Key information about EU Labour Productivity Growth

• European Union Labour Productivity improved by 0.67 % YoY in Dec 2024, compared with a growth of 0.32 % in the previous quarter
• EU Labour Productivity Growth data is updated quarterly, available from Mar 2006 to Dec 2024, averaging at 0.68 %
• The data reached an all-time high of 13.18 % in Jun 2021 and a record low of -10.87 % in Jun 2020

CEIC calculates quarterly Labour Productivity Growth from quarterly Real GDP and quarterly Employment. Eurostat provides Real GDP in local currency, at 2020 prices and Employment. European Union stands for EU27 excluding UK

Czech Republic - Labour productivity and unit labour costs was 109.43 points in March of 2025, according to the EUROSTAT. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for Czech Republic - Labour productivity and unit labour costs - last updated from the EUROSTAT on July of 2025. Historically, Czech Republic - Labour productivity and unit labour costs reached a record high of 116.50 points in December of 2020 and a record low of 59.31 points in March of 1995.

The dataset "tin00152" has been discontinued since 21/07/2023.

Spain - Real labour productivity per person employed was -0.20 % year-on-year in March of 2025, according to the EUROSTAT. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for Spain - Real labour productivity per person employed - last updated from the EUROSTAT on July of 2025. Historically, Spain - Real labour productivity per person employed reached a record high of 14.00 % year-on-year in June of 2021 and a record low of -15.00 % year-on-year in June of 2020.

The indicator results from the division of the gross domestic product (GDP) by the gross available energy for a given calendar year. It measures the productivity of energy consumption and provides a picture of the degree of decoupling of energy use from growth in GDP. For the calculation of energy productivity Eurostat uses the GDP either in the unit of million euro in chain-linked volumes to the reference year 2010 (at 2010 exchange rates) or in the unit million purchasing power standards (PPS). The unit euro in chain linked volumes allows observing the energy productivity trends over time in a single geographic area, whereas the unit PPS allows comparison between countries for the same year. The gross available energy is calculated as: Primary production + Recovered & recycled products + Imports – Exports + Stock changes.

Nominal Labour productivity by NUTS 3 region

Apparent labour productivity is defined as value added at factor costs divided by the number of persons employed. This ratio is generally presented in thousands of euros per person employed.

Gross domestic product (GDP) is a measure for the economic activity. It is defined as the value of all goods and services produced less the value of any goods or services used in their creation. GDP per person employed is intended to give an overall impression of the productivity of national economies expressed in relation to the European Union average. If the index of a country is higher than 100, this country's level of GDP per person employed is higher than the EU average and vice versa. Basic figures are expressed in PPS, i.e. a common currency that eliminates the differences in price levels between countries allowing meaningful volume comparisons of GDP between countries. Please note that 'persons employed' does not distinguish between full-time and part-time employment. Labour productivity per hour worked is calculated as real output per unit of labour input (measured by the total number of hours worked). Measuring labour productivity per hour worked provides a better picture of productivity developments in the economy than labour productivity per person employed, as it eliminates differences in the full time/part time composition of the workforce across countries and years. Copyright notice and free re-use of data on: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/about-us/policies/copyright

The indicator presents the gross domestic product (GDP) divided by domestic material consumption (DMC). DMC measures the total amount of materials directly used by an economy. It is defined as the annual quantity of raw materials extracted from the domestic territory of the focal economy, plus all physical imports minus all physical exports. It is important to note that the term 'consumption', as used in DMC, denotes apparent consumption and not final consumption. DMC does not include upstream flows related to imports and exports of raw materials and products originating outside of the focal economy. As nominator for the calculation of resource productivity, Eurostat uses GDP in unit 'EUR in chain-linked volumes' (to the reference year 2015 at 2015 exchange rates) and in unit 'PPS' (Purchasing Power Standard). Consequently, the indicator is expressed: i) in euro (chain linked volumes) per kg, for comparing the changes in one country over time; ii) in PPS per kg, for comparing different countries in one specific year. Based on GDP in chain linked volumes, resource efficiency is also calculated as an index on year 2000, for comparing countries in different years.

Bulgaria - Real labour productivity per person employed was 3.10 % year-on-year in December of 2024, according to the EUROSTAT. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for Bulgaria - Real labour productivity per person employed - last updated from the EUROSTAT on July of 2025. Historically, Bulgaria - Real labour productivity per person employed reached a record high of 20.40 % year-on-year in March of 1996 and a record low of -15.80 % year-on-year in June of 1997.

This dataset provides statistics on labour productivity, for large regions (TL2) and small regions (TL3).

Data source and definition

Labour productivity is measured as gross value added per employment at place of work by main economic activity. Regional gross value added and employment data are collected from Eurostat (reg_eco10) for EU countries and via delegates of the OECD Working Party on Territorial Indicators (WPTI), as well as from national statistical offices' websites. In order to allow comparability over time and across countries, labour productivity data in current prices are transformed into constant prices and PPP measures (link).

Definition of regions

Regions are subnational units below national boundaries. OECD countries have two regional levels: large regions (territorial level 2 or TL2) and small regions (territorial level 3 or TL3). The OECD regions are presented in the OECD Territorial grid (pdf) and in the OECD Territorial correspondence table (xlsx).

Use of economic data on small regions

When economic analyses are carried out at the TL3 level, it is advisable to aggregate data at the metropolitan region level when several TL3 regions are associated to the same metropolitan region. Metropolitan regions combine TL3 regions when 50% or more of the regional population live in a functionnal urban areas above 250 000 inhabitants. This approach corrects the distortions created by commuting, see the list of OECD metropolitan regions (xlsx) and the EU methodology (link).

