The benchmark interest rate in the United States was last recorded at 4.50 percent. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - United States Fed Funds Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Following the BoE’s interest rate cut, explore the immediate impact on the UK economy and how finance professionals and businesses can navigate the prospect of future reductions.

The benchmark interest rate In the Euro Area was last recorded at 2.15 percent. This dataset provides - Euro Area Interest Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

It can be seen that the mortgage interest rate in Poland increased overall during the period under observation, reaching a value of *** percent as of the fourth quarter of 2024. Demand for mortgage loans in Poland      Despite the tightening of credit policy by banks, the demand for mortgage loans is not decreasing. The residential market has also seen increases both in sales and in the construction of new premises. The increase in salaries combined with the decrease in the mortgage loan cost results in Poles having no problems buying apartments despite high prices. Higher wages also affect their creditworthiness, which is essential when applying for a mortgage. The value of housing loans amounted to a record ***** billion zloty in 2019. Despite a decrease in 2017, the value of debt in 2019 increased by *** percent compared to the previous year. The increase in wealth has also been reflected in the average value of mortgages. In 2021, Bank Millennium granted the largest number of mortgages to Poles, although Bank ****** was the leader in terms of value.   Demand for housing in Poland      Despite a growing number of flats, the prices are not falling, but on the contrary, they are continually rising. An increase in prices was recorded in every major city. The annual rise in prices in many cities went up between ** and ** percent. The most significant price increase on the primary market was recorded in ******, while on the secondary market, Wroclaw prevailed. Nevertheless, Poles pay the most for a flat in the Polish capital Warsaw. In December 2024, the price per square meter of an apartment on the secondary market exceeded **** thousand zloty, while the price per square meter on the primary market was close to **** thousand zloty. However, the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak in Poland in March 2020 affected the investment plans in the real estate market. Both individual customers and developers recorded a significant decline in the number of construction projects commenced during this period.

Mortgage rates increased at a record pace in 2022, with the 10-year fixed mortgage rate doubling between March 2022 and December 2022. With inflation increasing, the Bank of England introduced several bank rate hikes, resulting in higher mortgage rates. In May 2025, the average 10-year fixed rate interest rate reached **** percent. As borrowing costs get higher, demand for housing is expected to decrease, leading to declining market sentiment and slower house price growth. How have the mortgage hikes affected the market? After surging in 2021, the number of residential properties sold declined in 2023, reaching just above *** million. Despite the number of transactions falling, this figure was higher than the period before the COVID-19 pandemic. The falling transaction volume also impacted mortgage borrowing. Between the first quarter of 2023 and the first quarter of 2024, the value of new mortgage loans fell year-on-year for five straight quarters in a row. How are higher mortgages affecting homebuyers? Homeowners with a mortgage loan usually lock in a fixed rate deal for two to ten years, meaning that after this period runs out, they need to renegotiate the terms of the loan. Many of the mortgages outstanding were taken out during the period of record-low mortgage rates and have since faced notable increases in their monthly repayment. About **** million homeowners are projected to see their deal expire by the end of 2026. About *** million of these loans are projected to experience a monthly payment increase of up to *** British pounds by 2026.

The benchmark interest rate in Poland was last recorded at 5 percent. This dataset provides - Poland Interest Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Lower Limit of First Home Mortgage Rate: above LPR: Fujian: Fuzhou data was reported at -0.200 % Point in 02 Apr 2024. This stayed constant from the previous number of -0.200 % Point for 01 Apr 2024. Lower Limit of First Home Mortgage Rate: above LPR: Fujian: Fuzhou data is updated daily, averaging 0.000 % Point from Oct 2019 (Median) to 02 Apr 2024, with 1639 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.000 % Point in 18 May 2022 and a record low of -0.200 % Point in 02 Apr 2024. Lower Limit of First Home Mortgage Rate: above LPR: Fujian: Fuzhou data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by The People's Bank of China. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Money Market, Interest Rate, Yield and Exchange Rate – Table CN.MA: Lower Limit of First Home Mortgage Rate: Prefecture Level City.

The benchmark interest rate in Australia was last recorded at 3.85 percent. This dataset provides - Australia Interest Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Mortgage interest rates in Spain soared in 2022, after falling below *** percent at the end of 2021. In the fourth quarter of 2024, the average weighted interest rate stood at **** percent. That was lower than the rate in the same period the previous year. Despite the increase, Spain had a considerably lower mortgage interest rate than many other European countries. The aftermath of the property bubble Before the bursting of the real estate bubble, the housing market experienced a period of intense activity. A context marked by economic growth, high employment rate, low interest rates, skyrocketing house prices and land speculation, among others, encourage massive lending for the acquisition of property; in 2005 alone, more than *** million home mortgages were granted in Spain. When the bubble burst and the financial crisis hit the country, residential real estate transactions plummeted and households’ non-performing loans jumped to nearly ** billion euros as countless families were not able to cope with their debts. Over a decade after the onset of the crisis, and despite falling mortgage rates, the volume of mortgage loans keeps decreasing every year. A homeowner country Traditionally, Spain has been a country of homeowners; in 2021, the homeownership rate was roughly ** percent. While nearly half of Spanish households own their property with no outstanding payment, the percentage of households that have loan or mortgage pending has been decreasing in recent years. Despite ownership remaining as the preferred tenure option, cultural changes, job insecurity and mounting house prices are prompting Spaniards to opt more and more to become tenants instead of owners, as shown in the changing dynamics of the Spanish residential rental market.

