In 2021, more than 28.4 million people were estimated to reside within the Legal Amazon area in Brazil. Since 1970, the resident population in the region has quadrupled. The Legal Amazon in Brazil extends across nine Brazilian states, with the the largest area located in the state of Amazonas.

Strawberry guava (waiawī, Psidium cattleyanum O. Deg., Myrtaceae) is a small tree invasive on oceanic islands where it may alter forest ecosystem processes and community structure. To better understand the dynamics of its invasion in Hawaiian rainforests in anticipation of the release of a biocontrol agent, we measured growth and abundance of vertical stems >= 0.5 cm DBH for 16 years (2005-2020) in an intact Metrosideros-Cibotium rainforest on windward Hawai'i Island. Specifically, we compared the growth and abundance of both shoots (originating from seed or from the root mat) and sprouts (originating above ground from established stems) in four replicate study sites. Mean stem density increased from 9562 stems/ha in 2005 to 26,595 stems/ha in 2020, the majority of which were stems < 2 cm DBH. Mean annual rates of population growth (lambda) varied between 1.03 and 1.17. Early in the invasion, both density and per capita recruitment of shoots was greater than that of sprouts, but a..., Sites: We measured guava stem diameters annually between 2005 and 2020 at each of four replicate study plots selected to represent early stages of strawberry guava invasions in intact Metrosideros-Cibotium rainforest on windward Hawai'i Island (Juvik and Juvik 1998). Wet forests in Hawai'i are high priority conservation areas because of the biological diversity they harbor and their importance in the water economy of the islands (Jacobi and Warshauer 1992, Tunison 1992). Our study plots were established in the following conservation areas: Kahauale'a Natural Area Reserve (KAH, 19o10'N, 155o10'W), Pu'u Maka'ala Natural Area Reserve (MAK, 19o34'N, 155o11'W), Ola'a Forest Reserve (OLA, 19o27'N, 155o11'W), and Upper Waiakea Forest Reserve (WAI, 19o35'N, 155o12'W). All sites are at approximately 900 m elevation and distances between sites are 2 to 17 km. Estimated annual rainfall is 3000-4000 mm at OLA and KAH and 4000-5000 mm at WAI and MAK (Giambelluca et al. 1996). Projected mean annual ..., , # Strawberry guava invasion of a Hawaiian rainforest: Changing population pattern

https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.dr7sqvb42 This file provides information on the contents of the file “Psicat Demog 2005-2020 values 20231203.csv†. It is intended to accompany the manuscript titled “Strawberry guava invasion of a Hawaiian rainforest: Changing population pattern†authored by J. S. Denslow, M. T. Johnson, N. L. Chaney, E. C. Farrer. C. C. Horvitz, E. R. Nussbaum, and A. L. Uowolo which appears In the journal Biotropica. Please see the “Methods†section of that paper for more detail.

The file provides diameter at breast height (DBH, 1.37 m) of vertical strawberry guava (Psidium cattleyanum O. Deg. f. lucidum) stems measured annually (2005-2020) at 4 study sites in rainforest on windward Hawai'i Island.

KAH: Kahauale'a Natural Area Reserve

MAK: Puu Maka'ala Natural Area Reserve

OLA: Ola'a Forest Reserve

WAI: Upper Waiakea Forest Reserve

The ...

Abstract: This rainforest tree demographic data package comprises recruitment and mortality census data for rainforest trees Davies Creek Plot in Dinden National Park (25 km south west of Cairns), Queensland for 2017. This plot consists of one 1.7 hectare plot in tropical rainforest, established in 1963. Rainforest tree attributes recorded comprise the size (height or girth) of tagged and mapped, free-standing stems of shrub and tree species. Sampling has been undertaken at intervals of 1-6 years. The Davies Creek Plot was incorporated over an existing 0.4 ha plot established by the Queensland Department of Forestry in 1951 (Nicholson et al. 1988), so the central part of the Davies Creek Plot has records extending back more than a decade prior to 1963. This data package forms part of the collection of vegetation data undertaken at plots situated in both Lamington National Park and Davies Creek initiated by Professor Joseph H. Connell (University of California, Santa Barbara) in 1963.

A synopsis of related data packages which have been collected as part of the Connell Rainforest Plot Network’s full program is provided at https://doi.org/10.25911/5c13444388e1b.

