In this 2018 survey, eight percent of respondents stated they think the biggest problem for the United States today is Donald Trump. In fact, most of the important problems mentioned are somehow related to the current POTUS – the most mentioned one being immigration and racism.

A country divided

Since Trump’s inauguration in January 2017, political camps in the United States are deeply divided and global politics is in turmoil; Trump’s job approval ratings are notoriously low, and in fact, they are lower than Reagan’s or Nixon’s averages ever were. Trump’s leadership is controversial at best and his executive orders often cause protests, especially among Democrats and liberals – like the travel ban for Muslims.

On the other side

One of Trump’s main campaign promises was a wall on the border with Mexico in order to keep potential illegal immigrants out and enhance security for American citizens. When he did not get the majority for this plan, he declared a national emergency to force the budget to be allocated, even though the majority of Americans did not support this idea, and it is unclear if the situation at the Mexican border actually warrants it. In fact, the total number of unauthorized immigrants has decreased over the last few years and today, many Americans believe that their country benefits from immigrants and their work .

In December 2024, 11 percent of survey respondents said that the most important problem facing the United States was the high cost of living and inflation. Another 20percent said that the government and poor leadership was the most serious concern for the nation.

This statistic shows the results of a 2012 survey in the United States regarding the most important problems in the current U.S. economy. The respondents were sorted by political party. In 2012, 27 percent of democrats, 38 percent of republicans and 30 percent of independent voters stated that the economy in general was the most crucial problem for the United States.

A survey conducted in February 2025 found that the most important issue for 24 percent of Americans was inflation and prices. A further 12 percent of respondents were most concerned about jobs and the economy.

This study is part of a quadrennial series designed to investigate the opinions and attitudes of the general public on matters related to foreign policy, and to define the parameters of public opinion within which decision-makers must operate. This public opinion study of the United States focused on respondents' opinions of the United States' leadership role in the world and the challenges the country faces domestically and internationally. The survey covered the following international topics: relations with other countries, role in foreign affairs, possible threats to vital interests in the next ten years, foreign policy goals, benefits or drawbacks of globalization, situations that might justify the use of United States troops in other parts of the world, the number and location of United States military bases overseas, respondent feelings toward people of other countries, opinions on the influence of other countries in the world and how much influence those countries should have, whether there should be a global regulating body to prevent economic instability, international trade, United States participation in potential treaties, the United States' role in the United Nations and NATO, respondent opinions on international institutions and regulating bodies such as the United Nations, World Trade Organization, and the World Health Organization, whether the United States will continue to be the world's leading power in the next 50 years, democracy in the Middle East and South Korea, the role of the United Nations Security Council, which side the United States should take in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, what measures should be taken to deal with Iran's nuclear program, the military effort in Afghanistan, opinions on efforts to combat terrorism and the use of torture to extract information from prisoners, whether the respondent favors or opposes the government selling military equipment to other nations and using nuclear weapons in various circumstances, the economic development of China, and the conflict between North and South Korea. Domestic issues included economic prospects for American children when they become adults, funding for government programs, the fairness of the current distribution of income in the United States, the role of government, whether the government can be trusted to do what is right, climate change, greenhouse gas emissions, United States' dependence on foreign energy sources, drilling for oil and natural gas off the coast of the United States, and relations with Mexico including such issues as the ongoing drug war, as well as immigration and immigration reform. Demographic and other background information included age, gender, race/ethnicity, marital status, left-right political self-placement, political affiliation, employment status, highest level of education, and religious preference. Also included are household size and composition, whether the respondent is head of household, household income, housing type, ownership status of living quarters, household Internet access, Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) status, and region and state of residence.

This poll is part of a continuing series of monthly surveys that solicit public opinion on the presidency and on a range of other political and social issues. In this poll, respondents were asked about President Ronald Reagan's performance in office and the government's handling of the economy, with a special focus on United States involvement in Latin America. Demographic information on respondents includes age, sex, race, educational level, employment status, political party affiliation, voting history, and marital status.

