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Replication data for the article Steinert, Christoph V, Janina I Steinert, and Sabine C Carey. 2019. “Spoilers of Peace: Pro-Government Militias as Risk Factors for Conflict Recurrence.” Journal of Peace Research 56(2): 249-263.

Replication files for the related publications, containing data on pro-government militias in counterinsurgency wars, 1945-2005.

This paper introduces the African Relational Pro-Government Militia Dataset (RPGMD). Recent research has improved our understandings of how pro-government forces form, under what conditions they are most likely to act, and how they affect the risk of internal conflict, repression, and state fragility. In this paper, we give an overview of our dataset that identifies African pro-government militias (PGMs) from 1997 to 2014. The dataset shows the wide proliferation and diffusion of these groups on the African continent. We identify 149 active PGMs, 104 of which are unique to our dataset. In addition to descriptive information about these PGMs, we contribute measures of PGM alliance relationships, ethnic relationships, and context. We use these variables to examine the determinants of the presence and level of abusive behavior perpetrated by individual PGMs. Results highlight the need to consider nuances in PGM-government relationships in addition to PGM characteristics.

Success.ai’s Governmental and Congressional Data with Contact Data for Government Professionals Worldwide provides businesses, organizations, and institutions with verified contact information for key decision-makers in public sector roles. Sourced from over 170 million verified professional profiles, this dataset includes work emails, direct phone numbers, and LinkedIn profiles for government officials, administrators, policy advisors, and other influential leaders. Whether you’re targeting local municipalities, national agencies, or international government bodies, Success.ai delivers accurate, up-to-date data to help you engage effectively with public sector stakeholders.

Why Choose Success.ai’s Government Professionals Data?

1. Comprehensive Contact Information
2. Access verified work emails, phone numbers, and LinkedIn profiles of government professionals worldwide.

3. AI-driven validation ensures 99% accuracy, giving you confidence in the reliability and precision of the data.

4. Global Reach Across Public Sectors

5. Includes profiles of elected officials, policy advisors, department heads, procurement managers, and regulatory authorities.

6. Covers regions such as North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, South America, and the Middle East, enabling true global engagement.

7. Continuously Updated Datasets

8. Real-time updates ensure your outreach remains timely, relevant, and aligned with current roles and responsibilities.

9. Ethical and Compliant

10. Adheres to GDPR, CCPA, and other global data privacy regulations, ensuring ethical, lawful use of all contact data.

Data Highlights:

• 170M+ Verified Professional Profiles: Includes government decision-makers and influential public sector leaders worldwide.
• 50M Work Emails: AI-validated for accuracy and easy communication.
• 30M Company (Agency/Institution) Profiles: Offers insights into various government departments, agencies, and organizations.
• 700M Global Professional Profiles: Enriched datasets to support a wide range of outreach and strategic initiatives.

Key Features of the Dataset:

1. Government Decision-Maker Profiles
2. Identify and connect with officials responsible for policy-making, budget approvals, program implementation, and public procurement.

3. Engage with professionals who influence legislation, infrastructure projects, and community development initiatives.

4. Advanced Filters for Precision Targeting

5. Filter by geographic jurisdiction, agency type, policy focus, job title, and more to reach the right government professionals.

6. Tailor your campaigns to align with specific public interests, regulatory frameworks, or service areas.

7. AI-Driven Enrichment

8. Profiles are enriched with actionable data, providing deeper insights that help you tailor your messaging and improve engagement success rates.

Strategic Use Cases:

1. Policy and Advocacy Outreach
2. Reach policymakers, advisors, and regulators to advocate for policy changes, present research findings, or share best practices.

3. Engage with officials who have the authority to influence regulations and legislative outcomes.

4. Procurement and Vendor Relations

5. Connect with procurement managers and government buyers seeking solutions, products, or services.

6. Present technology, infrastructure, or consulting offerings to decision-makers managing public tenders and supplier relationships.

7. Public-Private Partnerships

8. Identify and connect with key stakeholders involved in PPP initiatives, infrastructure projects, and long-term strategic collaborations.

9. Expand your network within government circles to foster joint ventures and co-development opportunities.

10. Market Research and Strategic Planning

11. Utilize government contact data for in-depth market research, stakeholder analysis, and feasibility assessments.

12. Gather insights from regulators, policy experts, and department heads to inform business strategies.

Why Choose Success.ai?

1. Best Price Guarantee

2. Access premium-quality verified data at competitive prices, ensuring you achieve the best value for your outreach efforts.

3. Seamless Integration

4. Integrate verified government contact data into your CRM or marketing platforms via APIs or customizable downloads, streamlining your data management.

5. Data Accuracy with AI Validation

6. Count on 99% accuracy to inform your decision-making and improve the effectiveness of each interaction.

7. Customizable and Scalable Solutions

8. Tailor datasets to specific government tiers, agency types, or policy areas to meet unique organizational requirements.