Sampling method: The Dinden National Park Plot is a 1.7 hectare plot. The plot was selected by Prof. Joseph H. Connell in 1963 on the advice of his CSIRO collaborators Dr Len Webb and Mr Geoff Tracey, and was chosen for three reasons; it was accessible, it was unlogged, and a smaller 0.4 ha plot belonging to the Queensland Department of Forestry had already been established there in 1951. This plot is one of two plots established by Connell in 1963 – the other is in subtropical rainforest near O’Reilly’s Guesthouse in Lamington National Park, 65 km south of Brisbane. The same sampling methods are employed at both plots, at intervals of 1-6 years.

Project abstract: This group conducts research in the rainforest investigating tree demographics.

Project funding: The National Science Foundation was the sole funder of this research between 1963 and 2003.

Between 2012 and 2018 this project was soley funded through the Long Term Ecological Research Network (LTERN) a facility within the Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) and supported by the Australian Government through the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy.

The Amazon rainforest is known for being one of the most diverse ecosystems on Earth. According to the source, this biome located in South America was home to one in every ten known species on the planet. The Amazon basin spans across nine South American countries or territories: Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana. The region occupies an area of 2.6 million square miles, which represents around 40 percent of the total South American territory.

Early pioneer species share life histories enabling them to colonize disturbed sites, but how much they differ demographically and how such differentiation determines pioneer species turnover during succession are still open questions. Here, we approached these issues by comparing the demography of dominant pioneer tree species during the old-field succession of tropical rainforest in Southeast Mexico.

We assessed changes in population density, population structure, vital rates, and intrinsic population growth rate (r) of the pioneer species Trema micrantha, Cecropia peltata, and Trichospermum mexicanum during the first 35 years of succession. For this, we combined chronosequence and long-term (from 2000 to 2018) data from 14 old-fields with 0.5-35 years fallow age.

Trema colonized and disappeared first during succession (< 15 years), followed by Cecropia (< 28) and Trichospermum (> 31). All species exhibited hump-shaped successional trajectories of population density and biomass with Trema reaching a peak first, followed by Cecropia and later Trichospermum. Species exhibited a fast reduction in r with fallow age, with Trema reaching negative growth rates (r < 0) in the third, Cecropia in the fourth, and Trichospermum in the seventh year of succession. Recruitment, growth, and mortality rates of seedlings and juveniles defined the period of population increase and the age of succession at which each species reached maximum density and biomass. The mortality rate in mature stages determined how long each species persisted during succession. An important variation in species replacement occurred among study sites. In some sites one species was abundant and the others were almost absent, while it was the opposite in other sites. We inferred that priority inhibitory effects operated among species during the field colonization.

Synthesis: Although Trema, Cecropia, and Trichospermum are considered typical pioneer trees, these species differed importantly in their demographic attributes during succession. The speed at which r declined with age of succession indicated the moment at which each species reached its maximum density and species replacement sequence during succession. However, inter-specific priority inhibitory effects during field colonization may also be involved in the chance of colonization and replacement between species with similar regeneration strategies.

Methods Data were gathered from fourteen 10 x 50 m (500 m2) plots, eleven established in 2000, one in 2002, and two in 2004. All plots were established in abandoned cornfields. Due to the land-use dynamics in the region, the number of plots was unbalanced regarding fallow age. Nonetheless, the initial fallow age range (0.5-17 years) of the plots represented the most common secondary forest ages in the region. Trees of Cecropia peltata, Trema micrantha, and Trichospermum mexicanum with heights >= 1.5 m were monitored and measured in the entire plots every year until 2018. Individuals < 1.5 m height were monitored and measured in twenty 1 x 2 m subplots in five plots, which represented an initial fallow age range of 1.5 to 19 years. Additionally, in these five plots were sampled the seed rain (12 seed traps per plot, randomly distributed) and the seed bank (20 soil cores - 10 cm diameter, 10 cm depth- per plot, randomly distributed) during two years (2002-2004). Finally, in the year period 2017-2018, fecundity data was gathered from mature trees (> 5 cm DBH) of Cecropia and Trichospermum, which were located outside the plots. No fecundity data for Trema was collected.

Data were introduced into Excel files and regularly curated by a specialized technician.