According to a survey from late December 2024, the two most important issues among Republican voters in the United States were inflation and immigration, with 25 and 22 percent ranking it their primary political concerns respectively. In contrast, only two percent of Democrats considered immigration their most important issue. Inflation and healthcare were the leading issues among democrats in the U.S.

The New York Times is releasing a series of data files with cumulative counts of coronavirus cases in the United States, at the state and county level, over time. We are compiling this time series data from state and local governments and health departments in an attempt to provide a complete record of the ongoing outbreak.

Since late January, The Times has tracked cases of coronavirus in real time as they were identified after testing. Because of the widespread shortage of testing, however, the data is necessarily limited in the picture it presents of the outbreak.

We have used this data to power our maps and reporting tracking the outbreak, and it is now being made available to the public in response to requests from researchers, scientists and government officials who would like access to the data to better understand the outbreak.

The data begins with the first reported coronavirus case in Washington State on Jan. 21, 2020. We will publish regular updates to the data in this repository.

The current political discourse in the United States focuses on extreme political polarization as a contributor to ills ranging from government shutdowns to awkward family holidays. And indeed, a large body of research has documented differences between liberals and conservatives–primarily focused on Republicans and Democrats in the United States. We combine large international surveys and more fine-grained surveys of United States citizens to compare differences in opinion between Republicans and Democrats to the full range of world opinion on moral issues (N = 37,653 in 39 countries) and issues of free speech (N = 40,786 in 38 countries). When viewed in the full distribution, polarization between Democrats and Republicans appears relatively small, even on divisive issues such as abortion, sexual preference, and freedom of religious speech. The average Democrat-Republic overlap is greater than 70% of the country pair overlaps across eight moral issues, meaning that 70% of the country pairs are more dissimilar from each other than Democrats and Republicans are dissimilar; similarly, the average Democrat-Republic overlap is greater than 79% of the country pair overlaps across five freedom of speech issues. These results suggest that cross-cultural comparisons are useful for putting differences between political partisans within the same country in context.

In a survey conducted between 2022 and 2023, stark divisions between Democrats and Republicans emerged on a number political issues. One of the most pronounced disparities was in regards to government responsibility for ensuring universal healthcare access, with less than one-third of Republicans in favor compared to 85 percent of Democrats. Furthermore, environmental protection emerged as another polarizing topic, with just 26 percent of Republicans prioritizing it over energy development, in contrast to the 81 percent of Democrats who regarded it as a top priority.

The U.S. Enterprise Governance, Risk, And Compliance Market size was valued at USD 15.06 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 31.66 billion by 2032, exhibiting a CAGR of 11.2 % during the forecasts period. The U. S. GRC market relates to the processes by which, enterprises utilize strategies and technologies that help in governance of the organization, managing risks, and implementing the compliance with the pertinent regulations respectively. This market relates to such products as software that illustrates how companies can work, where and how they can identify the risks, and how to conduct business in accordance with the law and industrial standards. Applications of GRC solutions include the financial sector, healthcare industry, manufacturing companies, IT organizations, which help, organization to make right decision, increase organizational efficiency and minimize risks. Some of the trends that are currently observed in the market include using cloud-based solutions and applications for GRC due to the high scalability and flexibility requirements, paying more attention to cybersecurity and data privacy regulations, as well as raising the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning when it comes to analytical insights and risk management. Also, emerging trends indicate the increasing need for integrated GRC which entails management and governance of various companies’ operations. Recent developments include: In February 2024, SAS announced Redington as its new Middle East, Africa, and Turkey (META) distributor. SAS is a global leader in data and artificial intelligence. The expansion will boost the company's market share and provide them more resources to generate greater value for both their businesses and their customers. , In December 2023, IBM announced that its platform, Watsonx.governance, will be available for widespread use. The platform aims to help organizations dispel misconceptions about AI models, the data fed into the system, and the resulting outputs. , In February 2023, In December 2023, NAVEX, a global leader in integrated risk and compliance management software, has recently launched its advanced data intelligence technology on the NAVEX One platform. Compliance and risk professionals can now collect, analyze, and manage data in the cloud with improved security and consistency. It will ensure a strong and dependable approach to governance, risk, and compliance. .