APIs for Enhanced Functionality:

1. Data Enrichment API

2. Enhance your existing records with verified government contact data, refining targeting and personalization efforts.

3. Lead Generation API

4. Automate lead generation, ensuring efficient scaling of your outreach and saving time a...

Researchers have identified naming and shaming as a strategy used by the international community to reprimand state leaders for their repressive actions. Previous research indicates that there is variation in the success of this tactic. One reason for the heterogeneity in success is that leaders with an interest in repressing opposition but avoiding international condemnation have adapted their behavior, at least partially, to avoid naming and shaming. For instance, some states choose to create and utilize alternative security apparatuses, such as pro-government militias (PGMs), to carry out these repressive acts. Creating or aligning with PGMs allows leaders to distance themselves from the execution of violence while reaping the rewards of repression. This analysis explores this dynamic. In particular, I examine how naming and shaming by Amnesty International and the United Nations Commission on Human Rights influences the creation of PGMs to skirt future international condemnation by the offending state for all states from 1986 to 2000. I find that countries are more likely to create PGMs, especially informal PGMs, after their human rights abuses have been put in the spotlight by the international community.

This paper examines the propensity for host governments and the groups they sponsor to engage in violence in areas that host refugee populations. Drawing on arguments that governments strategically delegate violence to affiliated groups for “plausible deniability” purposes (Carey, Colarsi, and Mitchell 2015; Salehyan 2010), it argues that, due to concerns over self-settled refugees’ welfare burden as well as the concern that these refugees will choose to live in border areas that are more vulnerable to (or useful for) militant activity, host governments and their proxies are likely to target violence in areas with more substantial refugee self-settlement. At the same time, it anticipates that host governments will “outsource” this violence to surrogate groups where sizable camp-settled populations are present, due to a heightened risk of suffering international audience costs. Findings from a large-N sample of countries in Africa provide some evidence of the hypothesized outsourcing effect. While presence of sizable camps alongside large selfsettled populations is associated with a reduction in the likelihood of violence by host governments, it significantly increases the likelihood of violence committed by host-aligned proxies.

Replication materials for "Why Botter: How Pro-Government Bots Fight Opposition in Russia"

A table showing statistics on professional work regulation 2023

Graph and download economic data for Revenue from Governments for Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services, Establishments Subject to Federal Income Tax (GOV54TAXABL144QNSA) from Q3 2006 to Q1 2025 about science, professional, revenue, establishments, tax, federal, government, income, and USA.

Graph and download economic data for Revenue from Governments for Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services, Establishments Subject to Federal Income Tax (GOV54TAXABL157QNSA) from Q4 2006 to Q1 2025 about science, professional, revenue, establishments, tax, federal, government, income, rate, and USA.

This dataset provides a listing for the County’s Proposed Awardees posted by the Office of Procurement Update Frequency : Daily

According to a May 2023 survey of internet users in the United States, the share of Republicans or Republican-leaning individuals who were concerned about how the government used their personal data had increased by 14 percent since 2019. The concern level among Democrats, instead, has seen almost no changes. Overall, seven in ten U.S. adults said they were worried about how government entities might use their personal data.

The files include the replication data (dataset, code, and output) for "Broadcasting Messages via Telegram: Pro-government Social Media Control During the 2020 Protests in Belarus and 2022 Anti-war Protests in Russia"

The number of professional personnel for community-based services for people with disabilities in Taichung City

Russia Federal Government Expenditure: Year to Date: SC: Education: Professional Training data was reported at 12.035 RUB bn in Jul 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 9.792 RUB bn for Jun 2022. Russia Federal Government Expenditure: Year to Date: SC: Education: Professional Training data is updated monthly, averaging 2.800 RUB bn from Jan 2005 (Median) to Jul 2022, with 211 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 21.357 RUB bn in Dec 2020 and a record low of 0.000 RUB bn in Jan 2005. Russia Federal Government Expenditure: Year to Date: SC: Education: Professional Training data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal Treasury. The data is categorized under Russia Premium Database’s Government and Public Finance – Table RU.FB004: Federal Government Expenditure: ytd.

Facebook received 73,390 user data requests from federal agencies and courts in the United States during the second half of 2023. The social network produced some user data in 88.84 percent of requests from U.S. federal authorities. The United States accounts for the largest share of Facebook user data requests worldwide.

Graph and download economic data for Employment Cost Index: Total compensation for State and local government workers in Professional and related (CIU3010000120000I) from Q1 2001 to Q1 2025 about state & local, ECI, professional, compensation, workers, government, and USA.

Hungary Central Government Revenue: Year to Date: CB: Own Revenues of Professional Chapter data was reported at 35,085.677 HUF mn in Feb 2019. This records an increase from the previous number of 17,987.479 HUF mn for Jan 2019. Hungary Central Government Revenue: Year to Date: CB: Own Revenues of Professional Chapter data is updated monthly, averaging 92,525.274 HUF mn from Jan 2005 (Median) to Feb 2019, with 170 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,242,673.632 HUF mn in Dec 2011 and a record low of 5,928.270 HUF mn in Jan 2014. Hungary Central Government Revenue: Year to Date: CB: Own Revenues of Professional Chapter data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Hungarian State Treasury. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Hungary – Table HU.F009: Central Government Revenue and Expenditure.

Investigate the talent demand of the key industry - bicycle industry set by the Industrial Bureau of the Ministry of Economic Affairs.