Abstract The Southwestern Region of the Brazilian Amazon is formed by forests dominated by bamboos. The genus Guadua is endemic to the Americas, and little is known about the genetic diversity and structure of species of this genus. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity and structure of two native Guadua species in natural populations in the Southwestern region of the Brazilian Amazon. Therefore, the genetic diversity and structure of Guadua aff. chaparensis and Guadua aff. lynnclarkiae were evaluated with the use of microsatellite molecular markers (SSR). It was verified that the average genetic diversity for the populations studied was considered high ( H ^ e =0.5) compared to other species of bamboo. All populations had rare and private alleles, and none of them presented significant values of inbreeding. The populations were divergent ( G ^ ST = 0.46), resulting in a low apparent gene flow. The Bayesian analysis showed that among the 350 individuals analyzed, five groups (K=5) were formed, with little similarity among the groups (Populations), although two of them presented clonal individuals. According to the results obtained, it can be conclude that populations should be treated as having unique characteristics, mainly when accessed for management and for in situ and ex situ conservation studies.

Abstract: This rainforest tree data package comprises stand structure data for rainforest trees at the Davies Creek Plot in Dinden National Park, (25 km south west of Cairns), Queensland for 2013. This plot consists of one 1.7 hectare plot in tropical rainforest, established in 1963. Rainforest tree attributes recorded comprise the size (height or girth) of tagged and mapped, free-standing stems of shrub and tree species. Sampling has been undertaken at intervals of 1-6 years since 1963; this data package is from the most recent full re-census of the plot in October 2013, and essentially provides a snapshot of stand structure on the site. This data package forms part of the collection of vegetation data undertaken at plots situated in both Lamington National Park and Davies Creek initiated by Professor Joseph H. Connell (University of California, Santa Barbara) in 1963. A synopsis of related data packages which have been collected as part of the Connell Rainforest Plot Network’s full program is provided at https://doi.org/10.25911/5c13444388e1b.

Sampling method: The Dinden National Park Plot is a 1.7 hectare plot. The plot was selected by Prof. Joseph H. Connell in 1963 on the advice of his CSIRO collaborators Dr Len Webb and Mr Geoff Tracey, and was chosen for three reasons; it was accessible, it was unlogged, and a smaller 0.4 ha plot belonging to the Queensland Department of Forestry had already been established there in 1951. This plot is one of two plots established by Connell in 1963 – the other is in subtropical rainforest near O’Reilly’s Guesthouse in Lamington National Park, 65 km south of Brisbane. The same sampling methods are employed at both plots, at intervals of 1-6 years. See Connell Rainforest Plot Network’s full program provided at https://doi.org/10.25911/5c13444388e1b.

Study extent: None

Project abstract: This group conducts research in the rainforest looking at tree demographics.

Project funding: The National Science Foundation was the sole funder of this research between 1963 and 2003. Between 2012 and 2018 this project was soley funded through the Long Term Ecological Research Network (LTERN) a facility within the Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) and supported by the Australian Government through the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy.

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Abstract: his rainforest tree data package comprises stand structure data for rainforest trees at the O'Reilly's Connell Rainforest Plot, Lamington National Park (84 km south of Brisbane), Queensland for 2015. The O'Reilly's Plot consists of two 1.0 hectare plots spaced 600 m apart in sub-tropical rainforest, established in 1963. They have always been treated as a single unit for the purpose of analysis. Rainforest tree attributes recorded comprise the size (height or girth) of tagged and mapped, free-standing stems of shrub and tree species. Sampling has been undertaken at intervals of 1-6 years since 1963. It essentially provides a snapshot of stand structure on the site. This data package forms part of the collection of vegetation data undertaken at plots situated in both Lamington National Park and Davies Creek initiated by Professor Joseph H. Connell (University of California, Santa Barbara) in 1963.

A synopsis of related data packages which have been collected as part of the Connell Rainforest Plot Network's full program is provided at https://doi.org/10.25911/5c13444388e1b.

Sampling method: The O'Reilly's Plot consists of two 1.0 hectare plots spaced 600 m apart, which have always been treated as a single unit for the purpose of analysis. This data package forms part of the collection of vegetation data undertaken at plots in Lamington National Park which were initiated by Professor Joseph H. Connell (University of California, Santa Barbara) in 1963. The same sampling methods are employed in a related data package focussing on tropical rainforest plots at Davies Creek, Dinden National Park (1.7 ha, 25 km south-west of Cairns). Sampling has been undertaken at intervals of 1-6 years.

