a database of modulators of protein-protein interactions. It contains exclusively small molecules and therefore no peptides. The data are retrieved from the literature either peer reviewed scientific articles or world patents. A large variety of data is stored within IPPI-DB: structural, pharmacological, binding and activity profile, pharmacokinetic and cytotoxicity when available, as well as some data about the PPI targets themselves.

Database to catalog experimentally determined interactions between proteins combining information from a variety of sources to create a single, consistent set of protein-protein interactions that can be downloaded in a variety of formats. The data were curated, both, manually and also automatically using computational approaches that utilize the the knowledge about the protein-protein interaction networks extracted from the most reliable, core subset of the DIP data. Because the reliability of experimental evidence varies widely, methods of quality assessment have been developed and utilized to identify the most reliable subset of the interactions. This CORE set can be used as a reference when evaluating the reliability of high-throughput protein-protein interaction data sets, for development of prediction methods, as well as in the studies of the properties of protein interaction networks. Tools are available to analyze, visualize and integrate user's own experimental data with the information about protein-protein interactions available in the DIP database. The DIP database lists protein pairs that are known to interact with each other. By interact they mean that two amino acid chains were experimentally identified to bind to each other. The database lists such pairs to aid those studying a particular protein-protein interaction but also those investigating entire regulatory and signaling pathways as well as those studying the organization and complexity of the protein interaction network at the cellular level. Registration is required to gain access to most of the DIP features. Registration is free to the members of the academic community. Trial accounts for the commercial users are also available.

The MIPS mammalian protein-protein interaction database (MPPI) is a new resource of high-quality experimental protein interaction data in mammals. The content is based on published experimental evidence that has been processed by human expert curators. It is a collection of manually curated high-quality PPI data collected from the scientific literature by expert curators. We took great care to include only data from individually performed experiments since they usually provide the most reliable evidence for physical interactions. To suit different users needs we provide a variety of interfaces to search the database: -Expert interface Simple but powerful boolean query language. -PPI search form Easy to use PPI search -Protein search Just find proteins of interest in the database Sponsors: This work is funded by a grant from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research.

Mammalian protein-protein interaction database focusing on synaptic proteins. The Protein-Protein Interaction Database was originally a single-person's attempt to integrate a gamut of biological/bibliographical/molecular data and build a framework which might help understanding how cells orchestrate their protein content in order to become what they are: machines with a purpose. This is based on the simple paradigm that functionality like signal cascades are held together in a close space, thereby allowing specific events to occur without the necessity of passive diffusion and random events. The PPID database arose from the need to interpret Proteomic datasets, which were generated analysing the NMDA-receptor complex (see H. Husi, M. A. Ward, J. S. Choudhary, W. P. Blackstock and S. G. Grant (2000). Proteomic analysis of NMDA receptor-adhesion protein signaling complexes. Nat Neurosci 3, 661-669.). To study these clusters of proteins requires unavoidably the handling of large datasets, which PPID is generally aimed and tailored for. This database is unifying molecular entries across three species, namely human, rat and mouse and is is footed on sequence databases such as SwissProt, EMBL, TrEMBL (translated EMBL sequences) and Unigene and the literature database PubMed. A typical entry in PPID holds up to three general entries for the three species, all protein and gene accession numbers associated with them (assembled from Blast2 searches of the databases) and the OMIM entry as maintained by Johns Hopkins University. Furthermore protein sequence information is also included, together with known and novel splice-variants of each molecule as found by ClustalW sequence alignments. Entry points also include protein-binding information together with the literature reference. The whole database is curated manually to insure accuracy and quality. Querying the database will be possible by online browsing and batch-submission for large datasets holding accession number information, as can be generated using software like Mascot for mass-spectrometry. Cluster-analysis of the submitted datasets in the form of a graphical output will be developed as well as an easy-to-use web-interface. An interface is currently being built in collaboration with the Department of Informatics (T. Theodosiou and D. Armstrong) and will be deployed soon The current team of people collating and deploying the database are H. Husi (database mining and information gathering) and T. Theodosiou (web-interface and deployment). Please note that this database is not funded financially, and cannot survive without sponsorship.