Inflation Rate in the United States decreased to 2.80 percent in February from 3 percent in January of 2025. This dataset provides - United States Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Overview The Office of the Geographer and Global Issues at the U.S. Department of State produces the Large Scale International Boundaries (LSIB) dataset. The current edition is version 11.4 (published 24 February 2025). The 11.4 release contains updated boundary lines and data refinements designed to extend the functionality of the dataset. These data and generalized derivatives are the only international boundary lines approved for U.S. Government use. The contents of this dataset reflect U.S. Government policy on international boundary alignment, political recognition, and dispute status. They do not necessarily reflect de facto limits of control. National Geospatial Data Asset This dataset is a National Geospatial Data Asset (NGDAID 194) managed by the Department of State. It is a part of the International Boundaries Theme created by the Federal Geographic Data Committee. Dataset Source Details Sources for these data include treaties, relevant maps, and data from boundary commissions, as well as national mapping agencies. Where available and applicable, the dataset incorporates information from courts, tribunals, and international arbitrations. The research and recovery process includes analysis of satellite imagery and elevation data. Due to the limitations of source materials and processing techniques, most lines are within 100 meters of their true position on the ground. Cartographic Visualization The LSIB is a geospatial dataset that, when used for cartographic purposes, requires additional styling. The LSIB download package contains example style files for commonly used software applications. The attribute table also contains embedded information to guide the cartographic representation. Additional discussion of these considerations can be found in the Use of Core Attributes in Cartographic Visualization section below. Additional cartographic information pertaining to the depiction and description of international boundaries or areas of special sovereignty can be found in Guidance Bulletins published by the Office of the Geographer and Global Issues: https://hiu.state.gov/data/cartographic_guidance_bulletins/ Contact Direct inquiries to internationalboundaries@state.gov. Direct download: https://data.geodata.state.gov/LSIB.zip Attribute Structure The dataset uses the following attributes divided into two categories: ATTRIBUTE NAME | ATTRIBUTE STATUS CC1 | Core CC1_GENC3 | Extension CC1_WPID | Extension COUNTRY1 | Core CC2 | Core CC2_GENC3 | Extension CC2_WPID | Extension COUNTRY2 | Core RANK | Core LABEL | Core STATUS | Core NOTES | Core LSIB_ID | Extension ANTECIDS | Extension PREVIDS | Extension PARENTID | Extension PARENTSEG | Extension These attributes have external data sources that update separately from the LSIB: ATTRIBUTE NAME | ATTRIBUTE STATUS CC1 | GENC CC1_GENC3 | GENC CC1_WPID | World Polygons COUNTRY1 | DoS Lists CC2 | GENC CC2_GENC3 | GENC CC2_WPID | World Polygons COUNTRY2 | DoS Lists LSIB_ID | BASE ANTECIDS | BASE PREVIDS | BASE PARENTID | BASE PARENTSEG | BASE The core attributes listed above describe the boundary lines contained within the LSIB dataset. Removal of core attributes from the dataset will change the meaning of the lines. An attribute status of “Extension” represents a field containing data interoperability information. Other attributes not listed above include “FID”, “Shape_length” and “Shape.” These are components of the shapefile format and do not form an intrinsic part of the LSIB. Core Attributes The eight core attributes listed above contain unique information which, when combined with the line geometry, comprise the LSIB dataset. These Core Attributes are further divided into Country Code and Name Fields and Descriptive Fields. County Code and Country Name Fields “CC1” and “CC2” fields are machine readable fields that contain political entity codes. These are two-character codes derived from the Geopolitical Entities, Names, and Codes Standard (GENC), Edition 3 Update 18. “CC1_GENC3” and “CC2_GENC3” fields contain the corresponding three-character GENC codes and are extension attributes discussed below. The codes “Q2” or “QX2” denote a line in the LSIB representing a boundary associated with areas not contained within the GENC standard. The “COUNTRY1” and “COUNTRY2” fields contain the names of corresponding political entities. These fields contain names approved by the U.S. Board on Geographic Names (BGN) as incorporated in the ‘"Independent States in the World" and "Dependencies and Areas of Special Sovereignty" lists maintained by the Department of State. To ensure maximum compatibility, names are presented without diacritics and certain names are rendered using common cartographic abbreviations. Names for lines associated with the code "Q2" are descriptive and not