors on liquidity.