The Federal Reserve's balance sheet has undergone significant changes since 2007, reflecting its response to major economic crises. From a modest *** trillion U.S. dollars at the end of 2007, it ballooned to approximately **** trillion U.S. dollars by June 2025. This dramatic expansion, particularly during the 2008 financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic - both of which resulted in negative annual GDP growth in the U.S. - showcases the Fed's crucial role in stabilizing the economy through expansionary monetary policies. Impact on inflation and interest rates The Fed's expansionary measures, while aimed at stimulating economic growth, have had notable effects on inflation and interest rates. Following the quantitative easing in 2020, inflation in the United States reached ***** percent in 2022, the highest since 1991. However, by *************, inflation had declined to *** percent. Concurrently, the Federal Reserve implemented a series of interest rate hikes, with the rate peaking at **** percent in ***********, before the first rate cut since ************** occurred in **************. Financial implications for the Federal Reserve The expansion of the Fed's balance sheet and subsequent interest rate hikes have had significant financial implications. In 2023, the Fed reported a negative net income of ***** billion U.S. dollars, a stark contrast to the ***** billion U.S. dollars profit in 2022. This unprecedented shift was primarily due to rapidly rising interest rates, which caused the Fed's interest expenses to soar to over *** billion U.S. dollars in 2023. Despite this, the Fed's net interest income on securities acquired through open market operations reached a record high of ****** billion U.S. dollars in the same year.

Germany's main stock market index, the DE40, rose to 24297 points on July 23, 2025, gaining 1.06% from the previous session. Over the past month, the index has climbed 2.77% and is up 32.14% compared to the same time last year, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks this benchmark index from Germany. Germany Stock Market Index (DE40) - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on July of 2025.

意大利10年期国债收益率于2025年7月22日降至3.46％，较前一交易日下降0.02个百分点。过去一个月，收益率下降了0.04个百分点，比一年前低了0.29个百分点，根据此政府债券到期的场外银行间收益报价。

The main stock market index of United States, the US500, rose to 6327 points on July 23, 2025, gaining 0.27% from the previous session. Over the past month, the index has climbed 3.85% and is up 16.57% compared to the same time last year, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks this benchmark index from United States. United States Stock Market Index - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on July of 2025.

Abstract

The World Bank is interested in gauging the views of clients and partners who are either involved in development in Ethiopia or who observe activities related to social and economic development. The World Bank Country Assessment Survey is meant to give the Bank's team that works in Ethiopia, more in-depth insight into how the Bank's work is perceived. This is one tool the Bank uses to assess the views of its critical stakeholders. With this understanding, the World Bank hopes to develop more effective strategies, outreach and programs that support development in Ethiopia. The World Bank commissioned an independent firm to oversee the logistics of this effort in Ethiopia.

The survey was designed to achieve the following objectives: - Assist the World Bank in gaining a better understanding of how stakeholders in Ethiopia perceive the Bank; - Obtain systematic feedback from stakeholders in Ethiopia regarding: · Their views regarding the general environment in Ethiopia; · Their perceived overall value of the World Bank in Ethiopia; · Overall impressions of the World Bank as related to programs, poverty reduction, personal relationships, effectiveness, knowledge base, collaboration, and its day-to-day operation; and · Perceptions of the World Bank's communication and outreach in Ethiopia. - Use data to help inform the Ethiopia country team's strategy.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

Stakeholder

Universe

Stakeholders of the World Bank in Ethiopia

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

In December 2011, 620 stakeholders of the World Bank in Ethiopia were invited to provide their opinions on the Bank's assistance to the country by participating in a country survey. Participants in the survey were drawn from among the office of the President or Prime Minister; the office of a Minister; the office of a Parliamentarian; employees of a ministry, ministerial department, or implementation agency; consultants/contractors working on World Bank supported projects/programs; project management units (PMUs); local government officials or staff; bilateral or multilateral agencies; private sector organizations; NGOs (including CBOs); the media; independent government institutions; trade unions; academia, research institutes or think tanks; and the judiciary.

Mode of data collection

Mail Questionnaire [mail]

Research instrument

The Questionnaire consists of 8 Sections:

1. Background Information: The first section asked respondents for their current position; specialization; familiarity, exposure to, and involvement with the Bank; geographic location; and age.

