The Business Enterprise Research and Development Survey (BERD) and its immediate predecessors the Business R&D and Innovation Survey (BRDIS) and the Business Research and Development Survey (BRDS) are collectively referred to as BERD in this overview. BERD is the primary source of information on R&D expenditures and R&D employees of for-profit, publicly or privately held, nonfarm businesses with 10 or more employees in the United States that performed or funded R&D either domestically or abroad.

The Higher Education Research and Development (HERD) Survey is a dataset created by the U.S. National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NCSES), part of the National Science Foundation (NSF). It serves as the primary source for tracking research and development (R&D) expenditures at U.S. colleges and universities. The dataset collects detailed information on R&D spending by field of research, funding sources (e.g., federal, state, industry), types of research (basic, applied), and R&D personnel. Its purpose is to provide insights into academic R&D trends, supporting policy-making and resource allocation decisions. Key use cases include analyzing federal funding impacts, institutional research capacity, and workforce development in science and engineering. The survey covers institutions expending at least $150,000 in separately accounted R&D annually, ensuring comprehensive coverage of major research institutions. Unique aspects include its annual census design, granular breakdowns by discipline (e.g., computer sciences, biology), and historical tracking of long-term trends, such as the 11.2% increase in total higher education R&D expenditures reported for FY 2023 ($108 billion). Data are widely used for strategic planning in academia, government, and industry.

The purpose of the Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) Low Emissions R&D Survey, 2008 was to collect information on Research and Development (R&D) undertaken to develop material, products and processes with the main purpose of reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

The survey covered both privately and publicly funded low carbon innovation, surveying the top 4,000 innovators in the country. The survey examined the main focus of R&D investment in new products and services relating to:

• lowering energy consumption
• renewable energy
• reducing cost of established low energy consumption technology
• reducing agricultural greenhouse gas emissions
• second generation biofuels
• low carbon enabling products or technologies
• nuclear energy

The Business R&D and Innovation Survey (BRDIS) is a dataset created by the U.S. Census Bureau to provide detailed statistics on research and development (R&D) activities of U.S.-based companies. It tracks global and domestic R&D expenditures, the R&D workforce, intellectual property (IP) generation, technology transfer activities, and innovation trends. The survey serves as a critical resource for policymakers, researchers, and businesses to analyze investment in innovation, inform economic policies, and benchmark industry practices. Key features include granular data on R&D spending by industry, company size, and geographic location, as well as insights into collaboration between firms and academic institutions. The dataset replaced the older Survey of Industrial Research and Development (SIRD) in 2008, offering expanded scope and improved methodology. It is mandated under Title 13 of the U.S. Code, ensuring legal authority for data collection. Unique aspects of BRDIS include its focus on both manufacturing and nonmanufacturing sectors, detailed workforce metrics (e.g., R&D employee counts), and coverage of IP outputs like patents. Its predecessors, such as the Business Research and Development Survey (BRDS), were merged into the BERD framework, making it the primary source for understanding R&D dynamics in U.S. nonfarm businesses. The dataset supports academic research, industry strategy, and federal initiatives aimed at fostering innovation-driven economic growth.

This report presents the results of the survey of research and development (R&D) activities in the higher education sector – the Higher Education R&D Survey (HERD) – for the academic year 2014/15.

Expenditures and human resources devoted to research work in the higher education sector are measured biennially in the HERD survey. The sector includes the universities, institutes of technology, and other institutes that are in receipt of public funding and engaged in research and development activities.

Analysis of ‘Survey of R&D in the Higher Education Sector 2014-2015’ provided by Analyst-2 (analyst-2.ai), based on source dataset retrieved from http://data.europa.eu/88u/dataset/b9ecc6d6-adb4-45d0-9006-2e427331e4c7 on 16 January 2022.

--- Dataset description provided by original source is as follows ---

This report presents the results of the survey of research and development (R&D) activities in the higher education sector – the Higher Education R&D Survey (HERD) – for the academic year 2014/15.

Expenditures and human resources devoted to research work in the higher education sector are measured biennially in the HERD survey. The sector includes the universities, institutes of technology, and other institutes that are in receipt of public funding and engaged in research and development activities.

