Have you ever wanted to create your own maps, or integrate and visualize spatial datasets to examine changes in trends between locations and over time? Follow along with these training tutorials on QGIS, an open source geographic information system (GIS) and learn key concepts, procedures and skills for performing common GIS tasks – such as creating maps, as well as joining, overlaying and visualizing spatial datasets. These tutorials are geared towards new GIS users. We’ll start with foundational concepts, and build towards more advanced topics throughout – demonstrating how with a few relatively easy steps you can get quite a lot out of GIS. You can then extend these skills to datasets of thematic relevance to you in addressing tasks faced in your day-to-day work.
Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License information was derived automatically
In this course, you will explore a variety of open-source technologies for working with geosptial data, performing spatial analysis, and undertaking general data science. The first component of the class focuses on the use of QGIS and associated technologies (GDAL, PROJ, GRASS, SAGA, and Orfeo Toolbox). The second component of the class introduces Python and associated open-source libraries and modules (NumPy, Pandas, Matplotlib, Seaborn, GeoPandas, Rasterio, WhiteboxTools, and Scikit-Learn) used by geospatial scientists and data scientists. We also provide an introduction to Structured Query Language (SQL) for performing table and spatial queries. This course is designed for individuals that have a background in GIS, such as working in the ArcGIS environment, but no prior experience using open-source software and/or coding. You will be asked to work through a series of lecture modules and videos broken into several topic areas, as outlined below. Fourteen assignments and the required data have been provided as hands-on opportunites to work with data and the discussed technologies and methods. If you have any questions or suggestions, feel free to contact us. We hope to continue to update and improve this course. This course was produced by West Virginia View (http://www.wvview.org/) with support from AmericaView (https://americaview.org/). This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Geological Survey under Grant/Cooperative Agreement No. G18AP00077. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the opinions or policies of the U.S. Geological Survey. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute their endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey. After completing this course you will be able to: apply QGIS to visualize, query, and analyze vector and raster spatial data. use available resources to further expand your knowledge of open-source technologies. describe and use a variety of open data formats. code in Python at an intermediate-level. read, summarize, visualize, and analyze data using open Python libraries. create spatial predictive models using Python and associated libraries. use SQL to perform table and spatial queries at an intermediate-level.
Public Domain Mark 1.0https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
License information was derived automatically
QGIS is a Free and Open Source Geographic Information System. This dataset contains all the information to get you started.
Public Domain Mark 1.0https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
License information was derived automatically
Dataset contains training material on using open source Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to improve protected area planning and management from a workshop that was conducted on October 19-23, 2020. Specifically, the dataset contains lectures on GIS fundamentals, QGIS 3.x, and global positioning system (GPS), as well as country-specific datasets and a workbook containing exercises for viewing data, editing/creating datasets, and creating map products in QGIS. Supplemental videos that narrate a step-by-step recap and overview of these processes are found in the Related Content section of this dataset.
Funding for this workshop and material was funded by the Biodiversity and Protected Areas Management (BIOPAMA) programme. The BIOPAMA programme is an initiative of the Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) Group of States financed by the European Union's 11th European Development Fund. BIOPAMA is jointly implemented by the International Union for Conservation of Nature {IUCN) and the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission (EC-JRC). In the Pacific region, BIOPAMA is implemented by IUCN's Oceania Regional Office (IUCN ORO) in partnership with the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP). The overall objective of the BIOPAMA programme is to contribute to improving the long-term conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and natural resources in the Pacific ACP region in protected areas and surrounding communities through better use and monitoring of information and capacity development on management and governance.
This is a full-day training, developed by UNEP CMB, to introduce participants to the basics of GIS, how to import points from Excel to a GIS, and how to make maps with QGIS, MapX and Tableau. It prioritizes the use of free and open software.
Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License information was derived automatically
This repo contains a series of datasets connected to training on geoprocessing.Within the zipped folder there are two subfolder, one containing raster data and the second one containing vector data.
Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 (CC BY-SA 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
License information was derived automatically
This data is comprised of U.S. Census tracts for the year 2019 with data from the American Community Survey, CDC social vulnerability index, CDC Places EPA toxic release inventory sites, PM2.5 annual average from the Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group (https://sites.wustl.edu/acag/). This dataset was created as part of the CAFE Introduction to QGIS 101!!! Session on 6/27/2024 and is for training purposes only.
Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 (CC BY-NC 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
License information was derived automatically
Today, deep neural networks are widely used in many computer vision problems, also for geographic information systems (GIS) data. This type of data is commonly used for urban analyzes and spatial planning. We used orthophotographic images of two residential districts from Kielce, Poland for research including urban sprawl automatic analysis with Transformer-based neural network application.Orthophotomaps were obtained from Kielce GIS portal. Then, the map was manually masked into building and building surroundings classes. Finally, the ortophotomap and corresponding classification mask were simultaneously divided into small tiles. This approach is common in image data preprocessing for machine learning algorithms learning phase. Data contains two original orthophotomaps from Wietrznia and Pod Telegrafem residential districts with corresponding masks and also their tiled version, ready to provide as a training data for machine learning models.Transformed-based neural network has undergone a training process on the Wietrznia dataset, targeted for semantic segmentation of the tiles into buildings and surroundings classes. After that, inference of the models was used to test model's generalization ability on the Pod Telegrafem dataset. The efficiency of the model was satisfying, so it can be used in automatic semantic building segmentation. Then, the process of dividing the images can be reversed and complete classification mask retrieved. This mask can be used for area of the buildings calculations and urban sprawl monitoring, if the research would be repeated for GIS data from wider time horizon.Since the dataset was collected from Kielce GIS portal, as the part of the Polish Main Office of Geodesy and Cartography data resource, it may be used only for non-profit and non-commertial purposes, in private or scientific applications, under the law "Ustawa z dnia 4 lutego 1994 r. o prawie autorskim i prawach pokrewnych (Dz.U. z 2006 r. nr 90 poz 631 z późn. zm.)". There are no other legal or ethical considerations in reuse potential.Data information is presented below.wietrznia_2019.jpg - orthophotomap of Wietrznia districtmodel's - used for training, as an explanatory imagewietrznia_2019.png - classification mask of Wietrznia district - used for model's training, as a target imagewietrznia_2019_validation.jpg - one image from Wietrznia district - used for model's validation during training phasepod_telegrafem_2019.jpg - orthophotomap of Pod Telegrafem district - used for model's evaluation after training phasewietrznia_2019 - folder with wietrznia_2019.jpg (image) and wietrznia_2019.png (annotation) images, divided into 810 tiles (512 x 512 pixels each), tiles with no information were manually removed, so the training data would contain only informative tilestiles presented - used for the model during training (images and annotations for fitting the model to the data)wietrznia_2019_vaidation - folder with wietrznia_2019_validation.jpg image divided into 16 tiles (256 x 256 pixels each) - tiles were presented to the model during training (images for validation model's efficiency); it was not the part of the training datapod_telegrafem_2019 - folder with pod_telegrafem.jpg image divided into 196 tiles (256 x 265 pixels each) - tiles were presented to the model during inference (images for evaluation model's robustness)Dataset was created as described below.Firstly, the orthophotomaps were collected from Kielce Geoportal (https://gis.kielce.eu). Kielce Geoportal offers a .pst recent map from April 2019. It is an orthophotomap with a resolution of 5 x 5 pixels, constructed from a plane flight at 700 meters over ground height, taken with a camera for vertical photos. Downloading was done by WMS in open-source QGIS software (https://www.qgis.org), as a 1:500 scale map, then converted to a 1200 dpi PNG image.Secondly, the map from Wietrznia residential district was manually labelled, also in QGIS, in the same scope, as the orthophotomap. Annotation based on land cover map information was also obtained from Kielce Geoportal. There are two classes - residential building and surrounding. Second map, from Pod Telegrafem district was not annotated, since it was used in the testing phase and imitates situation, where there is no annotation for the new data presented to the model.Next, the images was converted to an RGB JPG images, and the annotation map was converted to 8-bit GRAY PNG image.Finally, Wietrznia data files were tiled to 512 x 512 pixels tiles, in Python PIL library. Tiles with no information or a relatively small amount of information (only white background or mostly white background) were manually removed. So, from the 29113 x 15938 pixels orthophotomap, only 810 tiles with corresponding annotations were left, ready to train the machine learning model for the semantic segmentation task. Pod Telegrafem orthophotomap was tiled with no manual removing, so from the 7168 x 7168 pixels ortophotomap were created 197 tiles with 256 x 256 pixels resolution. There was also image of one residential building, used for model's validation during training phase, it was not the part of the training data, but was a part of Wietrznia residential area. It was 2048 x 2048 pixel ortophotomap, tiled to 16 tiles 256 x 265 pixels each.
Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License information was derived automatically
This dataset is part of the 2021 UN Open GIS Challenge 1 - Training on Satellite Data Analysis and Machine Learning with QGIS (Satellite_QGIS), Exercise 1: Supervised Change Detection: Monitoring deglaciation in Huascaran, Peru.
The folder structure is the following:
Clip: clipped images to the region of interest
Images: original images from Landsat 8, Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 satellites.
Preprocess: pre-processed images.
Reports: classification reports of the generated masks.
Results: classification maps.
RGB_Compositions: true color RGB compositions.
Stacks: multiband rasters with all bands stacked from Landsat 8 satellite.
Public Domain Mark 1.0https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
License information was derived automatically
Dataset contains training material on using open source Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to improve protected area planning and management from a workshop that was conducted on August 17-21, 2020. Specifically, the dataset contains lectures on GIS fundamentals, QGIS 3.x, and global positioning system (GPS), as well as country-specific datasets and a workbook containing exercises for viewing data, editing/creating datasets, and creating map products in QGIS. Supplemental videos that narrate a step-by-step recap and overview of these processes are found in the Related Content section of this dataset.
Funding for this workshop and material was funded by the Biodiversity and Protected Areas Management (BIOPAMA) programme. The BIOPAMA programme is an initiative of the Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) Group of States financed by the European Union's 11th European Development Fund. BIOPAMA is jointly implemented by the International Union for Conservation of Nature {IUCN) and the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission (EC-JRC). In the Pacific region, BIOPAMA is implemented by IUCN's Oceania Regional Office (IUCN ORO) in partnership with the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP). The overall objective of the BIOPAMA programme is to contribute to improving the long-term conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and natural resources in the Pacific ACP region in protected areas and surrounding communities through better use and monitoring of information and capacity development on management and governance.
Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License information was derived automatically
This dataset has been created to train Univ. Eiffel personnels on raster data handling with QGIS. It provides the following elements:
Geopackage database with the following layers:
QGIS project Extract from the SENTINEL-2 2022-06-11 B8A band Extract from the SENTINEL-2 2022-06-11 B12 band Extract from the SENTINEL-2 2022-07-21 B8A band Extract from the SENTINEL-2 2022-07-21 B12 band Reclassified delta NBR raster layer Delta NBR vector layer Studied area bounding box Intermediate results:
pre-event NBR raster file post-event NBR raster file Delta NBR raster file Delta NBR raster file multiplied by 1000 (for easier reclassification) Data sources IDs from opensearch-theia.cnes.fr-sentinel2-l2a catalogue :
SENTINEL2B_20220721-104826-811_L2A_T31TFL_D SENTINEL2B_20220611-104824-395_L2A_T31TFL_D
Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License information was derived automatically
Daten zu den Aufgaben aus der VU Angewandte GIS -Grundlagen.
http://openscienceasap.org/education/courses/vu-angewandte-gis-grundlagen/ https://github.com/skasberger/vu-angewandte-gis-grundlagen
CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedicationhttps://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
License information was derived automatically
Summary of topics to be covered in an ideal workshop as identified by workshop applicants in the workshop call for participation. We incorporated as many as possible that also fit our scope.
