In 2022, Cold Steel Mechanical, contracted by the Idaho Department of Water Resources (IDWR), drilled and constructed 12 wells in Raft River Valley, Idaho. The wells were drilled using compressed air, dual rotary methods and were fully cased to completed depths. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) collected groundwater level and select geophysical data at each well between November 15th and 18th, 2022. Geophysical data were collected using Century™ multi-parameter logging probes and select logs are displayed in well log figures. Select geophysical logs include natural gamma, neutron, gamma-gamma density, specific conductance, and temperature. Geophysical data shown in well log figures were collected using the natural gamma, temperature, and specific conductance probe (9042A), neutron probe (9057A), and gamma-gamma density probe (0024C). All geophysical data were collected through cased wells. For each well, the primary 9042A probe survey was conducted from the top-down and repeat 90 ...

Pseudoplanktonic crinoid raft colonies are an enigma of the Jurassic. These raft colonies are thought to have developed as floating filter-feeding communities due to an exceptionally rich oceanic niche, high in the water column enabling them to reach large densities on these log rafts. However, this pseudoplanktonic hypothesis has not been quantitatively tested, and there remains some doubt that this mode of life was possible. The ecological structure of the crinoid colony is resolved using spatial point process analyses and the duration estimates of the floating system until sinking using moisture diffusion models. Using spatial analysis, we found that the crinoids would have trailed preferentially positioned at the back of the floating log in the regions of least resistance, consistent with a floating, not benthic ecology. Additionally, we found using a series of moisture diffusion models at different log densities and sizes that ecosystem collapse did not take place solely due to colonies becoming overladen as previously assumed. Our analyses have found that these crinoid colonies studied could have existed for greater than 10 years, even up to 20 years exceeding the life expectancy of modern documented raft systems with possible implications for the role of modern raft communities in the biotic colonization of oceanic islands and intercontinental dispersal of marine and terrestrial species.

Numerous geophysical logs have been made in three deep wells and in several intermediate depth core holes in the Raft River geothermal reservoir, Idaho. Laboratory analyses of cores from the intermediate depth holes were used to provide a qualitative and quantitative basis for a detailed interpretation of logs from the shallow part of the reservoir. A less detailed interpretation of logs from the deeper part of the reservoir is based on much less corroborative evidence. Extensive use was made of computer plotting techniques to arrive at some interpretations. For more information on this resource, please see the link provided.

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