necessarily BGN-approved. Names rendered in all CAPITAL LETTERS denote independent states. Names rendered in normal text represent dependencies, areas of special sovereignty, or are otherwise presented for the convenience of the user. Descriptive Fields The following text fields are a part of the core attributes of the LSIB dataset and do not update from external sources. They provide additional information about each of the lines and are as follows: ATTRIBUTE NAME | CONTAINS NULLS RANK | No STATUS | No LABEL | Yes NOTES | Yes Neither the "RANK" nor "STATUS" fields contain null values; the "LABEL" and "NOTES" fields do. The "RANK" field is a numeric expression of the "STATUS" field. Combined with the line geometry, these fields encode the views of the United States Government on the political status of the boundary line. A value of “1” in the “RANK” field corresponds to an "International Boundary" value in the “STATUS” field. Values of ”2” and “3” correspond to “Other Line of International Separation” and “Special Line,” respectively. The “LABEL” field contains required text to describe the line segment on all finished cartographic products, including but not limited to print and interactive maps. The “NOTES” field contains an explanation of special circumstances modifying the lines. This information can pertain to the origins of the boundary lines, limitations regarding the purpose of the lines, or the original source of the line. Use of Core Attributes in Cartographic Visualization Several of the Core Attributes provide information required for the proper cartographic representation of the LSIB dataset. The cartographic usage of the LSIB requires a visual differentiation between the three categories of boundary lines. Specifically, this differentiation must be between: - International Boundaries (Rank 1); - Other Lines of International Separation (Rank 2); and - Special Lines (Rank 3). Rank 1 lines must be the most visually prominent. Rank 2 lines must be less visually prominent than Rank 1 lines. Rank 3 lines must be shown in a manner visually subordinate to Ranks 1 and 2. Where scale permits, Rank 2 and 3 lines must be labeled in accordance with the “Label” field. Data marked with a Rank 2 or 3 designation does not necessarily correspond to a disputed boundary. Please consult the style files in the download package for examples of this depiction. The requirement to incorporate the contents of the "LABEL" field on cartographic products is scale dependent. If a label is legible at the scale of a given static product, a proper use of this dataset would encourage the application of that label. Using the contents of the "COUNTRY1" and "COUNTRY2" fields in the generation of a line segment label is not required. The "STATUS" field contains the preferred description for the three LSIB line types when they are incorporated into a map legend but is otherwise not to be used for labeling. Use of the “CC1,” “CC1_GENC3,” “CC2,” “CC2_GENC3,” “RANK,” or “NOTES” fields for cartographic labeling purposes is prohibited. Extension Attributes Certain elements of the attributes within the LSIB dataset extend data functionality to make the data more interoperable or to provide clearer linkages to other datasets. The fields “CC1_GENC3” and “CC2_GENC” contain the corresponding three-character GENC code to the “CC1” and “CC2” attributes. The code “QX2” is the three-character counterpart of the code “Q2,” which denotes a line in the LSIB representing a boundary associated with a geographic area not contained within the GENC standard. To allow for linkage between individual lines in the LSIB and World Polygons dataset, the “CC1_WPID” and “CC2_WPID” fields contain a Universally Unique Identifier (UUID), version 4, which provides a stable description of each geographic entity in a boundary pair relationship. Each UUID corresponds to a geographic entity listed in the World Polygons dataset. These fields allow for linkage between individual lines in the LSIB and the overall World Polygons dataset. Five additional fields in the LSIB expand on the UUID concept and either describe features that have changed across space and time or indicate relationships between previous versions of the feature. The “LSIB_ID” attribute is a UUID value that defines a specific instance of a feature. Any change to the feature in a lineset requires a new “LSIB_ID.” The “ANTECIDS,” or antecedent ID, is a UUID that references line geometries from which a given line is descended in time. It is used when there is a feature that is entirely new, not when there is a new version of a previous feature. This is generally used to reference countries that have dissolved. The “PREVIDS,” or Previous ID, is a UUID field that contains old versions of a line. This is an additive field, that houses all Previous IDs. A new version of a feature is defined by any change to the feature—either line geometry or attribute—but it is still conceptually the same feature. The “PARENTID” field