Protein-Protein, Genetic, and Chemical Interactions for Brandao MM (2010):AtPIN: Arabidopsis thaliana protein interaction network. curated by BioGRID (https://thebiogrid.org); ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) constitute one of the most crucial conditions to sustain life in living organisms. To study PPI in Arabidopsis thaliana we have developed AtPIN, a database and web interface for searching and building interaction networks based on publicly available protein-protein interaction datasets. DESCRIPTION: All interactions were divided into experimentally demonstrated or predicted. The PPIs in the AtPIN database present a cellular compartment classification (C3) which divides the PPI into 4 classes according to its interaction evidence and subcellular localization. It has been shown in the literature that a pair of genuine interacting proteins are generally expected to have a common cellular role and proteins that have common interaction partners have a high chance of sharing a common function. In AtPIN, due to its integrative profile, the reliability index for a reported PPI can be postulated in terms of the proportion of interaction partners that two proteins have in common. For this, we implement the Functional Similarity Weight (FSW) calculation for all first level interactions present in AtPIN database. In order to identify target proteins of cytosolic glutamyl-tRNA synthetase (Cyt-gluRS) (AT5G26710) we combined two approaches, AtPIN search and yeast two-hybrid screening. Interestingly, the proteins glutamine synthetase (AT5G35630), a disease resistance protein (AT3G50950) and a zinc finger protein (AT5G24930), which has been predicted as target proteins for Cyt-gluRS by AtPIN, were also detected in the experimental screening. CONCLUSIONS: AtPIN is a friendly and easy-to-use tool that aggregates information on Arabidopsis thaliana PPIs, ontology, and sub-cellular localization, and might be a useful and reliable strategy to map protein-protein interactions in Arabidopsis. AtPIN can be accessed at http://bioinfo.esalq.usp.br/atpin.

The MIPS mammalian protein-protein interaction database (MPPI) is a new resource of high-quality experimental protein interaction data in mammals. The content is based on published experimental evidence that has been processed by human expert curators. It is a collection of manually curated high-quality PPI data collected from the scientific literature by expert curators. We took great care to include only data from individually performed experiments since they usually provide the most reliable evidence for physical interactions. To suit different users needs we provide a variety of interfaces to search the database: -Expert interface Simple but powerful boolean query language. -PPI search form Easy to use PPI search -Protein search Just find proteins of interest in the database Sponsors: This work is funded by a grant from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research.

A database that focuses on experimentally verified protein-protein interactions mined from the scientific literature by expert curators. The curated data can be analyzed in the context of the high throughput data and viewed graphically with the MINT Viewer. This collection of molecular interaction databases can be used to search for, analyze and graphically display molecular interaction networks and pathways from a wide variety of species. MINT is comprised of separate database components. HomoMINT, is an inferred human protein interatction database. Domino, is database of domain peptide interactions. VirusMINT explores the interactions of viral proteins with human proteins. The MINT connect viewer allows you to enter a list of proteins (e.g. proteins in a pathway) to retrieve, display and download a network with all the interactions connecting them.

This dataset includes all protein-protein interactions as well as associated annotation data obtained from the Biological General Repository for Interaction databases (BIOGRID) for major model organisms species, including involved experimental systems used to disclose the interaction. The data is a curation of thousands of publications of research experiments that found a link (interaction) between two proteins.

The PPI view displays H-InvDB human protein-protein interaction (PPI) information. It is constructed by assigning interaction data to H-InvDB proteins which were originally predicted from transcriptional products generated by the H-Invitational project. The PPI view is now providing 32,198 human PPIs comprised of 9,268 H-InvDB proteins. H-Invitational Database (H-InvDB) is an integrated database of human genes and transcripts. By extensive analyses of all human transcripts, we provide curated annotations of human genes and transcripts that include gene structures, alternative splicing isoforms, non-coding functional RNAs, protein functions, functional domains, sub-cellular localizations, metabolic pathways, protein 3D structure, genetic polymorphisms (SNPs, indels and microsatellite repeats) , relation with diseases, gene expression profiling, molecular evolutionary features, protein-protein interactions (PPIs) and gene families/groups. Sponsors: This research is financially supported by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan (METI), the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (MEXT) and the Japan Biological Informatics Consortium (JBIC). Also, this work is partly supported by the Research Grant for the RIKEN Genome Exploration Research Project from MEXT to Y.H. and the Grant for the RIKEN Frontier Research System, Functional RNA research program.

