The Federal Reserve's balance sheet has undergone significant changes since 2007, reflecting its response to major economic crises. From a modest *** trillion U.S. dollars at the end of 2007, it ballooned to approximately **** trillion U.S. dollars by May 2025. This dramatic expansion, particularly during the 2008 financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic - both of which resulted in negative annual GDP growth in the U.S. - showcases the Fed's crucial role in stabilizing the economy through expansionary monetary policies. Impact on inflation and interest rates The Fed's expansionary measures, while aimed at stimulating economic growth, have had notable effects on inflation and interest rates. Following the quantitative easing in 2020, inflation in the United States reached * percent in 2022, the highest since 1991. However, by *************, inflation had declined to *** percent. Concurrently, the Federal Reserve implemented a series of interest rate hikes, with the rate peaking at **** percent in ***********, before the first rate cut since ************** occurred in **************. Financial implications for the Federal Reserve The expansion of the Fed's balance sheet and subsequent interest rate hikes have had significant financial implications. In 2023, the Fed reported a negative net income of ***** billion U.S. dollars, a stark contrast to the ***** billion U.S. dollars profit in 2022. This unprecedented shift was primarily due to rapidly rising interest rates, which caused the Fed's interest expenses to soar to over *** billion U.S. dollars in 2023. Despite this, the Fed's net interest income on securities acquired through open market operations reached a record high of ****** billion U.S. dollars in the same year.

The Federal Reserve's balance sheet ballooned following its announcement to carry out quantitative easing to increase the liquidity of U.S. banks in early 2020. The balance sheet continued to grow in the following period as well, with a downward trend in 2023. As of February 29, 2024, the Fed's balance sheet amounted to roughly 7.6 trillion U.S. dollars. The most drastic increase in the observed period took place in the first half of 2020. This measure was taken to increase the money supply and stimulate economic growth in the wake of the damage caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The Federal Reserve was not the only institution that implemented an expansionary monetary policy in response to the pandemic. For instance, the European Central Bank expanded its money supply in March 2020 and kept doing so over the following months. How do central banks increase the amount of money in circulation? Central banks can increase the money circulating in the economy in many ways. For instance, they can decrease banks’ reserve requirements to stimulate lending or decrease the interest rates to reduce the cost of borrowing for commercial banks. Alternatively, central banks can engage in open market operations (OMO) and buy securities such as government bonds from commercial banks or institutions. By conducting open market operations, the Federal Reserve expanded its balance sheet by seven trillion U.S. dollars between 2007 and 2023. All these measures aim to increase bank loans to entrepreneurs and consumers in order to stimulate employment and economic growth. Impact of COVID-19 on the U.S. economy The COVID-19 pandemic had a tremendous impact on national economies worldwide, and the United States was no exception. During the early months of the crisis, many lost their jobs, mostly those in lower-income categories. As a consequence, many Americans found it difficult to pay their rent and cover basic household expenses. Furthermore, in April 2022, most small business owners claimed that the pandemic had a large or moderate negative effect on their businesses. Overall, the gross domestic product (GDP) of the United States decreased by roughly 2.2 percent in 2020. In the following years, however, it increased notably, surpassing 25 trillion U.S. dollars in 2022.

View the total value of the assets of all Federal Reserve Banks as reported in the weekly balance sheet.

Abstract The paper aims to analyze the wide range of unconventional monetary policies adopted in the U.S. since the 2007-2008 financial crises, focusing on conceptual aspects, the implementation of different programs and measures adopted by FED, and their effectiveness. It is argued that the use of credit and quasi-debt policies had significant effects on the financial conditions and on a set of macroeconomic variables in the US, such as output and employment. This result raises questions about the effectiveness of conventional monetary policy and the forward guidance, both of which were key elements in the New Macroeconomics Consensus view that preceded the 2007-2008 financial crisis.

Graph and download economic data for Assets: Securities Held Outright: U.S. Treasury Securities: All: Wednesday Level (TREAST) from 2002-12-18 to 2025-06-25 about maturity, securities, Treasury, and USA.

This file contains the data and code for the publication "The Federal Reserve’s Response to the Global Financial Crisis and its Effects: An Interrupted Time-Series Analysis of the Impact of its Quantitative Easing Programs" by A. C. Kamkoum, 2023.

This dataset is about books. It has 1 row and is filtered where the book is A global monetary plague : asset price inflation and Federal Reserve quantitative easing. It features 7 columns including author, publication date, language, and book publisher.