Raczynski, K., Xavier, F., & Cartwright, J. H. (2025). GEO Tutorial: Dealing with Coastal Flooding series, part 3A: Using Unsupervised Machine Learning For Land Use Land Cover Classification. Mississippi State University: Geosystems Research Institute. [View Document] GEO TutorialNumber of Pages: 5Publication Date: 06/2025This work was supported through funding by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Regional Geospatial Modeling Grant, Award # NA19NOS4730207.
Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License information was derived automatically
This resource contains data inputs and a Jupyter Notebook that is used to introduce Hydrologic Analysis using Terrain Analysis Using Digital Elevation Models (TauDEM) and Python. TauDEM is a free and open-source set of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) tools developed at Utah State University for the extraction and analysis of hydrologic information from topography. This resource is part of a HydroLearn Physical Hydrology learning module available at https://edx.hydrolearn.org/courses/course-v1:Utah_State_University+CEE6400+2019_Fall/about
In this activity, the student learns how to (1) derive hydrologically useful information from Digital Elevation Models (DEMs); (2) describe the sequence of steps involved in mapping stream networks, catchments, and watersheds; and (3) compute an approximate water balance for a watershed-based on publicly available data.
Please note that this exercise is designed for the Logan River watershed, which drains to USGS streamflow gauge 10109000 located just east of Logan, Utah. However, this Jupyter Notebook and the analysis can readily be applied to other locations of interest. If running the terrain analysis for other study sites, you need to prepare a DEM TIF file, an outlet shapefile for the area of interest, and the average annual streamflow and precipitation data. - There are several sources to obtain DEM data. In the U.S., the DEM data (with different spatial resolutions) can be obtained from the National Elevation Dataset available from the national map (http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/). Another DEM data source is the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (https://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/srtm/), an international research effort that obtained digital elevation models on a near-global scale (search for Digital Elevation at https://www.usgs.gov/centers/eros/science/usgs-eros-archive-products-overview?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects). - If not already available, you can generate the outlet shapefile by applying basic terrain analysis steps in geospatial information system models such as ArcGIS or QGIS. - You also need to obtain average annual streamflow and precipitation data for the watershed of interest to assess the annual water balance and calculate the runoff ratio in this exercise. In the U.S., the streamflow data can be obtained from the USGS NWIS website (https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis) and the precipitation from PRISM (https://prism.oregonstate.edu/normals/). Note that using other datasets may require preprocessing steps to make data ready to use for this exercise.
Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License information was derived automatically
This dataset contains the the EXPLORE Machine Learning Data Challenge 2022 QGIS project.
The project embed the following Archytas Dome layers:
Raster
Vectorial
More information at: https://exploredatachallenges.space/
Images were processed from NASA PDS raw data using USGS ISIS and NASA ASP tools.