This dataset covers ballots 363-71 spanning January, March, May-July, September-December 1974. The dataset contains the data resulting from these polls in ASCII. The ballots are as follows: 363 - January This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians, on both political and social issues. The questions ask opinions about political leaders and political issues within the country. There are also questions on other topics of interest such as the James Bay Indian conflict; the Canadian fuel policy and the accessibility of abortions. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographical variables. Topics of interest include: the accessibility of abortions; allowing police to use wiretaps; allowing private contributions to political campaigns; approval of the Canadian fuel policy; broadcasting ads aimed at children; whether or not Canada is heading towards a depression; the amount of confidence there is in multinational oil companies; the distribution of seats in the Federal House of Commons; expropriating Indian lands; governmental set up of land banks; the James Bay Indian conflict; Liberals complying with NDP; limiting foreign investments; police protection of scabs and the problems facing the various provinces. Basic demographic variables are also included. 364 - March This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians, on both political and social issues. The poll asks opinions about political issues such as the upcoming election, the effect of government and which political leader will make the best Prime Minister. There are also questions on other topics of interest and importance to the country and government, such as questions about smoking, seatbelts and how strict schools are. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographical variables. Topics of interest include: allowing euthanasia for the terminally ill; approval of Lewis as leader of the NDP; approval of Stanfield as leader of the opposition; approval of Trudeau as Prime Minister; biggest concern due to the rising prices; country most interested in visiting; whether or not the courts are treating criminals too harshly; the effects of American influence; possible fine for not wearing a seatbelt; giving workers the right to strike; the government's effect on life; the ideal number of children to have; the increasing amounts of political corruptness; which political leader will make the best Prime Minister; the main cause of energy problems in Canada; the most important problem facing Canada; opinions of the teaching profession; quality of US-Canada relations; rising prices; smoking in the past week; strictness of schools; the use of seatbelts; the use of alcohol; and what makes a good Prime Minister. Basic demographic variables are also included. 365 - May This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians, on political and social issues. Opinions on topics such as inflation, oil and gas prices and whether or not UFOs exist are touched on in this poll. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographical and social variables. Topics of interest include: the amount of money spent on food; beliefs about UFOs; the causes of inflation; comparing the Roman Empire to Western Civilization; the decline in the Roman Empire; dieting; expanding the World Football League; growing vegetables in the summer; illegal strikes; impeaching President Nixon; learning second languages in school; opinions about weight; owing a car; the reasons for higher oil and gas prices; whether or not President Nixon should resign; who profits from higher oil and gas prices; types of cars and ways to control inflation. Basic demographic variables are also included. 366 - June This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians, on both political and social issues. The questions ask opinions about political leaders and the upcoming Federal election. There are also questions regarding compulsory military service, nuclear testing and what people fear. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographical variables. Topics of interest include: the type of activities recently participated in; confidence levels of Canadian institutions; compulsory military service; conditions that warrant an election; being eligible to vote; what people fear; gaining a majority government; India's nuclear testing; interest in the Federal election; likelihood of voting; how long the respondent could live comfortably without an income; who the most sincere political leader is; whether or not a respondents name is on the voter's list; participation in sports; the political leader with the best campaign; preferred area of living; satisfaction levels; and summer holiday plans. Basic demographic variables are also included. 367 - July This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians, on predominantly political issues. The questions ask opinions about political parties, the election and other political issues within the country. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographical and social variables. Topics of interest include: the activities done during the 1874 election campaign; the difference between the political parties; the important jobs for the government after the election; overall interest in the election; voting eligibility; and voting intentions. Basic demographic variables are also included. 368 - September This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians, on both political and social issues. The questions ask opinions about the past election and political leaders in Canada; as well as American politics. Questions also touched on subjects such as the benefits of marriage; the Old Age Pension and the metric system. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographical variables. Topics of interest include: allowing abortions; the amount of money given by the Old Age Pension; the approval for lotteries; converting to the metric system; disapproval for lotteries; the effectiveness of police; the expectations of Gerald Ford as President; gaining from marriage; the government running lotteries; the involvement of churches in daily life; the loss of prestige in the United States due to Watergate; making French the sole official language in Quebec; passing Bill 22 in Quebec; the reasons for voting for a political leader; rising prices; setting maximum speed limits; wage and price controls; and who is to blame for violence in minor hockey. Basic demographic variables are also included. 369 - October This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians, on both political and social issues. Topics of interest include: the most important problems facing the country; government intervention in wage; the influence of foreign (U.S.) capital; opinions on PM Trudeau, Minister of Finance Turner, Minister of Agriculture Whelan, current issues in the agricultural sector; over-coverage of U.S. news; safety regulations; sense of increasing violence; Gerald Ford; the possibility of an imminent economic depression; political leanings and voting behavior. Basic demographic variables are also included. 370 - November This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians, on both political and social issues. The questions ask opinions about government salaries and the past election. There are also questions on other topics of interest such as the effect of women in the RCMP and predictions for 1975. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographical variables. Topics of interest include: only admitting immigrants with prearranged jobs; allowing organ donations; attending the 1976 Olympics in Montreal; the effects of where you live on wealth; the effects of women in the RCMP; evaluation of government salaries; fear of walking at night; political preferences; rating post office performance; predictions for 1975; regularly saving part of income; and types of foods recently ate. Basic demographic variables are also included. 371 - December This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians, on predominantly political issues. The questions ask opinions about who will be the new political leaders as well as other political issues within the country. There are also questions on other topics of interest and importance to the country and government, such as type of employment, inflation and attitudes towards marijuana. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographical and social variables. Topics of interest include: the amount of foreign aid given; the cause of rising food prices; confidence in the government's handling of inflation; gender preference of boss; the groups that will suffer the most from high food prices; helping underdeveloped countries; legalizing marijuana; opinions of a two-price system; political preferences; giving prison sentences for selling marijuana; the protection of Canadian magazine publishers; who the replacement leader for the Conservative party will be; who the replacement leader for the NDP will be; whether or not the respondent would stop working if they had the means to do so; trying marijuana; the type of employment; and weekend prison leaves for serious convictions. Basic demographic variables are also included.