--- Original source retains full ownership of the source dataset ---

China Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: % of National Total data was reported at 78.090 % in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 77.569 % for 2020. China Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: % of National Total data is updated yearly, averaging 65.747 % from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2021, with 31 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 78.166 % in 2018 and a record low of 30.723 % in 1991. China Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: % of National Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.

The purpose of the study: to find out researchers' views on the barriers to science-business collaboration in R&D and the factors that promote it. Major investigated questions: respondents were asked whether they had been involved in joint R&D projects with companies carried out by their institution in the last 5 years. It was clarified whether respondent is individually involved in joint R&D projects with companies, not through research and study institutions, and has participated in several projects in the last 5 years. They were asked when they last participated in a joint R&D project with companies. They were asked whether they would like to carry out joint projects and what the reasons were for doing so. If they have not carried out joint R&D projects, they were asked about the reasons why they have not carried them out so far. The collaborative partners were asked why they participate in joint R&D projects with commercial enterprises and what common obstacles the respondents encounter in carrying out projects with commercial enterprises. It was explained that they have participated in joint R&D projects with business enterprises funded by the public sector in the period 2007-2013 or later. The survey further clarified whether the respondents are satisfied with the past results of R&D projects with business enterprises and how they evaluate the relationship between the past efforts in such projects and the benefits. Respondents were asked how they have benefited from joint R&D projects with companies. They were asked whether they intend to carry out R&D projects jointly with companies in the future and to what extent they expect to carry them out with former and/or existing partners (companies) in the future. Socio-demographic characteristics: age, gender, which unit head is the direct supervisor, how long has respondent worked in the unit, how many employees work in the unit, time spent on activities, main field of research, R&D, next ranking (occupied) leadership positions, county, institution in the company or business enterprise. This survey was conducted at the initiative of the Research and Higher Education Monitoring and Analysis Centre (MOSTA). On January 1, 2019, MOSTA was reorganized into the Government Strategic Analysis Center (STRATA).

The purpose of the study: to find out the opinion of researchers - managers about the obstacles to cooperation between science and business in the field of research and development and the factors that promote it. Major investigated questions: respondents were asked if they had held a management position in the last 5 years. Respondents were asked about their responsibilities and their experience of working with commercial enterprises in R&D. It was stated that in the last 5 years there were several projects with a unit or team of researchers. They were asked when they last participated in a joint R&D project (purchasing or selling R&D services) with commercial enterprises. They were asked if they would like to undertake joint projects and what the reasons were. Those who have not conducted joint R&D projects were asked to indicate the reasons why they have not conducted them with business enterprises so far, and those who do not want to do so - why they do not want to participate in joint projects. They were asked what would encourage them to carry out joint R&D projects with commercial enterprises. Staff were asked why they participate in joint R&D projects with commercial enterprises and the means by which they are carried out. After listing the intermediaries, they were asked to indicate which of them are involved in joint R&D projects with business enterprises. Respondents were asked to answer the general obstacles to carrying out projects with companies and to indicate whether or not the managed unit (research team) had carried out publicly funded R&D projects with companies during the period 2007-2013. It was asked about the main administrative obstacles to the smooth running of publicly funded R&D activities. Furthermore, it was clarified whether the respondents are satisfied with the results of R&D projects with companies so far and how they assess the relationship between the efforts made so far in R&D projects with companies and the benefits. Respondents were asked whether they intend to carry out R&D projects jointly with companies in the future and to what extent they are likely to carry out joint R&D projects with former and / or existing partners (companies) in the future. Socio-demographic characteristics: age, gender, which department is headed, how long is the head of the department, number of subordinates, time spent on activities, main field of science in which R&D is conducted, work in business after graduation, county, institution, type of leadership. This survey was conducted at the initiative of the Research and Higher Education Monitoring and Analysis Centre (MOSTA). On January 1, 2019, MOSTA was reorganized into the Government Strategic Analysis Center (STRATA).