https://www.marketreportanalytics.com/privacy-policyhttps://www.marketreportanalytics.com/privacy-policy
The global satellite remote sensing software market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing demand across diverse sectors. While precise figures for market size and CAGR aren't provided, considering the technological advancements and applications in agriculture (precision farming, crop monitoring), water conservancy (flood management, irrigation optimization), forest management (deforestation monitoring, resource assessment), and the public sector (urban planning, disaster response), a conservative estimate places the 2025 market size at approximately $2 billion. This figure reflects the substantial investments in satellite imagery acquisition and analysis capabilities worldwide. The market is further fueled by the rising adoption of cloud-based solutions, enhancing accessibility and scalability of software platforms. Trends such as the integration of AI and machine learning for automated image processing, the proliferation of high-resolution satellite imagery, and the increasing availability of open-source software are accelerating market expansion. However, factors such as the high cost of specialized software licenses and the need for skilled professionals to operate the sophisticated systems act as restraints. The market is segmented by application (agriculture, water conservancy, forest management, public sector, others) and software type (open-source, non-open-source). The North American and European markets currently hold significant shares, but the Asia-Pacific region is witnessing rapid growth due to increasing infrastructure development and government initiatives promoting geospatial technologies. This dynamic market landscape presents lucrative opportunities for both established players and emerging companies in the years to come. The forecast period (2025-2033) anticipates continued growth, with a projected CAGR of approximately 12%, driven by the aforementioned technological advancements and broadening applications across various industry verticals. The competitive landscape is comprised of both major players like ESRI, Trimble, and PCI Geomatica, offering comprehensive suites of software, and smaller, specialized companies focusing on niche applications or open-source solutions. The market is characterized by both proprietary and open-source software options. Open-source solutions like QGIS and GRASS GIS offer cost-effective alternatives, particularly for research and smaller organizations, while commercial solutions provide advanced functionalities and support. The increasing availability of cloud-based solutions is blurring the lines between these segments, with hybrid models emerging that combine the benefits of both. Future growth will be significantly influenced by collaborations between software providers and satellite imagery providers, fostering a more integrated ecosystem and streamlining the data acquisition and processing workflow. The market will continue to benefit from advancements in satellite technology, producing higher-resolution, more frequent, and more affordable imagery.
Public Domain Mark 1.0https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
License information was derived automatically
Dataset contains training material on using open source Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to improve protected area planning and management from a workshop that was conducted on February 26-28, 2020. Specifically, the dataset contains lectures on GIS fundamentals, QGIS 3.x, and global positioning system (GPS), as well as country-specific datasets and a workbook containing exercises for viewing data, editing/creating datasets, and creating map products in QGIS. Supplemental videos that narrate a step-by-step recap and overview of these processes are found in the Related Content section of this dataset.
Funding for this workshop and material was funded by the Biodiversity and Protected Areas Management (BIOPAMA) programme. The BIOPAMA programme is an initiative of the Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) Group of States financed by the European Union's 11th European Development Fund. BIOPAMA is jointly implemented by the International Union for Conservation of Nature {IUCN) and the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission (EC-JRC). In the Pacific region, BIOPAMA is implemented by IUCN's Oceania Regional Office (IUCN ORO) in partnership with the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP). The overall objective of the BIOPAMA programme is to contribute to improving the long-term conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and natural resources in the Pacific ACP region in protected areas and surrounding communities through better use and monitoring of information and capacity development on management and governance.
This is a feature class outlining Palm Oil Plantations in Ucayali Province in Peru. A small team of faculty and student researchers hand digitized polygons delineating palm oil plantations in Ucayali, Peru in support of SERVIR Amazonia goals. GIS experts used high-resolution (< 1 m) optical observations to identify areas of oil palm presence across different conditions (young vs. mature, industrial vs. small-scale). This hand-digitized oil palm presence map will serve as a calibration / validation dataset for an automated classification model using remote sensing observations. This task presented numerous challenges, namely the availability of cloud-free, high resolution imagery. Polygons were digitized from numerous imagery datasets including mosaiced basemap imagery from Maxar and Planet Scope. Whenever the high resolution Maxar imagery was available, it was used. In some cases, we were unable to procure imagery in the time frame. We provide a training document describing our methodology and process in QGIS, an open source geospatial software package so other researchers could repeat our methods at later times or different geographic extents. The major variables in our study were the spatial extents of the palm oil plantations, whether they were open or closed canopy, and the imagery data source
The Los Angeles County Storm Drain System is a geometric network model representing the storm drain infrastructure within Los Angeles County. The long term goal of this network is to seamlessly integrate the countywide drainage infrastructure, regardless of ownership or jurisdiction. Current uses by the Department of Public Works (DPW) include asset inventory, operational maintenance, and compliance with environmental regulations.