2. General Issues facing Ethiopia: Respondents were asked to indicate what they thought were the most important development priorities, which areas would contribute most to poverty reduction and economic growth in Ethiopia, whether Ethiopia is headed in the right direction, and whether the economy and standard living has improved in the past five years, as well as rating the extent to which Ethiopia was headed in the right direction in terms of specific development areas.

3. Overall Attitudes toward the World Bank: Respondents were asked to rate the extent to which the Bank meets Ethiopia's need for knowledge services, the extent to which the Bank encourages the government to see through reforms, and their agreement with various statements regarding the Bank's programs, poverty mission, relationships, and collaborations in Ethiopia. Respondents were also asked to indicate the areas on which it would be most productive for the Bank to focus its resources and research, what the Bank's level of involvement should be, what they felt were the Bank's greatest values and greatest weaknesses in its work, and with which groups the Bank should work more.

4. The Work of the World Bank: Respondents were asked to rate their level of importance and the Bank's level of effectiveness across twenty-two areas in which the Bank was involved, such as helping to reduce poverty and encouraging greater transparency in governance.

5. The Way the World Bank does Business: Respondents were asked to rate the Bank's level of effectiveness in the way it does business, including the Bank's knowledge, personal relationships, collaborations, and poverty mission.

6. Project/Program Related Issues: Respondents were asked to rate their level of agreement with a series of statements regarding the Bank's programs, day-to-day operations, and collaborations in Ethiopia.

7. The Future of the World Bank in Ethiopia: Respondents were asked to rate how significant a role the Bank should play in Ethiopia's development and to indicate what the Bank could to make itself of greater value and to what reasons respondents attributed failed or slow reform efforts.

8. Communication and Outreach: Respondents were asked to indicate where they get information about development issues and the Bank's development activities in Ethiopia, as well as how they prefer to receive information from the Bank. Respondents were also asked to indicate their usage of the Bank's website, PICs, and Development Information Corners, and to evaluate these communication and outreach efforts.

Response rate

A total of 326 stakeholders participated in the country survey (53%).

Abstract

The World Bank is interested in gauging the views of clients and partners who are either involved in development in Indonesia or who observe activities related to social and economic development. The World Bank Country Assessment Survey is meant to give the World Bank's team that works in Indonesia, more in-depth insight into how the Bank's work is perceived. This is one tool the World Bank uses to assess the views of its critical stakeholders. With this understanding, the World Bank hopes to develop more effective strategies, outreach and programs that support development in Indonesia. The World Bank commissioned an independent firm to oversee the logistics of this effort in Indonesia.

The survey was designed to achieve the following objectives: - Assist the World Bank in gaining a better understanding of how stakeholders in Indonesia perceive the Bank; - Obtain systematic feedback from stakeholders in Indonesia regarding: · Their views regarding the general environment in Indonesia; · Their overall attitudes toward the World Bank in Indonesia; · Overall impressions of the World Bank's effectiveness and results, knowledge and research, and communication and information sharing in Indonesia; and · Perceptions of the World Bank's future role in Indonesia. - Use data to help inform the Indonesia country team's strategy.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

Stakeholder

Universe

Stakeholders of the World Bank in Indonesia

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

In March and April 2012, 866 stakeholders of the World Bank in Indonesia were invited to provide their opinions on the Bank's assistance to the country by participating in a country survey. Participants in the survey were drawn from among the office of the President; the office of a Minister/Coordinating Minister; the office of a Parliamentarian; employees of a ministry, ministerial department, or implementation agency; consultants/contractors working on World Bank supported projects/programs; project management units (PMUs) overseeing implementation of project; local government officials or staff; bilateral agencies; multilateral agencies; private sector organizations; private foundations; financial sector/private banks; NGOs; community based organizations; the media; independent government institutions; trade unions; faith-based groups; academia, research institutes or think tanks; and the judiciary branch.

Mode of data collection

Mail Questionnaire [mail]

Research instrument

The Questionnaire consists of 8 Sections:

A. General Issues facing Indonesia: Respondents were asked to indicate whether Indonesia is headed in the right direction, what they thought were the top three most important development priorities, and which areas would contribute most to poverty reduction and economic growth in Indonesia.