Attitudes to current national and international questions. Topics: most important national problem; most important international problem; countries in conflict with the FRG; major problems and differences between FRG and USA; major problems between FRG and other countries; opinion on France, Great Britain, USA, USSR, Red China; reasons for negative and positive attitude to countries USA, USSR and China; trust in USA and USSR in treatment of world problems; reasons for little trust in USA and USSR; effort of USA and USSR for world peace; relationship of USA to USSR; strongest current nuclear power; strongest nuclear power in 5 years; desired strongest nuclear power; reasons for desire for balanced nuclear potential between USA and USSR; knowledge about the SALT negotiations; countries participating in the SALT negotiations; purpose and chances for success of the SALT negotiations; beneficiary of a treaty between USA and USSR; relying on USA in negotiations; security conference; threat to national security of Germany; support for FRG in the case of conflict; knowledge of international organizations; purpose of NATO; membership in NATO; reasons for desired membership; trust in defense ability of NATO; stationing troops in Western Europe; reduction of US troop strength in Europe; necessity of USA for security of Western Europe; defense budget of FRG; navy forces in the Mediterranean; strongest naval power in the Mediterranean; relationship of Israel and Arab nations; support of FRG for Israel; significance of result of the Middle East Conflict for FRG; peace process in the Middle East; European unification process; powers of a European Government; attitude of the USA to European integration; solving the problem of environmental pollution by international organizations; economic aid for other countries. Demography: age; marital status; education; occupation; income; religious denomination; church attendance; sex; city size; state. Also encoded was: length of interview; number of contact attempts; presence of others during interview; willingness to cooperate; difficulty; end time; date of interview; interviewer number.

