Due to the recent hyperinflation crisis in Venezuela, the average inflation rate in Venezuela is estimated to be around 225 percent in 2026. However, this is well below the peak of 63,000 percent observed in 2018.What is hyperinflation?In short, hyperinflation is a very high inflation rate that accelerates quickly. It can be caused by a government printing huge amounts of new money to pay for its expenses. The subsequent rapid increase of prices causes the country’s currency to lose value and shortages in goods to occur. People then typically start hoarding goods, which become even more scarce and expensive, money becomes worthless, financial institutions go bankrupt, and eventually, the country’s economy collapses. The Venezuelan descent into hyperinflationIn Venezuela, the economic catastrophe began with government price controls and plummeting oil prices, which caused state-run oil companies to go bankrupt. The government then starting printing new money to cope, thus prices rose rapidly, unemployment increased, and GDP collapsed, all of which was exacerbated by international sanctions. Today, many Venezuelans are emigrating to find work and supplies elsewhere, and population growth is at a decade-low. Current president Nicolás Maduro does not seem inclined to steer away from his course of price controls and economic mismanagement, so the standard of living in the country is not expected to improve significantly anytime soon.

ABSTRACT This paper aims to evaluate the performance of the monetary policy of inflation targeting regime in the Latin America countries from 2001 to 2014, with monthly data. For this purpose, a VEC model (vector error correction) is applied to running data to analyze the long-term function and the impulse response function. The results pointed out that the adoption of the target system has contributed to reduce the inflation rate and its volatility and the fluctuations in the rate of growth in activity level. The estimated parameters of the long-term speed of adjustment of the price index have indicated strong reaction by the monetary authorities to change inflation rate via short-term interest rate. These adjustments are also noted in the level of activity and the exchange rate for most countries, but with less level of speed. The impulse response function confirmed these results. Therefore, the monetary policy was effective to control inflation, especially in Peru, Colombia and Chile. In Brazil and Mexico, the effectiveness of monetary policy has only been observed more recently.

The Consumer Price Index gauges the price changes in a basket of goods and services in a defined time period. In Argentina, the CPI in April 2024 was 289 percent higher than the one registered the same month of the previous year, with this figure being the largest monthly inflation rate since, at least, the beginning of 2018. The Argentinian inflation rate has been experiencing a steep increase from December 2020 onwards, when the decreasing trend witnessed since December 2019 came to an end. Long history of inflation in Latin America High inflation rates are nothing new in Latin America. In 2023, the region's inflation rate was 14.41 percent, while the global average was much lower at 6.78 percent. Nonetheless, the main drivers of this are Venezuela and Argentina, both being in the upper table of countries with the highest inflation rates in the world. During the last few years, Venezuela entered a period with five-digits inflation rates, having to issue a new currency and implementing new policies to control price increases.

A history of hyperinflation During the last couple of years, inflation has been a constant among the main problems the Argentine society faces. The country returned to a three-digit inflation rate with former president Alberto Fernández, and the constant price increases took a toll on households across the board. Nevertheless, the problem is far from a recent one or the worst it's ever been, in 1989 and 1990, the inflation rate was over 2,000 percent, reaching for the status of hyperinflation. Commonly, hyperinflation is defined as price increases with over 50 percent per month.

Inflation Rate in the United States decreased to 2.30 percent in April from 2.40 percent in March of 2025. This dataset provides - United States Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Inflation Rate in India decreased to 3.16 percent in April from 3.34 percent in March of 2025. This dataset provides - India Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Nigeria’s inflation has been higher than the average for African and Sub-Saharan countries for years now, and even exceeded 16 percent in 2017 – and a real, significant decrease is nowhere in sight. The bigger problem is its unsteadiness, however: An inflation rate that is bouncing all over the place, like this one, is usually a sign of a struggling economy, causing prices to fluctuate, and unemployment and poverty to increase. Nigeria’s economy - a so-called “mixed economy”, which means the market economy is at least in part regulated by the state – is not entirely in bad shape, though. More than half of its GDP is generated by the services sector, namely telecommunications and finances, and the country derives a significant share of its state revenues from oil.