GIS DATA DOWNLOADS: (More information is in the table below)
File geodatabase: A limited set of feature classes comprise the majority of this geometric network. These nine feature classes are available in one file geodatabase (.gdb). ArcMap versions compatible with the .gdb are 10.1 and later. Read-only access is provided by the open-source software QGIS. Instructions on opening a .gdb file are available here, and a QGIS plugin can be downloaded here.
Acronyms and Definitions (pdf) are provided to better understand terms used.
ONLINE VIEWING: Use your PC’s browser to search for drains by street address or drain name and download engineering drawings. The Web Viewer link is: https://dpw.lacounty.gov/fcd/stormdrain/
MOBILE GIS: This storm drain system can also be viewed on mobile devices as well as your PC via ArcGIS Online. (As-built plans are not available with this mobile option.)
More About these Downloads All data added or updated by Public Works is contained in nine feature classes, with definitions listed below. The file geodatabase (.gdb) download contains these eleven feature classes without network connectivity. Feature classes include attributes with unabbreviated field names and domains.
ArcMap versions compatible with the .gdb are 10.1 and later.
Feature Class Download Description
CatchBasin In .gdb Catch basins collect urban runoff from gutters
Culvert In .gdb A relatively short conduit that conveys storm water runoff underneath a road or embankment. Typical materials include reinforced concrete pipe (RCP) and corrugated metal pipe (CMP). Typical shapes are circular, rectangular, elliptical, or arched.
ForceMain In .gdb Force mains carry stormwater uphill from pump stations into gravity mains and open channels.
GravityMain In .gdb Underground pipes and channels.
LateralLine In .gdb Laterals connect catch basins to underground gravity mains or open channels.
MaintenanceHole In .gdb The top opening to an underground gravity main used for inspection and maintenance.
NaturalDrainage In .gdb Streams and rivers that flow through natural creek beds
OpenChannel In .gdb Concrete lined stormwater channels.
PumpStation In .gdb Where terrain causes accumulation, lift stations are used to pump stormwater to where it can once again flow towards the ocean
Data Field Descriptions
Most of the feature classes in this storm drain geometric network share the same GIS table schema. Only the most critical attributes are listed here per LACFCD operations.
Attribute Description
ASBDATE The date the design plans were approved “as-built” or accepted as “final records”.
CROSS_SECTIN_SHAPE The cross-sectional shape of the pipe or channel. Examples include round, square, trapezoidal, arch, etc.
DIAMETER_HEIGHT The diameter of a round pipe or the height of an underground box or open channel.
DWGNO Drain Plan Drawing Number per LACFCD Nomenclature
EQNUM Asset No. assigned by the Department of Public Works’ (in Maximo Database).
MAINTAINED_BY Identifies, to the best of LAFCD’s knowledge, the agency responsible for maintaining the structure.
MOD_DATE Date the GIS features were last modified.
NAME Name of the individual drainage infrastructure.
OWNER Agency that owns the drainage infrastructure in question.
Q_DESIGN The peak storm water runoff used for the design of the drainage infrastructure.
SOFT_BOTTOM For open channels, indicates whether the channel invert is in its natural state (not lined).
SUBTYPE Most feature classes in this drainage geometric nature contain multiple subtypes.
UPDATED_BY The person who last updated the GIS feature.
WIDTH Width of a channel in feet.
Have you ever wanted to create your own maps, or integrate and visualize spatial datasets to examine changes in trends between locations and over time? Follow along with these training tutorials on QGIS, an open source geographic information system (GIS) and learn key concepts, procedures and skills for performing common GIS tasks – such as creating maps, as well as joining, overlaying and visualizing spatial datasets. These tutorials are geared towards new GIS users. We’ll start with foundational concepts, and build towards more advanced topics throughout – demonstrating how with a few relatively easy steps you can get quite a lot out of GIS. You can then extend these skills to datasets of thematic relevance to you in addressing tasks faced in your day-to-day work.