B. Overall Attitudes toward the World Bank: Respondents were asked to rate their familiarity with the World Bank, the Bank’s effectiveness in Indonesia, the extent to which the Bank meets Indonesia’s need for knowledge services and financial instruments, the extent to which the Bank should and does seek to influence the global development agenda, their agreement with various statements regarding the Bank’s work in Indonesia, and the extent to which the Bank is an effective development partner. Respondents were also asked to indicate the sectoral areas on which it would be most productive for the Bank to focus its resources, the Bank’s greatest values and greatest weaknesses in its work, the Bank instruments that are most and least effective in reducing poverty, with which groups the Bank should work more, and to what reasons respondents attributed failed or slow reform efforts.

C. World Bank Effectiveness and Results: Respondents were asked to rate the extent to which the Bank’s work helps achieve sustainable development results in Indonesia and the Bank’s level of effectiveness across thirty-four development areas, such as poverty reduction, anti-corruption, and economic growth.

D. The World Bank’s Knowledge: Respondents were asked to indicate the areas on which the Bank should focus its research efforts and to rate the effectiveness and quality of the Bank’s knowledge/research, including how significant of a contribution the Bank’s knowledge and research make to development results, the technical quality of the Bank’s knowledge/ research, and the Bank’s effectiveness at providing linkage to non-Bank expertise.

E. Working with the World Bank: Respondents were asked to rate their level of agreement with a series of statements regarding working with the Bank, such as the Bank disbursing funds promptly, the World Bank safeguard policies requirements being reasonable, and working with the World Bank increasing Indonesia’s institutional capacity.

F. The Future Role of the World Bank in Indonesia: Respondents were asked to rate how significant a role the Bank should play in Indonesia’s development over the medium term and to indicate what the Bank should do to make itself of greater value in Indonesia.

G. Communication and Information Sharing: Respondents were asked to indicate where they get information about economic and social development issues, how they prefer to receive information from the Bank, and their access to the Internet. Respondents were asked about their awareness of the Bank’s Access to Information policy, past information requests from the Bank, and their level of agreement that they use more data from the World Bank as a result of the Bank’s Open Data policy. Respondents were asked to indicate their usage and evaluation of the Bank’s website and PICs. Respondents were also asked their level of agreement that they know how to find information from the Bank and that the Bank is responsive to information requests.

H. Background Information: Respondents were asked to indicate their current position, specialization, whether they professionally collaborate with the World Bank, their exposure to the Bank in Indonesia, and their geographic location.

Response rate

A total of 265 stakeholders participated in the country survey (31%).

Abstract

The World Bank is interested in gauging the views of clients and partners who are either involved in development in Sri Lanka or who observe activities related to social and economic development. The World Bank Country Assessment Survey is meant to give the Bank's team that works in Sri Lanka, more in-depth insight into how the Bank's work is perceived. This is one tool the Bank uses to assess the views of its critical stakeholders. With this understanding, the World Bank hopes to develop more effective strategies, outreach and programs that support development in Sri Lanka. The World Bank commissioned an independent firm to oversee the logistics of this effort in Sri Lanka.

The survey was designed to achieve the following objectives: - Assist the World Bank in gaining a better understanding of how stakeholders in Sri Lanka perceive the Bank; - Obtain systematic feedback from stakeholders in Sri Lanka regarding: · Their views regarding the general environment in Sri Lanka; · Their perceived overall value of the World Bank in Sri Lanka; · Overall impressions of the World Bank as related to programs, poverty reduction, personal relationships, effectiveness, knowledge base, collaboration, and its day-to-day operation; and · Perceptions of the World Bank's communication and outreach in Sri Lanka. - Use data to help inform the Sri Lanka country team's strategy.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

Stakeholder

Universe

Stakeholders of the World Bank in Sri Lanka

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

In December 2011 and January 2012, 550 stakeholders of the World Bank in Sri Lanka were invited to provide their opinions on the Bank's assistance to the country by participating in a country survey. Participants in the survey were drawn from among the office of the President, Prime Minister, or Minister; employees of a ministry or ministerial department; the office of a Parliamentarian; Project Implementation Units (PIUs) or Project Management Units (PMUs); local government officials or staff; bilateral or multilateral agencies; private sector organizations; NGOs (including CBOs); the media; independent government institutions; trade unions; faith-based groups; academia or research institutes; and the judiciary.

Mode of data collection

Mail Questionnaire [mail]

Research instrument

The Questionnaire consists of 8 Sections:

1. Background Information: The first section asked respondents for their current position; specialization; familiarity and involvement with the Bank; and geographic location.