Small regions (TL3) are categorized based on shared characteristics into regional typologies. See the economic indicators aggregated by territorial typology at country level on the access to City typology (link) and by urban-rural typology (link).

Cite this dataset

OECD Regions and Cities databases http://oe.cd/geostats

Further information

• The interactive web-tool OECD Regions and Cities Statistical Atlas
• The report OECD Regions and Cities at a Glance

Contact: RegionStat@oecd.org

Slovenia - Real labour productivity per person employed was -0.20 % year-on-year in March of 2025, according to the EUROSTAT. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for Slovenia - Real labour productivity per person employed - last updated from the EUROSTAT on July of 2025. Historically, Slovenia - Real labour productivity per person employed reached a record high of 14.00 % year-on-year in June of 2021 and a record low of -10.00 % year-on-year in June of 2020.

Resource productivity is defined as the ratio between gross domestic product (GDP) and domestic material consumption (DMC). The indicator Domestic Material Consumption (DMC) is based on the Economy-wide Material Flow Accounts (EW-MFA). The theory of Economy-wide material flow accounts (EW-MFA) includes compilations of the overall material inputs into national economy, the changes of material stock within the economy and the material outputs to other economies or to the environment. EW-MFA covers all solid, gaseous, and liquid materials, except water and air. Water included in products is included. Domestic material consumption (DMC) measures the total amount of materials directly used by an economy and is defined as the annual quantity of raw materials extracted from the domestic territory of the focal economy, plus all physical imports minus all physical exports. It is important to note that the term "consumption" as used in DMC denotes apparent consumption and not final consumption. DMC does not include upstream hidden flows (materials that are extracted or moved, but do not enter the economy) related to imports and exports of raw materials and products originating outside of the focal economy. When examining resource productivity trends over time in a single geographic area, the GDP that should be used is in units of Euros in chain-linked volumes to the reference year 2010. If comparisons of resource productivity between countries during one time period are made then the GDP in purchasing power standards should be used and not the chain-linked volume GDP figures. The source data can be found in the Eurostat dissemination database ´Eurobase´.

Metadata description: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/metadata/en/tsdpc100_esmsip.htm

Website:

http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-datasets/-/tsdpc100

The indicator measures the amount of economic output that is produced per unit of gross available energy. The gross available energy represents the quantity of energy products necessary to satisfy all demand of entities in the geographical area under consideration.The economic output is either given as in the unit of Euros in chain-linked volumes to the reference year 2010 at 2010 exchange rates or in the unit PPS (Purchasing Power Standard). The former is used to observe the evolution over time for a specific region while the latter allows comparing Member States in a given year.

Productivity of artificial land is defined as the gross domestic product (GDP) of a country divided by its total artificial land. Artificial land consists of built-up areas (areas covered with buildings and greenhouses) and non built-up areas (streets and sealed surfaces). Artificial land productivity shows whether built-up and non built-up areas are efficiently used to generate added economic value. For the calculation of artificial land productivity Eurostat uses the GDP in millions of PPS (Purchasing Power Standard). This unit allows to compare countries for the same year. More information on land cover/land use can be found here.

Key information about Romania Labour Productivity Growth

• Romania Labour Productivity improved by 0.11 % YoY in Sep 2024, compared with a drop of 2.74 % in the previous quarter
• Romania Labour Productivity Growth data is updated quarterly, available from Mar 1996 to Sep 2024, averaging at 3.93 %
• The data reached an all-time high of 22.61 % in Jun 2002 and a record low of -11.52 % in Mar 1998

CEIC calculates Labour Productivity Growth from quarterly Real GDP and quarterly Employment. The National Institute of Statistics provides Real GDP in local currency, at chain linked 2020 prices. Eurostat provides Employment

The dataset "t2020_rl100" has been discontinued since 10/01/2023.

Key information about Poland Labour Productivity Growth

• Poland Labour Productivity improved by 4.15 % YoY in Dec 2024, compared with a growth of 1.57 % in the previous quarter
• Poland Labour Productivity Growth data is updated quarterly, available from Dec 1999 to Dec 2024, averaging at 2.93 %
• The data reached an all-time high of 15.77 % in Mar 2000 and a record low of -5.71 % in Jun 2020

CEIC calculates quarterly Labour Productivity Growth from quarterly Real GDP and quarterly Employment. Statistics Poland provides Employment. Eurostat provides Real GDP in local currency at chain linked 2020 prices. Labour Productivity Growth prior to Q1 2011 is calculated from Empolyment based on old methodology

Resource productivity is gross domestic product (GDP) divided by domestic material consumption (DMC). DMC measures the total amount of materials directly used by an economy. It is defined as the annual quantity of raw materials extracted from the domestic territory of the focal economy, plus all physical imports minus all physical exports. It is important to note that the term 'consumption', as used in DMC, denotes apparent consumption and not final consumption. DMC does not include upstream flows related to imports and exports of raw materials and products originating outside of the focal economy. For the calculation of resource productivity, Eurostat uses GDP either in unit 'EUR in chain-linked volumes' (to the reference year 2010 at 2010 exchange rates) or in unit 'PPS' (Purchasing Power Standard). Consequently, the indicator is expressed: i) in euro per kg, for comparing the changes in one country over time; ii) in PPS per kg, for comparing different countries in one specific year. It is also calculated as an index on year 2000, for comparing countries in different years. More information on resource productivity can be found in Statistics Explained.

Estonia - Real labour productivity per person employed was 2.30 % year-on-year in March of 2025, according to the EUROSTAT. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for Estonia - Real labour productivity per person employed - last updated from the EUROSTAT on July of 2025. Historically, Estonia - Real labour productivity per person employed reached a record high of 14.10 % year-on-year in December of 1997 and a record low of -11.30 % year-on-year in December of 2008.