Because it got high

To simplify: When the inflation rate rises, so do prices, and consequently banks raise their interest rates as well to cope and maintain their profit margin. Higher interest rates often cause unemployment to rise. In certain scenarios, rising prices can also mean more panicky spending and consumption among end users, causing debt and poverty. The extreme version of this is called hyperinflation: A rapid increase of prices that is out of control and leads to bankruptcies en masse, devaluation of money and subsequently a currency reform, among other things. But does that mean that low inflation is better? Maybe, but only to a certain degree; the ECB, for example, aspires to maintain an inflation rate of about two percent so as to keep the economy stable. As soon as we reach deflation territory, however, things are starting to look grim again. The best course is a stable inflation rate, to avoid uncertainty and rash actions.

Nigeria today

Nigeria is one of the countries with the largest populations worldwide and also the largest economy in Africa, with its economy growing rapidly after a slump in the aforementioned year 2017. It is slated to be one of the countries with the highest economic growth over the next few decades. Demographic key indicators, like infant mortality rate, fertility rate, and the median age of the population, all point towards a bright future. Additionally, the country seems to make big leaps forward in manufacturing and technological developments, and boasts huge natural resources, including natural gas. All in all, Nigeria and its inflation seem to be on the upswing – or on the path to stabilization, as it were.

In April 2025, global inflation rates and central bank interest rates showed significant variation across major economies. Most economies initiated interest rate cuts from mid-2024 due to declining inflationary pressures. The U.S., UK, and EU central banks followed a consistent pattern of regular rate reductions throughout late 2024. In early 2025, Russia maintained the highest interest rate at 21 percent, while Japan retained the lowest at 0.5 percent. Varied inflation rates across major economies The inflation landscape varies considerably among major economies. China had the lowest inflation rate at -0.1 percent in April 2025. In contrast, Russia maintained a high inflation rate of 10.2 percent. These figures align with broader trends observed in early 2025, where China had the lowest inflation rate among major developed and emerging economies, while Russia's rate remained the highest. Central bank responses and economic indicators Central banks globally implemented aggressive rate hikes throughout 2022-23 to combat inflation. The European Central Bank exemplified this trend, raising rates from 0 percent in January 2022 to 4.5 percent by September 2023. A coordinated shift among major central banks began in mid-2024, with the ECB, Bank of England, and Federal Reserve initiating rate cuts, with forecasts suggesting further cuts through 2025 and 2026.

This data package includes the underlying data files to replicate the data and charts presented in The Inflation Surge in Europe by Patrick Honohan, PIIE Policy Brief 24-2.

If you use the data, please cite as: Honohan, Patrick. 2024. The Inflation Surge in Europe. PIIE Policy Brief 24-2. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