Israel IL: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Employment In Industry data was reported at 42.230 Per 1000 in 2020. This records an increase from the previous number of 39.253 Per 1000 for 2019. Israel IL: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Employment In Industry data is updated yearly, averaging 24.164 Per 1000 from Dec 1997 (Median) to 2020, with 24 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 42.230 Per 1000 in 2020 and a record low of 14.840 Per 1000 in 1997. Israel IL: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Employment In Industry data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Israel – Table IL.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual. For Israel, defence R&D is excluded. Both the business enterprise and higher education surveys were improved in 2009, causing a break in series for the BERD financed by the rest of the world and by the Business Enterprise sector, as well as a break in 2007 for the HERD financed by the rest of the world and by the Higher Education sector. Since 2001, the government sector is covered by a survey; beforehand government R&D was estimated through financial reports and interviews of accountants. From 2000 onwards, hospitals were re-classified to the business sector from the government and PNP sectors.Data for the higher education sector are partly based on universities' financial reports. Before 2008, humanities and law are only partially covered in the higher education sector.The 2009 BERD survey has given more options to businesses to break down the data by sources of funds. Using the results of the 2009 survey, BERD and GERD financed by Business Enterprises and by the rest of the world were revised back to 1993.;

Definition of MSTI variables 'Value Added of Industry' and 'Industrial Employment':

R&D data are typically expressed as a percentage of GDP to allow cross-country comparisons. When compiling such indicators for the business enterprise sector, one may wish to exclude, from GDP measures, economic activities for which the Business R&D (BERD) is null or negligible by definition. By doing so, the adjusted denominator (GDP, or Value Added, excluding non-relevant industries) better correspond to the numerator (BERD) with which it is compared to.

The MSTI variable 'Value added in industry' is used to this end:

It is calculated as the total Gross Value Added (GVA) excluding 'real estate activities' (ISIC rev.4 68) where the 'imputed rent of owner-occupied dwellings', specific to the framework of the System of National Accounts, represents a significant share of total GVA and has no R&D counterpart. Moreover, the R&D performed by the community, social and personal services is mainly driven by R&D performers other than businesses.

Consequently, the following service industries are also excluded: ISIC rev.4 84 to 88 and 97 to 98. GVA data are presented at basic prices except for the People's Republic of China, Japan and New Zealand (expressed at producers' prices).In the same way, some indicators on R&D personnel in the business sector are expressed as a percentage of industrial employment. The latter corresponds to total employment excluding ISIC rev.4 68, 84 to 88 and 97 to 98.

The purpose of the study: to find out the opinion of business representatives about the obstacles to collaboration between science and business in R&D and the factors that promote it. Major investigated questions: respondents were asked about their company's R&D cooperation with universities and research institutes and with whom the company had joint projects, after which it carried out R&D activities or purchased services in the last 5 years. The role of the respondents in joint R&D projects with universities and research institutes was explained. Asked to indicate the total R&D projects with universities or research institutes in which the respondent company has participated in the last 5 years and when it last participated. Respondents were asked if their company conducts R&D projects directly with the help of staff from universities and / or research institutes, not through research and study institutions. Respondents were asked whether they would like to carry out joint R&D projects with universities or research institutes and what the main reasons were for doing so. Those who do not were asked to answer what are the main reasons why their company has not conducted R&D projects with universities or research institutes so far, and those who do not - why they do not want to participate in joint projects. It was asked what would encourage the implementation of joint R&D projects with universities or research institutes. It was further asked why the respondent company conducts or has conducted joint R&D projects with universities or research institutes and with what resources. After listing the intermediaries, respondents were asked which of them are involved in joint R&D projects with universities or research institutes. Respondents were asked to answer the general barriers to carrying out projects with universities and research institutes and to indicate whether their company had carried out publicly funded R&D projects with universities and research institutes in the period 2007-2013 or later. Questions were asked about the main administrative obstacles to the smooth running of publicly funded R&D activities. Furthermore, it was clarified whether the respondents are satisfied with the results of R&D projects with universities or research institutes so far and how they evaluate the relationship between the effort spent on R&D projects so far and the benefits. It was asked how the respondents' company benefits from joint R&D projects with universities or research institutes and how the results of joint R&D projects are used to achieve financial benefits. It was asked whether it intends to carry out R&D projects jointly with universities, research institutes in the future and to what extent it is likely to carry out joint R&D projects with former and / or current partners (universities, research institutes) in the future. Socio-demographic characteristics: legal form of the company, capital of the company, age of the company, number of employees, annual income of the company, in which county it is registered, narrowest smart specialization priority for R&D activities, gender, age, work in a university, research institute in a company, education. This survey was conducted at the initiative of the Research and Higher Education Monitoring and Analysis Centre (MOSTA). On January 1, 2019, MOSTA was reorganized into the Government Strategic Analysis Center (STRATA).