2. General Issues facing Sri Lanka: Respondents were asked to indicate what they thought were the most important development priorities, and which areas would contribute most to poverty reduction and economic growth in Sri Lanka, as well as rating their perspective on the next generation in Sri Lanka.

3. Overall Attitudes toward the World Bank: Respondents were asked to rate the Bank’s overall effectiveness in Sri Lanka and their agreement with various statements regarding the Bank’s programs, poverty mission, relationships, and collaboration. Respondents were also asked to indicate the areas which they perceived as the Bank’s top priorities, the areas it would be most productive for the Bank to focus its resources and research, what the Bank’s level of involvement should be, the instrument most and least effective at reducing poverty in Sri Lanka, what they felt were the Bank’s greatest values and greatest weaknesses in its work, and with which groups the Bank should work more.

4. The Work of the World Bank: Respondents were asked to rate their level of importance and the Bank’s level of effectiveness across twenty-two areas in which the Bank was involved, such as helping to reduce poverty and encouraging greater transparency in governance.

5. The Way the World Bank does Business: Respondents were asked to rate the Bank’s level of effectiveness in the way it does business, including the Bank’s knowledge, personal relationships, collaborations, and poverty mission.

6. Project/Program Related Issues: Respondents were asked to rate their level of agreement with a series of statements regarding the Bank’s programs, day-to-day operations, and collaborations in Sri Lanka.

7. The Future of the World Bank in Sri Lanka: Respondents were asked to rate how significant a role the Bank should play in Sri Lanka’s development and to indicate what the Bank could to make itself of greater value and to what reasons respondents attributed failed or slow reform efforts.

8. Communication and Outreach: Respondents were asked to indicate where they get information about development issues and the Bank’s development activities in Sri Lanka, as well as how they prefer to receive information from the Bank. Respondents were also asked to indicate their awareness of the Bank’s Access to Information policy, their past experience requesting information, their access to the Internet, and their usage of the Bank’s website.

Response rate

A total of 296 stakeholders participated in the country survey (54%).

Australia's tourism gross domestic product (GDP) bounced back strong in 2023, recording an increase of 90.8 percent. In 2024, the country's tourism GDP increased by around 9.1 percent. After witnessing a significant decline in tourism GDP in 2020 and 2021, with tourism GDP taking a massive plunge of 36.2 percent in 2021 as a result of the coronavirus outbreak, the industry appears to be on the road to recovery. The state of the tourism industry in 2021 The coronavirus pandemic had an enormous negative effect on the travel and tourism industry worldwide. In Australia, all major tourism-related industries reported a decline in GVA on the previous year. International visitors were also restricted from entering the country, resulting in a significant drop in revenue from international visitors. China, as the origin of the COVID-19 virus, was the first country to be subjected to travel bans. This was particularly damaging to the Australian economy due to the high volume of Chinese visitors that visit Australia for work, leisure, and study. Hopes for a trans-Tasman travel bubble  Just as visitors to Australia were restricted, international travel for Australians became increasingly limited throughout 2020 and 2021. However, with New Zealand’s success at containing the virus, and incidents of COVID-19 in Australia declining at the end of April, the two countries opened negotiations for a “trans-Tasman travel bubble”. The concept would open travel for Australian and New Zealand residents across the Tasman sea, without the need to undergo quarantine in Australia or New Zealand. Unfortunately, after a second wave outbreak of coronavirus in Melbourne and subsequent outbreaks later in the year, the trans-Tasman bubble did not come to pass in 2020.

Crude Oil rose to 65.49 USD/Bbl on July 23, 2025, up 0.27% from the previous day. Over the past month, Crude Oil's price has risen 1.73%, but it is still 15.60% lower than a year ago, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks the benchmark market for this commodity. Crude Oil - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on July of 2025.

Abstract

The World Bank is interested in gauging the views of clients and partners who are either involved in development in Rwanda or who observe activities related to social and economic development. The World Bank Country Assessment Survey is meant to give the World Bank's team that works in Rwanda, greater insight into how the Bank's work is perceived. This is one tool the World Bank uses to assess the views of its critical stakeholders. With this understanding, the World Bank hopes to develop more effective strategies, outreach and programs that support development in Rwanda. The World Bank commissioned an independent firm to oversee the logistics of this effort in Rwanda.