This dataset covers ballots 396-407 spanning January-December 1977. The dataset contains the data resulting from these polls in ASCII. The ballots are as follows: 396 - January This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians, on both political and social issues. The questions ask opinions about the Federal budget and other important political issues within the country. There are also questions on other topics of interest and importance to the country and government, such as who should pay for child care; pollution and inflation. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographical and social variables. Topics of interest include: a balanced Federal budget; changing the standard of living; the dangers of pollution; giving workers the right to strike; whether or not the government should pay for child care; the government's handing of the economy; the growing Separatist movement; interest in politics; the opinions about Rene Levesque; pollution in the community; the seriousness of pollution; and the success of fighting inflation. Basic demographic variables are also included. 397 - February This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians, on both political and social issues. Topics of interest include: whether the U.S. and Canada have succeeded in clearing the Great Lakes of pollution; political refugee centres; relaxing requirements for the entry of political refugees; gun permits; community council spending; the political engagement of unions; Trudeau or Clark for prime minister; secession of Quebec; sharing of power between the federal government and the provinces; and voting behavior. Basic demographic variables are also included. 398 - March This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians, on both political and social issues. The questions ask opinions about political issues within the country. There are also questions on other topics of interest and importance to the country and government, such as inflation; rising prices and whether or not there should be smoking in restaurants. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographical and social variables. Topics of interest include: the government's anti-inflation program; increasing racial intolerance; knowing the horoscope signs; the minimum amount of income a family needs; problems facing Canada; reading astrology columns; reasons for increasing racial intolerance; rising prices; smoking in restaurants; the successfulness of family life; taxing church property; and the treatment of criminals by the courts. Basic demographic variables are also included. 399 - April This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians, on both political and social issues. The questions ask opinions about the Federal budget and other political issues within the country. There are also questions on other topics of interest and importance to the country and government, such as the effect of T.V violence; divorce and business conditions. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographical variables. Topics of interest include: the business conditions in the community; continuing anti-inflation controls; dividing assets equally in a divorce; the effects of the Federal budget on family finances; the effect of T.V. on children's aggression levels; favouring Quebec Separation; how interesting a respondents job is; making marijuana illegal; and whether or not wages are rising as the standard of living does. Basic demographic variables are also included. 400 - May This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians, on various political issues. The questions ask opinions about political leaders and other political issues within the country. There are also questions on other topics of interest and importance to the country and government, such as the impact of organized religion; homosexual rights and the Queen's visit. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographical and social variables. Topics of interest include: attending church; deposits on drinking bottles/cans; the difficulty of filling out tax returns; Ed Broadbent's impact on the NDP; improving English-French relations; handling unemployment; the impact of organized religion on life; Joe Clark's impact on the PC party; learning French in schools; opinions about Trudeau as a member of the Liberal party; protecting homosexual rights; the possibility of the Queen extending her visit; and vacation plans. Basic demographic variables are also included. 401 - June This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians, on various political and other current issues. Topics of interest include: opinion of the federal government and their handling of price and wage control, national unity, pensions, cost of living; onion of the Prime Minister; whether prices or income will rise more; food spending; human rights, i.e. freedom of speech and religion, freedom from fear or want; political leanings, the best and worst thing about living in Canada; union membership; the most important problem facing the country; the development of a Mackenzie Valley gas pipeline; increase in oil prices; increasing gas shipments to the U.S.; and voting behavior. Basic demographic variables are also included. 402 - July This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians, on both political and social issues. The questions ask opinions the possibility of Quebec separation, as well as other important political issues within the country. There are also questions on other topics of interest and importance to the country and government, such as the effects of smoking, inflation and whether or not to give work to strangers. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographical and social variables. Topics of interest include: Canadians buying control of U.S. firms; confidence in United States problem solving; controlling price and income; the effects of smoking on health; giving provinces more power; giving Quebec more power; giving work to strangers; inflation caused by not having wage controls; opinions about capital punishment; plans to quit smoking; the preferred anti-inflation policy; smoking in the last week; supporting Quebec separation; unemployment caused by not having wage controls; and U.S. investments in Canada. Basic demographic variables are also included. 403 - August This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians, on both political and social issues. The questions ask opinions about the federal governments rights with information, unions, elections, government employees and homosexuals. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographical variables. Topics of interest include: crime; extramarital sex; homosexual relations; ideal number of children in families; metric system; faith healing; family; unions; government influence on Canadians lives; elections; government employees versus private sector employees. Basic demographic variables are also included. 404 - September This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians, on mostly social issues. The questions ask opinions about the declining Canadian dollar and the issue of striking within the country. There are also questions on other topics of interest such as the economic conditions, changes in peace of mind and the influence on religion on every day life. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographic and political variables. Topics of interest include: the biggest threat to Canada; the causes of the declining Canadian dollar; changes in peace of mind; the degree of difficulty with metric conversions; economic conditions; the effect of the declining Canadian dollar; energy situations in the future; essential workers striking; giving workers the right to strike; improving happiness; improving honesty; improving morals; the influence of religion on life; and the value of services provided. Basic demographic variables are also included. 405 - October This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians, on both political and social issues. The questions ask opinions about the upcoming election and other political issues within the country. There are also questions on other topics of interest and importance to the country and government, such as self-protective laws, unemployment levels and nuclear power stations. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographical variables. Topics of interest include: the amount of unemployment benefits; banning public opinion polls before elections; biased news reporting; the big issues in the next election; Canada becoming a Republic; causes of unemployment; common worries; the government guaranteeing jobs; high school emphasis on basic subjects; increasing nuclear generation; job security; making binding arbitration mandatory; the most accurate media new report; opening a nuclear power station in the community; opinions of self-protective laws; predicted unemployment levels; and the right to French or English education. Basic demographic variables are also included. 406 - November This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians, on predominantly political issues. The questions ask opinions about political leaders and other important political issues within the country. There are also questions on other topics of interest and importance to the country and government, such as airline boycotts; national unity and reasons for inflation. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographic and social variables. Topics of interest include: the airline boycott of certain countries; the approval of compulsory retirement; approval of Ed Broadbent as the N.D.P. leader; the approval of Joe Clark as the leader of the Opposition; the approval of Trudeau as Prime Minister; Bill 101