Taiwan R&D: Personnel data was reported at 322,596.000 Person in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 317,014.000 Person for 2016. Taiwan R&D: Personnel data is updated yearly, averaging 241,366.000 Person from Dec 1999 (Median) to 2017, with 19 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 322,596.000 Person in 2017 and a record low of 134,845.000 Person in 1999. Taiwan R&D: Personnel data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Ministry of Science and Technology. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Taiwan – Table TW.S011: National Science and Technology Survey: Research and Development: Personnel.

R&D: Expenditure: Business Enterprise (BE) data was reported at 419,989.000 NTD mn in 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of 397,163.000 NTD mn for 2015. R&D: Expenditure: Business Enterprise (BE) data is updated yearly, averaging 239,192.500 NTD mn from Dec 1999 (Median) to 2016, with 18 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 419,989.000 NTD mn in 2016 and a record low of 122,158.000 NTD mn in 1999. R&D: Expenditure: Business Enterprise (BE) data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Ministry of Science and Technology. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Taiwan – Table TW.S009: National Science and Technology Survey: Research and Development: Expenditure.

Taiwan R&D: Source of Fund: Business Enterprise data was reported at 455,675.000 NTD mn in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 420,872.000 NTD mn for 2016. Taiwan R&D: Source of Fund: Business Enterprise data is updated yearly, averaging 247,913.000 NTD mn from Dec 1999 (Median) to 2017, with 19 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 455,675.000 NTD mn in 2017 and a record low of 125,712.000 NTD mn in 1999. Taiwan R&D: Source of Fund: Business Enterprise data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Ministry of Science and Technology. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Taiwan – Table TW.S010: National Science and Technology Survey: Research and Development: Source of Fund.

These are the dataset and codebook used to estimate global and regional researcher headcount. They incorporateR&D personnel data from international sources to determine global and regional employer research-years, and couple with employee surveys, educational attainment, patent, publication, and population data. Sources and definitions are listed in the codebook. Transformations and results are described in an accompanying paper and presentation.

UK estimates of annual research and development (R&D) spending by UK businesses.

United States US: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Employment In Industry data was reported at 17.169 Per 1000 in 2020. This records an increase from the previous number of 15.152 Per 1000 for 2019. United States US: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Employment In Industry data is updated yearly, averaging 13.282 Per 1000 from Dec 2011 (Median) to 2020, with 10 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 17.169 Per 1000 in 2020 and a record low of 12.478 Per 1000 in 2012. United States US: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Employment In Industry data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

Definition of MSTI variables 'Value Added of Industry' and 'Industrial Employment':

R&D data are typically expressed as a percentage of GDP to allow cross-country comparisons. When compiling such indicators for the business enterprise sector, one may wish to exclude, from GDP measures, economic activities for which the Business R&D (BERD) is null or negligible by definition. By doing so, the adjusted denominator (GDP, or Value Added, excluding non-relevant industries) better correspond to the numerator (BERD) with which it is compared to.

The MSTI variable 'Value added in industry' is used to this end:

It is calculated as the total Gross Value Added (GVA) excluding 'real estate activities' (ISIC rev.4 68) where the 'imputed rent of owner-occupied dwellings', specific to the framework of the System of National Accounts, represents a significant share of total GVA and has no R&D counterpart. Moreover, the R&D performed by the community, social and personal services is mainly driven by R&D performers other than businesses.

Consequently, the following service industries are also excluded: ISIC rev.4 84 to 88 and 97 to 98. GVA data are presented at basic prices except for the People's Republic of China, Japan and New Zealand (expressed at producers' prices).In the same way, some indicators on R&D personnel in the business sector are expressed as a percentage of industrial employment. The latter corresponds to total employment excluding ISIC rev.4 68, 84 to 88 and 97 to 98.

In this presentation, Monia discusses innovation and provides definitions for the concepts, players and measures relating to R&D. She also introduces us to two new components of the business statistical system: the General Business Panel Survey (GBPS) and the Integrated Business Database (IBD).