The U.S. federal funds effective rate underwent a dramatic reduction in early 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The rate plummeted from 1.58 percent in February 2020 to 0.65 percent in March, and further decreased to 0.05 percent in April. This sharp reduction, accompanied by the Federal Reserve's quantitative easing program, was implemented to stabilize the economy during the global health crisis. After maintaining historically low rates for nearly two years, the Federal Reserve began a series of rate hikes in early 2022, with the rate moving from 0.33 percent in April 2022 to 5.33 percent in August 2023. The rate remained unchanged for over a year, before the Federal Reserve initiated its first rate cut in nearly three years in September 2024, bringing the rate to 5.13 percent. By December 2024, the rate was cut to 4.48 percent, signaling a shift in monetary policy in the second half of 2024. In January 2025, the Federal Reserve implemented another cut, setting the rate at 4.33 percent, which remained unchanged throughout the following months. What is the federal funds effective rate? The U.S. federal funds effective rate determines the interest rate paid by depository institutions, such as banks and credit unions, that lend reserve balances to other depository institutions overnight. Changing the effective rate in times of crisis is a common way to stimulate the economy, as it has a significant impact on the whole economy, such as economic growth, employment, and inflation. Central bank policy rates The adjustment of interest rates in response to the COVID-19 pandemic was a coordinated global effort. In early 2020, central banks worldwide implemented aggressive monetary easing policies to combat the economic crisis. The U.S. Federal Reserve's dramatic reduction of its federal funds rate - from 1.58 percent in February 2020 to 0.05 percent by April - mirrored similar actions taken by central banks globally. While these low rates remained in place throughout 2021, mounting inflationary pressures led to a synchronized tightening cycle beginning in 2022, with central banks pushing rates to multi-year highs. By mid-2024, as inflation moderated across major economies, central banks began implementing their first rate cuts in several years, with the U.S. Federal Reserve, Bank of England, and European Central Bank all easing monetary policy.

Central Bank Balance Sheet in the United States decreased to 6662200 USD Million in June 25 from 6681056 USD Million in the previous week. This dataset provides - United States Central Bank Balance Sheet - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The United States M2 money supply reached approximately ***** trillion U.S. dollars by April 2025, marking a gradual upward trend after a period of decline. This followed an extraordinary surge in 2020 and 2021, primarily driven by the Federal Reserve's aggressive quantitative easing measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

The author develops a dynamic model with two types of electronic money: reserves for transactions between bankers and zero-maturity deposits for transactions in the non-bank private sector. Using this model, he assesses the efficacy of unconventional monetary policy since the Great Recession. After quantitative easing, keeping the interest on reserves near zero too long might create deflation. The central bank can safely get out of the “low rate-cum-deflation” trap by “raising rate and raising money supply”.

The U.S. M1 money supply reached 18.43 trillion dollars in 2024, showing a modest increase from the previous year. While M1 grew gradually between 2000 and 2019, it experienced an unprecedented surge in 2020 due to the Federal Reserve's quantitative easing response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The most dramatic spike occurred in May 2020, when M1 jumped from 4.8 to 16.2 trillion dollars - more than tripling in a single month.

Please read "README" before using the replication package. The package contains: (i) the README file with explanations on how to construct the intermediate datasets, which were used in the empirical analysis, and how to run the provided code, (ii) the code generating the tabulated results (All_tables.do) from the intermediate datasets, and (iii) the pseudo-datasets (that mimic the intermediate datasets), on which All_tables.do can be run. The pseudo-datasets are only for illustrating the data structure and testing the code. *** The code, run on the pseudo-datasets, will NOT produce the exact results in the paper. ***