This dataset of historical poor law cases was created as part of a project aiming to assess the implications of the introduction of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into legal systems in Japan and the United Kingdom. The project was jointly funded by the UK’s Economic and Social Research Council, part of UKRI, and the Japanese Society and Technology Agency (JST), and involved collaboration between Cambridge University (the Centre for Business Research, Department of Computer Science and Faculty of Law) and Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo (the Graduate Schools of Law and Business Administration). As part of the project, a dataset of historic poor law cases was created to facilitate the analysis of legal texts using natural language processing methods. The dataset contains judgments of cases which have been annotated to facilitate computational analysis. Specifically, they make it possible to see how legal terms have evolved over time in the area of disputes over the law governing settlement by hiring.

A World Economic Forum meeting at Davos 2019 heralded the dawn of 'Society 5.0' in Japan. Its goal: creating a 'human-centred society that balances economic advancement with the resolution of social problems by a system that highly integrates cyberspace and physical space.' Using Artificial Intelligence (AI), robotics and data, 'Society 5.0' proposes to '...enable the provision of only those products and services that are needed to the people that need them at the time they are needed, thereby optimizing the entire social and organizational system.' The Japanese government accepts that realising this vision 'will not be without its difficulties,' but intends 'to face them head-on with the aim of being the first in the world as a country facing challenging issues to present a model future society.' The UK government is similarly committed to investing in AI and likewise views the AI as central to engineering a more profitable economy and prosperous society.

This vision is, however, starting to crystallise in the rhetoric of LegalTech developers who have the data-intensive-and thus target-rich-environment of law in their sights. Buoyed by investment and claims of superior decision-making capabilities over human lawyers and judges, LegalTech is now being deputised to usher in a new era of 'smart' law built on AI and Big Data. While there are a number of bold claims made about the capabilities of these technologies, comparatively little attention has been directed to more fundamental questions about how we might assess the feasibility of using them to replicate core aspects of legal process, and ensuring the public has a meaningful say in the development and implementation.

This innovative and timely research project intends to approach these questions from a number of vectors. At a theoretical level, we consider the likely consequences of this step using a Horizon Scanning methodology developed in collaboration with our Japanese partners and an innovative systemic-evolutionary model of law. Many aspects of legal reasoning have algorithmic features which could lend themselves to automation. However, an evolutionary perspective also points to features of legal reasoning which are inconsistent with ML: including the reflexivity of legal knowledge and the incompleteness of legal rules at the point where they encounter the 'chaotic' and unstructured data generated by other social sub-systems. We will test our theory by developing a hierarchical model (or ontology), derived from our legal expertise and public available datasets, for classifying employment relationships under UK law. This will let us probe the extent to which legal reasoning can be modelled using less computational-intensive methods such as Markov Models and Monte Carlo Trees.