Project abstract: This group conducts research in the rainforest investigating tree demographics.

Project funding: The National Science Foundation was the sole funder of this research between 1963 and 2003.

Between 2012 and 2018 this project was part of, and funded through the Long Term Ecological Research Network (LTERN) a facility within the Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) and supported by the Australian Government through the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy.

Climate-driven biodiversity erosion is escalating at an alarming rate. The pressure imposed by climate change is exceptionally high in tropical ecosystems, where species adapted to narrow environmental ranges exhibit strong physiological constraints. Despite the observed detrimental effect of climate change on ecosystems at a global scale, our understanding of the extent to which multiple climatic drivers affect population dynamics is limited. Here, we disentangle the impact of different climatic stressors on 47 rainforest birds inhabiting the mountains of the Australian Wet Tropics using hierarchical population models. We estimate the effect of spatiotemporal changes in temperature, precipitation, heatwaves, droughts, and cyclones on the population dynamics of rainforest birds between 2000–2016. We find a strong effect of warming and changes in rainfall patterns across the elevational-segregated bird communities, with lowland populations benefiting from increasing temperature and preci...

The files stored under this doi are the sopporting information of the article "Lower Ungulate Population Density in Rainforests Under Anthropogenic influences" published at The Journal of Applied Ecology

Abstract: This rainforest tree demographic data package comprises recruitment, growth and mortality census data for rainforest trees at the O'Reilly's Plot, Lamington National Park (84 km south of Brisbane), Queensland for 2017. The O’Reilly’s Plot consists of two 1.0 hectare plots spaced 600 m apart in sub-tropical rainforest, which have always been treated as a single unit for the purpose of analysis. Rainforest tree attributes recorded comprise the size (height or girth) of tagged and mapped, free-standing stems of shrub and tree species. Sampling has been undertaken at intervals of 1-6 years. This data package forms part of the collection of vegetation data undertaken at plots situated in both Lamington National Park and Davies Creek initiated by Professor Joseph H. Connell (University of California, Santa Barbara) in 1963.

A synopsis of related data packages which have been collected as part of the Connell Rainforest Plot Network’s full program is provided at https://doi.org/10.25911/5c13444388e1b.

Sampling method: The O'Reilly's Plot consists of two 1.0 hectare plots spaced 600 m apart, which have always been treated as a single unit for the purpose of analysis. This data package forms part of the collection of vegetation data undertaken at plots in Lamington National Park which were initiated by Professor Joseph H. Connell (University of California, Santa Barbara) in 1963. The same sampling methods are employed in a related data package focussing on tropical rainforest plots at Davies Creek, Dinden National Park (1.7 ha, 25 km south-west of Cairns). Sampling has been undertaken at intervals of 1-6 years.

Project funding: The National Science Foundation was the sole funder of this research between 1963 and 2003.

\Between 2012 and 2018 this project was soley funded through the Long Term Ecological Research Network (LTERN) a facility within the Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) and supported by the Australian Government through the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy.

Droughts are expected to increase in frequency and severity with climate change. Population impacts of such harsh environmental events are theorized to vary with life history strategies among species. However, existing demographic models generally do not consider behavioral plasticity that may modify the impact of harsh events. Here we show that tropical songbirds in the New and Old World reduced reproduction during drought, with greater reductions in species with higher average long-term survival. Large reductions in reproduction by longer-lived species were associated with higher survival during drought than pre-drought years in Malaysia, whereas shorter-lived species maintained reproduction and survival decreased. Behavioral strategies of longer-lived, but not shorter-lived, species mitigated the effect of increasing drought frequency on long-term population growth. Behavioral plasticity can buffer the impact of climate change on populations of some species, and differences in plasti...