A database of interactions between HIV-1 and human proteins published in the peer-reviewed literature. The goal is to provide a concise, yet detailed, summary of all known interactions of HIV-1 proteins with host cell proteins, other HIV-1 proteins, or proteins from disease organisms associated with HIV/AIDS. For each HIV-1 human protein interaction the following information is provided: * NCBI Reference Sequence (RefSeq) protein accession numbers. * NCBI Entrez Gene ID numbers. * Amino acids from each protein that are known to be involved in the interaction. * Brief description of the protein-protein interaction. * Keywords to support searching for interactions. * PubMed identification numbers (PMIDs) for all journal articles describing the interaction. In addition, all protein-protein interactions documented in the database are integrated into Entrez Gene records and listed in the ''HIV-1 protein interactions'' section of Entrez Gene reports. The database is also tightly linked to other databases through Entrez Gene, enabling users to search for an abundance of information related to HIV pathogenesis and replication.

The prediction of protein complexes from protein-protein interactions (PPIs) is a well-studied problem in bioinformatics. However, the currently available PPI data is not enough to describe all known protein complexes. In this paper, we express the problem of determining the minimum number of (additional) required protein-protein interactions as a graph theoretic problem under the constraint that each complex constitutes a connected component in a PPI network. For this problem, we develop two computational methods: one is based on integer linear programming (ILPMinPPI) and the other one is based on an existing greedy-type approximation algorithm (GreedyMinPPI) originally developed in the context of communication and social networks. Since the former method is only applicable to datasets of small size, we apply the latter method to a combination of the CYC2008 protein complex dataset and each of eight PPI datasets (STRING, MINT, BioGRID, IntAct, DIP, BIND, WI-PHI, iRefIndex). The results...

THIS RESOURCE IS NO LONGER IN SERVICE, documented August 22, 2016. An online database of two-hybrid protein interactions in B. Subtilis. Interactions stored in SPID are either characterized by experimental evidence or by bibliographic references. A graphical user interface is provided to explore interaction networks as well as to view the details of each piece of evidence. The database contains 112 interactions between 79 proteins.

A web-based database of protein interaction sites. PiSITE provides not only information of interaction sites of a protein from single PDB entry, but also information of interaction sites of a protein from multiple PDB entries including similar proteins. PiSite also provides a list of sociable proteins, proteins with multiple binding states and multiple binding partners.In PiSITE, the identification of the binding sites of protein chains is performed by searching the same proteins with different binding states in PDB at first, and then mapping those binding sites onto the query proteins. The database PiSITE provides real interaction sites of proteins using the complex structures in PDB. According to the progress of several structural genomic projects, we have a large amount of structural data in PDB. Consequently, we can observe different binding states of proteins in atomic resolutions, and can analyze actual interaction sites of proteins. It will lead better understandings of protein interaction sites in near future. Usual practice to identify the interaction site has been done using a representative complex in PDB. However, for the proteins with multiple partners, non-interaction sites identified by using a single complex structure is not enough, because some part of the non-binding sites may be involved in the interaction sites with another proteins. Therefore, the real interaction sites should be obtained by using all of the binding states in PDB. For the purpose, the identifications of the binding site in PiSITE are done by searching the same proteins with different binding sites in PDB at first, and then mapping the binding sites onto the query proteins. PiSITE also provides the lists of transient hub proteins, which we call sociable proteins to clarify the different of so-called hub proteins. The sociable proteins are identified as the proteins with multiple binding states and multiple binding partners. On the other hand, so-called hub proteins have been identified as the proteins at the hub position in protein-protein interaction networks obtained by large-scale experiments, but the definition of the hub proteins cannot differentiate transient hub proteins from stable ones, although the differentiation is critically important for the better understanding of protein interaction networks. In addition, the usual definition of hub proteins can contain supermolecules as hub proteins. The supermolecules can be identified as the proteins with a single binding state and multiple binding partners, which we call stable hub proteins.

Database of human tissue protein-protein interactions (PPIs) that associates each interaction with human tissues that express both pair mates. This was achieved by integrating current data of experimentally detected PPIs with extensive data of gene and protein expression across 16 main human tissues. Users can query TissueNet using a protein and retrieve its PPI partners per tissue, or using a PPI and retrieve the tissues expressing both pair mates. The graphical representation of the output highlights tissue-specific and tissue-wide PPIs. Thus, TissueNet provides a unique platform for assessing the roles of human proteins and their interactions across tissues.