Gross domestic product (GDP) of Venezuela fell to 43.79 billion U.S. dollars in 2020, down from a 2012 peak of 372.59 U.S. dollars.

Venezuela’s economic capacity

Venezuela is famously the country with the largest oil reserves. However, mismanagement of the economy has led to several economic problems. Most notably, inflation has gotten out of control and has turned into hyperinflation. This represents a complete breakdown in people’s faith in the currency and, to a similar extent, the entire financial system.

The Maduro Diet

President Nicolás Maduro has largely been blamed for the economic situation in Venezuela. Many people have lost weight due to food shortages, which critics refer to as the “Maduro Diet”. In early 2019, opposition leader Juan Guaido declared the Maduro administration illegitimate, plunging the country into a constitutional crisis that divided the diplomatic world. Regardless of the outcome, Venezuela will still have to deal with high inflation, growing national debt, and challenges in infrastructure.

Error correction estimation of the ARDL (1, 0, 0, 1) model (selected by Schwarz Bayesian Criterion).

The inflation rate in the United States declined significantly between June 2022 and January 2025, despite rising inflationary pressures towards the end of 2024. The peak inflation rate was recorded in June 2022, at 9.1 percent. In August 2023, the Federal Reserve's interest rate hit its highest level during the observed period, at 5.33 percent, and remained unchanged until September 2024, when the Federal Reserve implemented its first rate cut since September 2021. By January 2025, the rate dropped to 4.33 percent, signalling a shift in monetary policy. What is the Federal Reserve interest rate? The Federal Reserve interest rate, or the federal funds rate, is the rate at which banks and credit unions lend to and borrow from each other. It is one of the Federal Reserve's key tools for maintaining strong employment rates, stable prices, and reasonable interest rates. The rate is determined by the Federal Reserve and adjusted eight times a year, though it can be changed through emergency meetings during times of crisis. The Fed doesn't directly control the interest rate but sets a target rate. It then uses open market operations to influence rates toward this target. Ways of measuring inflation Inflation is typically measured using several methods, with the most common being the Consumer Price Index (CPI). The CPI tracks the price of a fixed basket of goods and services over time, providing a measure of the price changes consumers face. At the end of 2023, the CPI in the United States was 158.11 percent, up from 153.12 a year earlier. A more business-focused measure is the producer price index (PPI), which represents the costs of firms.

Supporting information for all tables and figures.

This study examined the relationship between debt servicing and foreign exchange rate unification in Nigeria from 1995 to 2023, hypothesizing that a unified exchange rate policy would significantly impact the country's debt service-to-revenue ratio. Using annual time series data from sources such as the International Monetary Fund and World Development Indicators, the study employed an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model to analyze the relationship between the debt service-to-revenue ratio and factors including the official foreign exchange rate, GDP growth rate, inflation rate, and oil prices. The findings revealed several notable insights. Exchange rate unification was found to have a significant negative effect on the debt service-to-revenue ratio, suggesting that a unified exchange rate policy could help reduce Nigeria's debt service burden. Both current and lagged inflation rates showed a significant negative impact on the debt service-to-revenue ratio, indicating that higher inflation might be eroding the real value of debt or increasing nominal revenues faster than debt servicing costs. Lagged exchange rates were found to negatively affect the debt service-to-revenue ratio, implying that higher exchange rates in the previous period decrease the current ratio. Oil prices demonstrated mixed effects, with current prices positively impacting the debt service-to-revenue ratio while lagged prices had a negative effect. The study also revealed strong persistence in debt servicing behavior over time, as evidenced by the significant positive correlation between current and previous year's debt service ratios. These results offer significant implications for policymakers. The negative effect of exchange rate unification on the debt service-to-revenue ratio suggests that such a policy could improve efficiency in forex markets and reduce arbitrage opportunities, ultimately helping to reduce the debt service burden. The negative relationship between inflation and the debt service-to-revenue ratio indicates that higher inflation might be beneficial for debt servicing in the short term, though this should be interpreted cautiously given the potential negative consequences of high inflation. The mixed impact of oil prices reflects the complexity of Nigeria's oil-dependent economy, highlighting the need for economic diversification. The strong persistence in debt servicing commitments points to potential structural issues in debt management or lack of fiscal flexibility. Policymakers can use these findings to inform strategies for managing Nigeria's debt burden. The results suggest that pursuing exchange rate unification, carefully managing inflation, diversifying the economy to reduce oil dependence, and improving fiscal discipline could all contribute to better management of debt servicing costs. However, it's crucial to consider the lagged effects of economic variables on debt servicing when formulating long-term fiscal strategies.