Aim: Species with wide distributions spanning the African Guinean and Congolian rainforests are often composed of genetically distinct populations or cryptic species with geographic distributions that mirror the locations of the remaining forest habitats. We used phylogeographic inference and demographic model testing to evaluate diversification models in a widespread rainforest species, the African Foam-nest Treefrog (Chiromantis rufescens). Location: Guinean and Congolian rainforests, West and Central Africa. Taxon: Chiromantis rufescens. Methods: We collected mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data for 130 samples of Chiromantis rufescens. After estimating population structure and inferring species trees using coalescent methods, we tested demographic models to evaluate alternative population divergence histories that varied with respect to gene flow, population size change, and periods of isolation and secondary contact. Species distribution models were used to identify regions of climatic stability that could have served as forest refugia since the Last Interglacial. Results: Population structure within Chiromantis rufescens resembles the major biogeographic regions of the Guinean and Congolian forests. Coalescent-based phylogenetic analyses provide strong support for an early divergence between the western Upper Guinean forest and the remaining populations. Demographic inferences support diversification models with gene flow and population size changes even in cases where contemporary populations are currently allopatric, which provides support for forest refugia and barrier models. Species distribution models suggest that forest refugia were available for each of the populations throughout the Pleistocene. Main conclusions: Considering historical demography is essential for understanding population diversification, especially in complex landscapes such as those found in the Guineo-Congolian forest. Population demographic inferences help connect patterns of genetic variation to diversification model predictions. The diversification history of Chiromantis rufescens was shaped by a variety of processes, including vicariance from river barriers, forest fragmentation, and adaptive evolution along environmental gradients.

Aim

The exceptionally rich biodiversity found in tropical rainforest is under threat from anthropogenic climate change. We recognize the threat, yet we have little knowledge of the capacity of tropical species to adjust their climate sensitivity in response to it. One indicator of a species’ capacity to adjust to different climates is the amount of intraspecific variation observed in its climate-relevant traits; if a climate-relevant trait varies, and this variation is correlated with local climates, it suggests the species can adjust the trait to different conditions through either phenotypic plasticity or evolutionary adaptation. Here, we test for intraspecific variation in climate-relevant traits in a rainforest specialist to shed light on the capacity of such species to adjust to different climates. Location

The Wet Tropics Bioregion, Australia. Methods

We studied 12 populations of a lizard that is a tropical rainforest specialist, the rainforest sunskink (Lampropholis coggeri), ...

Summary: Rondônia, Brazil Storymap metadata page: URL forthcoming Possible K-12 Next Generation Science standards addressed:Grade level(s) 3: Standard 3-ESS2-2 - Earth’s Systems - Obtain and combine information to describe climates in different regions of the worldGrade level(s) 5: Standard 5-ESS2-1 - Earth’s Systems - Develop a model using an example to describe ways the geosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and/or atmosphere interact.Grade level(s) 6-8: Standard MS-LS4-4 - Biological Evolution: Unity and Diversity - Construct an explanation based on evidence that describes how genetic variations of traits in a population increase some individuals’ probability of surviving and reproducing in a specific environmenGrade level(s) 6-8: Standard MS-LS4-6 - Biological Evolution: Unity and Diversity - Use mathematical representations to support explanations of how natural selection may lead to increases and decreases of specific traits in populations over timeGrade level(s) 6-8: Standard MS-ESS1-2 - Earth’s Place in the Universe - Develop and use a model to describe the role of gravity in the motions within galaxies and the solar systemGrade level(s) 6-8: Standard MS-ESS2-4 - Earth’s Systems - Develop a model to describe the cycling of water through Earth’s systems driven by energy from the sun and the force of gravityGrade level(s) 6-8: Standard MS-ESS2-6 - Earth’s Systems - Develop and use a model to describe how unequal heating and rotation of the Earth cause patterns of atmospheric and oceanic circulation that determine regional climates.Grade level(s) 9-12: Standard HS-PS1-2 - Matter and Its Interactions - Construct and revise an explanation for the outcome of a simple chemical reaction based on the outermost electron states of atoms, trends in the periodic table, and knowledge of the patterns of chemical propertiesGrade level(s) 9-12: Standard HS-LS2-1 - Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics - Use mathematical and/or computational representations to support explanations of factors that affect carrying capacity of ecosystems at different scalesGrade level(s) 9-12: Standard HS-LS4-4 - Biological Evolution: Unity and Diversity - Construct an explanation based on evidence for how natural selection leads to adaptation of populationsGrade level(s) 9-12: Standard HS-LS4-5 - Biological Evolution: Unity and Diversity - Evaluate the evidence supporting claims that changes in environmental conditions may result in (1) increases in the number of individuals of some species, (2) the emergence of new species over time, and (3) the extinction of other species.Grade level(s) 9-12: Standard HS-ESS2-2 - Earth’s Systems - Analyze geoscience data to make the claim that one change to Earth’s surface can create feedbacks that cause changes to other Earth systemsGrade level(s) 9-12: Standard HS-ESS2-4 - Earth’s Systems - Use a model to describe how variations in the flow of energy into and out of Earth’s systems result in changes in climateGrade level(s) 9-12: Standard HS-ESS3-1 - Earth and Human Activity - Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the availability of natural resources, occurrence of natural hazards, and changes in climate have influenced human activityGrade level(s) 9-12: Standard HS-ESS3-5 - Earth and Human Activity - Analyze geoscience data and the results from global climate models to make an evidence-based forecast of the current rate of global or regional climate change and associated future impacts to Earth’s systems.Most frequently used words:amazondeforestationrondôniaclimatestateApproximate Flesch-Kincaid reading grade level: 10.2. The FK reading grade level should be considered carefully against the grade level(s) in the NGSS content standards above.