Database for molecular interaction information integrated with various other bio-entity information, including pathways, diseases, gene ontology (GO) terms, species and molecular types. The information is obtained from several manually curated databases and automatic extraction from literature. There are protein-protein interaction, gene/protein regulation and protein-small molecule interaction information stored in the database. The interaction information is linked with relevant GO terms, pathway, disease and species names. Interactions are also linked to the PubMed IDs of the corresponding abstracts the interactions were obtained from. Manually curated molecular interaction information was obtained from BioGRID, IntAct, NCBI Gene, and STITCH database. Pathway related information was obtained from KEGG database, Pathway Interaction database and Reactome. Disease information was obtained from PharmGKB and KEGG database. Gene ontology terms and related information was obtained from Gene Ontology database and GOA database.

Protein-Protein, Genetic, and Chemical Interactions for Chen TC (2014):Using an in situ proximity ligation assay to systematically profile endogenous protein-protein interactions in a pathway network. curated by BioGRID (https://thebiogrid.org); ABSTRACT: Signal transduction pathways in the cell require protein-protein interactions (PPIs) to respond to environmental cues. Diverse experimental techniques for detecting PPIs have been developed. However, the huge amount of PPI data accumulated from various sources poses a challenge with respect to data reliability. Herein, we collected ∼ 700 primary antibodies and employed a highly sensitive and specific technique, an in situ proximity ligation assay, to investigate 1204 endogenous PPIs in HeLa cells, and 557 PPIs of them tested positive. To overview the tested PPIs, we mapped them into 13 PPI public databases, which showed 72% of them were annotated in the Human Protein Reference Database (HPRD) and 8 PPIs were new PPIs not in the PubMed database. Moreover, TP53, CTNNB1, AKT1, CDKN1A, and CASP3 were the top 5 proteins prioritized by topology analyses of the 557 PPI network. Integration of the PPI-pathway interaction revealed that 90 PPIs were cross-talk PPIs linking 17 signaling pathways based on Reactome annotations. The top 2 connected cross-talk PPIs are MAPK3-DAPK1 and FAS-PRKCA interactions, which link 9 and 8 pathways, respectively. In summary, we established an open resource for biological modules and signaling pathway profiles, providing a foundation for comprehensive analysis of the human interactome.

THIS RESOURCE IS NO LONGER IN SERVICE. Documented on September 2,2022. It is a repository of interactions found by Entangle and compiled into various tables for use by the RNA community. This data does not have a user interface, but data can be accessed in tables. It contains raw Excel/Access Databases and data processed into useful Figures for people who don't want to wade through the primary data. At present it contains informations from 42 PDBs.

Viral infections are one of the major causes of human diseases that cause yearly millions of deaths and seriously threaten global health, as we have experienced with the COVID-19 pandemic. Numerous approaches have been adopted to understand viral diseases and develop pharmacological treatments. Among them, the study of virus-host protein-protein interactions is a powerful strategy to comprehend the molecular mechanisms employed by the virus to infect the host cells and to interact with their components. Experimental protein-protein interactions described in the scientific literature have been systematically captured into several molecular interaction databases. These data are organized in structured formats and can be easily downloaded by users to perform further bioinformatic and network studies. Network analysis of available virus-host interactomes allow us to understand how the host interactome is perturbed upon viral infection and what are the key host proteins targeted by the virus and the main cellular pathways that are subverted. In this review, we give an overview of publicly available viral-human protein-protein interactions resources and the community standards, curation rules and adopted ontologies. A description of the main virus-human interactome available is provided, together with the main network analyses that have been performed. We finally discuss the main limitations and future challenges to assess the quality and reliability of protein-protein interaction datasets and resources.

BioGRID had 337 interactions between the set of 56 proteins. Of the 5 databases, BioGRID contained the most edges, with high coverage of interactions in the other 4 databases. The interactions missing from BioGRID did not arise due to missed references (except for 3 studies of functional rather than physical associations) but due to missed interactions in the same references. The other 4 databases contained a total of 69 interactions not present in BioGRID, and 52 not present in our original database that had been augmented by added edges and through curation of the SH3/PRD and kinase references. Of these 52 interactions, three were removed for erroneous citations, 20 were found only through functional association, and therefore removed, and the remainder were observed in only a single probe of physical interactions.

Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) play an ubiquitous and fundamental role in all biological processes. Information on PPIs described in the literature is annotated and made available by several protein-interaction databases. Because most databases have their own curation rules and priorities, they often annotate overlapping sets of publications, which leads to redundancies. We developed a semantic-based approach which enables to accurately detect redundancies within PPI datasets from multiple databases. We applied this approach to assemble a "reproducible interactome", with PPIs supported by at least two methods or publications.