The survey was designed to achieve the following objectives: - Assist the World Bank in gaining a better understanding of how stakeholders in Rwanda perceive the Bank; - Obtain systematic feedback from stakeholders in Rwanda regarding: · Their views regarding the general environment in Rwanda; · Their overall attitudes toward the World Bank in Rwanda; · Overall impressions of the World Bank's effectiveness and results, knowledge and research, and communication and information sharing in Rwanda; and · Perceptions of the World Bank's future role in Rwanda. - Use data to help inform the Rwanda country team's strategy.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

Stakeholder

Universe

Stakeholders of the World Bank in Rwanda

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

In February-March 2013, 826 stakeholders of the World Bank in Rwanda were invited to provide their opinions on the Bank's assistance to the country by participating in a country survey. Participants in the survey were drawn from among the office of the President; the office of the Prime Minister; the office of a Minister; the office of a Parliamentarian; employees of a ministry, ministerial department, or implementation agency; consultants/ contractors working on World Bank-supported projects/programs; project management units (PMUs) overseeing implementation of a project; local government officials or staff; bilateral and multilateral agencies1; private sector organizations; private foundations; the financial sector/private banks; NGOs/CSOs working in the areas of advocacy and implementation; community-based organizations (CBOs); the media; independent government institutions; trade unions; faith-based groups; academia/research institutes/think tanks; and the judiciary branch.

Mode of data collection

Mail Questionnaire [mail]

Research instrument

The Questionnaire consists of 8 Sections:

A. General Issues Facing Rwanda: Respondents were asked to indicate what they thought were the top three most important development priorities in the country, and which areas would contribute most to reducing poverty and generating economic growth in Rwanda.

B. Overall Attitudes toward the World Bank: Respondents were asked to rate their familiarity with the World Bank, the Bank's effectiveness in Rwanda, Bank staff preparedness to help Rwanda solve its development challenges, their agreement with various statements regarding the Bank's work, and the extent to which the Bank is an effective development partner. Respondents were also asked to indicate the sectoral areas on which it would be most productive for the Bank to focus its resources, the Bank's greatest values and greatest weaknesses in its work, the most effective instruments in helping to reduce poverty in Rwanda, with which stakeholder groups the Bank should collaborate more, and to what reasons respondents attributed failed or slow reform efforts.

C. World Bank Effectiveness and Results: Respondents were asked to rate the extent to which the Bank's work helps achieve development results in Rwanda, the extent to which the Bank meets Rwanda's needs for knowledge services and financial instruments, and the Bank's level of effectiveness across twenty-nine development areas, such as poverty reduction, economic growth, job creation, education, health, and others.

D. The World Bank's Knowledge: Respondents were asked to indicate how frequently they consult the Bank's knowledge work and activities, the areas on which the Bank should focus its research efforts, and to rate the effectiveness and quality of the Bank's knowledge/ research, including how significant of a contribution it makes to development results and its technical quality.

E. Working with the World Bank: Respondents were asked to rate their level of agreement with a series of statements regarding working with the Bank, such as the World Bank's "Safeguard Policy" requirements being reasonable, the Bank imposing reasonable conditions on its lending, disbursing funds promptly, increasing Rwanda's institutional capacity, and providing effective implementation support.

F. The Future Role of the World Bank in Rwanda: Respondents were asked to rate how significant a role the Bank should play in Rwanda's development in the near future and to indicate what the Bank should do to make itself of greater value.

G. Communication and Information Sharing: Respondents were asked to indicate how they get information about economic and social development issues, how they prefer to receive information from the Bank, and their usage and evaluation of the Bank's websites. Respondents were asked about their awareness of the Bank's Access to Information policy, past information requests from the Bank, and their level of agreement that they use more data from the World Bank as a result of the Bank's Open Data policy. Respondents were also asked about their level of agreement that they know how to find information from the Bank and that the Bank is responsive to information requests.

H. Background Information: Respondents were asked to indicate their current position, specialization, whether they professionally collaborate with the World Bank, their exposure to the Bank in Rwanda, and their geographic location.

Response rate

A total of 714 stakeholders participated in the country survey (86% response rate).

The USD/CNY exchange rate fell to 7.1472 on July 24, 2025, down 0.05% from the previous session. Over the past month, the Chinese Yuan has strengthened 0.28%, and is up by 1.28% over the last 12 months. Chinese Yuan - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on July of 2025.