As of April 16, 2025, the yield for a ten-year U.S. government bond was 4.34 percent, while the yield for a two-year bond was 3.86 percent. This represents an inverted yield curve, whereby bonds of longer maturities provide a lower yield, reflecting investors' expectations for a decline in long-term interest rates. Hence, making long-term debt holders open to more risk under the uncertainty around the condition of financial markets in the future. That markets are uncertain can be seen by considering both the short-term fluctuations, and the long-term downward trend, of the yields of U.S. government bonds from 2006 to 2021, before the treasury yield curve increased again significantly in the following years. What are government bonds? Government bonds, otherwise called ‘sovereign’ or ‘treasury’ bonds, are financial instruments used by governments to raise money for government spending. Investors give the government a certain amount of money (the ‘face value’), to be repaid at a specified time in the future (the ‘maturity date’). In addition, the government makes regular periodic interest payments (called ‘coupon payments’). Once initially issued, government bonds are tradable on financial markets, meaning their value can fluctuate over time (even though the underlying face value and coupon payments remain the same). Investors are attracted to government bonds as, provided the country in question has a stable economy and political system, they are a very safe investment. Accordingly, in periods of economic turmoil, investors may be willing to accept a negative overall return in order to have a safe haven for their money. For example, once the market value is compared to the total received from remaining interest payments and the face value, investors have been willing to accept a negative return on two-year German government bonds between 2014 and 2021. Conversely, if the underlying economy and political structures are weak, investors demand a higher return to compensate for the higher risk they take on. Consequently, the return on bonds in emerging markets like Brazil are consistently higher than that of the United States (and other developed economies). Inverted yield curves When investors are worried about the financial future, it can lead to what is called an ‘inverted yield curve’. An inverted yield curve is where investors pay more for short term bonds than long term, indicating they do not have confidence in long-term financial conditions. Historically, the yield curve has historically inverted before each of the last five U.S. recessions. The last U.S. yield curve inversion occurred at several brief points in 2019 – a trend which continued until the Federal Reserve cut interest rates several times over that year. However, the ultimate trigger for the next recession was the unpredicted, exogenous shock of the global coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, showing how such informal indicators may be grounded just as much in coincidence as causation.

Graph and download economic data for Bank of Japan: Total Assets for Japan (JPNASSETS) from Apr 1998 to May 2025 about Japan, assets, banks, and depository institutions.

The United States M1 money supply reached approximately ***** trillion dollars by April 2025, showing a slight uptick from the previous year. This modest increase follows a period of contraction in late 2022 and early 2023, which stood in stark contrast to the dramatic expansion seen from ******** onward. The earlier surge was largely attributed to the Federal Reserve's aggressive quantitative easing measures implemented in response to the economic fallout from the COVID-19 pandemic.

This document contains statistical data and analysis of global gold demand and prices from 2010 to 2024, presented by Dojipedia, a website focused on Forex investment information. The data is organized quarterly and includes various categories of gold demand such as jewelry fabrication, technology use, investment, and central bank purchases. It also provides the LBMA gold price in US dollars per ounce for each quarter.The document highlights significant events that influenced gold prices and demand during this period. These events include major economic crises, geopolitical tensions, and market shifts. For instance, it mentions the European debt crisis in 2010, the U.S. credit rating downgrade in 2011, the Federal Reserve's quantitative easing tapering signals in 2013, and the COVID-19 pandemic's impact starting in 2020.The data shows how gold demand and prices often increase during times of economic uncertainty or political instability, as investors view gold as a safe-haven asset. For example, gold prices reached record highs in 2024 amid global economic and geopolitical uncertainties.Dojipedia presents itself as a platform with five years of Forex market investment experience. The site offers free educational content on technical analysis methods such as Elliott Wave, ICT Trading, and Smart Money Concept. It also mentions plans to publish free books on technical analysis.The document includes a disclaimer stating that the information provided is for general purposes only and not financial advice. It warns about the high risks associated with investing in financial markets like CFDs, Forex, cryptocurrencies, and gold. The disclaimer emphasizes that leveraged products may not be suitable for all investors due to the high risk to capital.Overall, this document serves as a comprehensive resource for those interested in gold market trends and their relationship to global economic events over the past decade and a half.

The annual value of new banknotes printed in the United States varied significantly between 2002 and 2023, showing a clear downward trend in recent years. The peak was in 2012, when the Bureau of Engraving and Printing produced banknotes valued at 386.6 billion U.S. dollars. During the quantitative easing of 2021, 319.7 billion U.S. dollars worth of banknotes were printed, marking the third-highest figure within the period. By 2023, the value of new banknotes printed had dropped by half, reaching 162.4 billion U.S. dollars. At the same time, the value of currency in circulation reached 2.29 trillion U.S. dollars in 2023.

The benchmark interest rate in the United Kingdom was last recorded at 4.25 percent. This dataset provides - United Kingdom Interest Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The value of total assets held by the Bank of England increased significantly between 2013 and 2022. A particularly sharp increase took place in 2020 and 2021, triggered by the quantitative easing introduced as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The total assets of the Bank of England dropped in 2022 but remained above one trillion British pounds. In the third quarter of 2022, the British central bank held roughly 1.1 trillion British pounds worth of assets. In Europe, the largest central bank in terms of total assets is the Deutsche Bundesbank, which held almost three trillion euros at the end of 2022. The Bank of England ranked fourth.