The disjunct temperate rainforests of the Pacific Northwest of North America (PNW) are characterized by late-successional dominant tree species Thuja plicata (western redcedar) and Tsuga heterophylla (western hemlock). The demographic histories of these species, along with the PNW rainforest ecosystem in its entirety, have been heavily impacted by geological and climatic changes the PNW has experienced over the last 5 million years, including mountain orogeny and repeated Pleistocene glaciations. These environmental events have ultimately shaped the history of these species, with inland populations potentially being extirpated during the Pleistocene glaciations. Here, we collect genomic data for both species across their ranges to test multiple demographic models, each reflecting a different hypothesis on how the ecosystem-dominating species may have responded to dramatic climatic change. Our results indicate that inland and coastal populations in both species diverged approximately 2.5...

Habitat-specific thermal responses are well documented in various organisms and likely determine the vulnerability of populations to climate change. However, the underlying roles of genetics and plasticity that shape such habitat-specific patterns are rarely investigated together. Here we examined the thermal plasticity of the butterfly Bicyclus dorothea originating from rainforest and ecotone habitats in Cameroon under common garden conditions. We also sampled wild-caught butterflies from forest and ecotone sites and used RADseq to explore genome-wide population differentiation. We found differences in the level of phenotypic plasticity across habitats. Specifically, ecotone populations exhibited greater sensitivity in wing eyespot features with variable development temperatures relative to rainforest populations. Known adaptive roles of wing eyespots in Bicyclus species suggest that this morphological plasticity is likely under divergent selection across environmental gradients. Howev...

Additional files 1: Abundance and species richness data of frogs in the Andaman Islands collected by using open quadrats and bounded quadrats.

Southeast Asian rainforests at upper hill elevations are increasingly vulnerable to degradation because most lowland forest areas have been converted to different land uses. As such, understanding the genetics of upper hill species is becoming more crucial for their future management and conservation. Shorea platyclados is an important, widespread upper hill dipterocarp in Malaysia. To elucidate the genetic structure of S. platyclados and ultimately provide guidelines for a conservation strategy for this species, we carried out a comprehensive study of the genetic diversity and demographic history of S. platyclados. Twenty-seven populations of S. platyclados across its range in Malaysia were genotyped at 15 polymorphic microsatellite loci and sequenced at seven noncoding chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) regions. A total of 303 alleles were derived from the microsatellite loci, and 29 haplotypes were identified based on 2892 bp of concatenated cpDNA sequences. The populations showed moderately high genetic diversity (mean HE = 0.680 for microsatellite gene diversity and HT = 0.650 for total haplotype diversity) and low genetic differentiation (FST = 0.060). Bayesian clustering divided the studied populations into two groups corresponding to western and eastern Malaysia. Bottleneck analysis did not detect any recent bottleneck events. Extended Bayesian skyline analyses showed a model of constant size for the past population history of this species. Based on our findings, priority areas for in situ and ex situ conservation and a minimum population size are recommended for the sustainable utilization of S. platyclados.

Additional files 2: Abundance and species richness data of lizards in the Andaman Islands collected by using open quadrats and bounded quadrats.