Fit indices of autonomous learning motivation and instrumental motivation.

Differences in the scores of English learning motivation between the pre-test and the post-test for the experimental class.

Correlation analyses between the variables in English learning motivation and posttest scores of two classes.

Zimbabwe had the highest inflation in Africa as of 2023. The rate reached roughly 172 percent when compared to the previous year, according to the source's estimates. This was followed by Sudan, with a rate increase of over 71 percent. Inflationary pressures in the country have been driven by a long-running economic crisis and political instability. By the end of 2021, the already fragile Sudanese economy suffered again when military forces took control of the government. With a

Prices in New Zealand rose by 1.72 percent in 2020. Central bankers at the Reserve Bank of New Zealand were surely relieved to see the rebound from the dangerously low .29 percent inflation in 2015.

What is inflation?

Inflation is the rise in price levels in an economy. 2 percent inflation means 100 New Zealand dollars will be worth 98 dollars in one year. While the precise inflation target varies, most economists agree that inflation between 2 to 3 percent is optimal for an economy. High inflation can lead to higher unemployment because firms would rather wait and higher workers at the same price using future dollars, making the labor relatively cheaper. However, it affects the trade balance because of the relatively higher purchasing power of foreign currencies.

Other risks of inflation and deflation

Inflation helps a country with higher national debt when the debt is in the local currency, because the country can repay with the future dollars which are relatively cheaper. Deflation, then, helps when debts are in a foreign currency. The main problem with deflation is that investors prefer to hold their money, waiting to invest until it is worth more. This is particularly true of countries like New Zealand, where the lion’s share of employment is in the services sector.

The economy was seen by 52 percent of people in the UK as one of the top three issues facing the country in May 2025. The ongoing cost of living crisis afflicting the UK, driven by high inflation, is still one of the main concerns of Britons. Immigration has generally been the second most important issue since the middle of 2024, just ahead of health, which was seen as the third-biggest issue in the most recent month. Labour's popularity continues to sink in 2025 Despite winning the 2024 general election with a strong majority, the new Labour government has had its share of struggles since coming to power. Shortly after taking office, the approval rating for Labour stood at -2 percent, but this fell throughout the second half of 2024, and by January 2025 had sunk to a new low of -47 percent. Although this was still higher than the previous government's last approval rating of -56 percent, it is nevertheless a severe review from the electorate. Among several decisions from the government, arguably the least popular was the government withdrawing winter fuel payments. This state benefit, previously paid to all pensioners, is now only paid to those on low incomes, with millions of pensioners not receiving this payment in winter 2024. Sunak's pledges fail to prevent defeat in 2024 With an election on the horizon, and the Labour Party consistently ahead in the polls, addressing voter concerns directly was one of the best chances the Conservatives had of staying in power in 2023. At the start of that year, Rishi Sunak attempted to do this by setting out his five pledges for the next twelve months; halve inflation, grow the economy, reduce national debt, cut NHS waiting times, and stop small boats. A year later, Sunak had at best only partial success in these aims. Although the inflation rate fell, economic growth was weak and even declined in the last two quarters of 2023, although it did return to growth in early 2024. National debt was only expected to fall in the mid to late 2020s, while the trend of increasing NHS waiting times did not reverse. Small boat crossings were down from 2022, but still higher than in 2021 or 2020. .