Building upon these theoretical innovations, we will then turn our attention from modelling a legal domain using historical data to exploring whether the outcome of legal cases can be reliably predicted using various technique for optimising datasets. For this we will use a data set comprised of 24,179 cases from the High Court of England and Wales. This will allow us to harness Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques such as named entity recognition (to identify relevant parties) and sentiment analysis (to analyse opinions and determine the disposition of a party) in addition to identifying the main legal and factual points of the dispute, remedies, costs, and trial durations. By trailing various predictive heuristics and ML techniques against this dataset we hope to develop a more granular understanding as to the feasibility of predicting dispute outcomes and insight to what factors are relevant for legal decision-making. This will allow us to then undertake a comparative analysis with the results of existing studies and shed light on the legal contexts and questions where AI can and cannot be used to produce accurate and repeatable results.

United States - Net Issues of International Debt Securities for Issuers in General Government Sector, All Maturities, Residence of Issuer in Developing countries was 15907.00000 Mil. of US $ in October of 2021, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Net Issues of International Debt Securities for Issuers in General Government Sector, All Maturities, Residence of Issuer in Developing countries reached a record high of 76785.00000 in April of 2020 and a record low of -21976.00000 in October of 1998. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Net Issues of International Debt Securities for Issuers in General Government Sector, All Maturities, Residence of Issuer in Developing countries - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on March of 2025.

According to a survey in July 2020, 81 percent of Democratic respondents said that racism is a current problem in the United States that continues to hold back people of color, while 72 percent of Republican respondents said that it is a historical problem that has largely been solved.

According to the data from January 2024, 22 percent of respondents said that rising health care costs were the most important health issue facing the United States. Mental health ranked second on the list with 15 percent. Issues with healthcare costsCurrently, the most urgent problem facing American healthcare is the high costs of care. The high expense of healthcare may deter people from getting the appropriate treatment when they need medical care or cause them to completely forego preventative care visits. Many Americans reported that they may skip prescription doses or refrain from taking medication as prescribed due to financial concerns. Such health-related behavior can result in major health problems, which may raise the long-term cost of care. Inflation, medical debt, and unforeseen medical expenses have all added to the burden that health costs are placing on household income. Gun violence issueThe gun violence epidemic has plagued the United States over the past few years, yet very little has been done to address the issue. In recent years, gun violence has become the leading cause of death among American children and teens. Even though more than half of Americans are in favor of tougher gun control regulations, there is little political will to strongly reform the current gun law. Gun violence has a deep traumatic impact on survivors and society, it is developing into a major public health crisis in the United States.

Inflation was the most worrying topic worldwide as of January 2025, with one third of the respondents choosing that option. Crime and violence as well as poverty and social inequality followed behind. Moreover, following Russia's invasion of Ukraine and the war in Gaza, nine percent of the respondents were worried about military conflict between nations. Only four percent were worried about the COVID-19 pandemic, which dominated the world after its outbreak in 2020. Global inflation and rising prices Inflation rates have spiked substantially since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. From 2020 to 2021, the worldwide inflation rate increased from 3.5 percent to 4.7 percent, and from 2021 to 2022, the rate increased sharply from 4.7 percent to 8.7 percent. While rates are predicted to fall come 2025, many are continuing to struggle with price increases on basic necessities. Poverty and global development Poverty and social inequality was the third most worrying issue to respondents. While poverty and inequality are still prominent, global poverty rates have been on a steady decline over the years. In 1994, 64 percent of people in low-income countries and around one percent of people in high-income countries lived on less than 2.15 U.S. dollars per day. By 2018, this had fallen to almost 44 percent of people in low-income countries and 0.6 percent in high-income countries. Moreover, fewer people globally are dying of preventable diseases and people are living longer lives. Despite these aspects, issues such as wealth inequality have global prominence.