Lower Limit of First Home Mortgage Rate: Base Rate Discount: Hunan: Changsha data was reported at 70.000 % in 07 Oct 2019. This stayed constant from the previous number of 70.000 % for 06 Oct 2019. Lower Limit of First Home Mortgage Rate: Base Rate Discount: Hunan: Changsha data is updated daily, averaging 70.000 % from Jan 2019 (Median) to 07 Oct 2019, with 280 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 70.000 % in 07 Oct 2019 and a record low of 70.000 % in 07 Oct 2019. Lower Limit of First Home Mortgage Rate: Base Rate Discount: Hunan: Changsha data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by The People's Bank of China. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Money Market, Interest Rate, Yield and Exchange Rate – Table CN.MA: Lower Limit of First Home Mortgage Rate: Prefecture Level City.

More than ************* mortgage loans are projected to be affected by the increasing mortgage interest rates in Canada by 2025. About *********** of these mortgages are projected to be up for renewal in 2024. These loans were taken out at a time when interest rates were much lower, meaning that homeowners will be affected by a notable increase in their monthly payments.

Lower Limit of First Home Mortgage Rate: Base Rate Discount: Hubei: Shiyan data was reported at 70.000 % in 07 Oct 2019. This stayed constant from the previous number of 70.000 % for 06 Oct 2019. Lower Limit of First Home Mortgage Rate: Base Rate Discount: Hubei: Shiyan data is updated daily, averaging 70.000 % from Jan 2019 (Median) to 07 Oct 2019, with 280 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 70.000 % in 07 Oct 2019 and a record low of 70.000 % in 07 Oct 2019. Lower Limit of First Home Mortgage Rate: Base Rate Discount: Hubei: Shiyan data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by The People's Bank of China. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Money Market, Interest Rate, Yield and Exchange Rate – Table CN.MA: Lower Limit of First Home Mortgage Rate: Prefecture Level City.

Lower Limit of First Home Mortgage Rate: above LPR: Jilin: Changchun data was reported at -0.500 % Point in 23 May 2024. This stayed constant from the previous number of -0.500 % Point for 22 May 2024. Lower Limit of First Home Mortgage Rate: above LPR: Jilin: Changchun data is updated daily, averaging 0.050 % Point from Oct 2019 (Median) to 23 May 2024, with 1690 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.050 % Point in 14 May 2022 and a record low of -0.500 % Point in 23 May 2024. Lower Limit of First Home Mortgage Rate: above LPR: Jilin: Changchun data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by The People's Bank of China. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Money Market, Interest Rate, Yield and Exchange Rate – Table CN.MA: Lower Limit of First Home Mortgage Rate: Prefecture Level City.

Euro Area - Housing cost overburden rate: Tenant, rent at reduced price or free was 10.20% in December of 2024, according to the EUROSTAT. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for Euro Area - Housing cost overburden rate: Tenant, rent at reduced price or free - last updated from the EUROSTAT on July of 2025. Historically, Euro Area - Housing cost overburden rate: Tenant, rent at reduced price or free reached a record high of 12.20% in December of 2017 and a record low of 6.60% in December of 2009.

The Global Financial Crisis of 2008-09 was a period of severe macroeconomic instability for the United States and the global economy more generally. The crisis was precipitated by the collapse of a number of financial institutions who were deeply involved in the U.S. mortgage market and associated credit markets. Beginning in the Summer of 2007, a number of banks began to report issues with increasing mortgage delinquencies and the problem of not being able to accurately price derivatives contracts which were based on bundles of these U.S. residential mortgages. By the end of 2008, U.S. financial institutions had begun to fail due to their exposure to the housing market, leading to one of the deepest recessions in the history of the United States and to extensive government bailouts of the financial sector.

Subprime and the collapse of the U.S. mortgage market

The early 2000s had seen explosive growth in the U.S. mortgage market, as credit became cheaper due to the Federal Reserve's decision to lower interest rates in the aftermath of the 2001 'Dot Com' Crash, as well as because of the increasing globalization of financial flows which directed funds into U.S. financial markets. Lower mortgage rates gave incentive to financial institutions to begin lending to riskier borrowers, using so-called 'subprime' loans. These were loans to borrowers with poor credit scores, who would not have met the requirements for a conventional mortgage loan. In order to hedge against the risk of these riskier loans, financial institutions began to use complex financial instruments known as derivatives, which bundled mortgage loans together and allowed the risk of default to be sold on to willing investors. This practice was supposed to remove the risk from these loans, by effectively allowing credit institutions to buy insurance against delinquencies. Due to the fraudulent practices of credit ratings agencies, however, the price of these contacts did not reflect the real risk of the loans involved. As the reality of the inability of the borrowers to repay began to kick in during 2007, the financial markets which traded these derivatives came under increasing stress and eventually led to a 'sudden stop' in trading and credit intermediation during 2008.

Market Panic and The Great Recession

As borrowers failed to make repayments, this had a knock-on effect among financial institutions who were highly leveraged with financial instruments based on the mortgage market. Lehman Brothers, one of the world's largest investment banks, failed on September 15th 2008, causing widespread panic in financial markets. Due to the fear of an unprecedented collapse in the financial sector which would have untold consequences for the wider economy, the U.S. government and central bank, The Fed, intervened the following day to bailout the United States' largest insurance company, AIG, and to backstop financial markets. The crisis prompted a deep recession, known colloquially as The Great Recession, drawing parallels between this period and The Great Depression. The collapse of credit intermediation in the economy lead to further issues in the real economy, as business were increasingly unable to pay back loans and were forced to lay off staff, driving unemployment to a high of almost 10 percent in 2010. While there has been criticism of the U.S. government's actions to bailout the financial institutions involved, the actions of the government and the Fed are seen by many as having prevented the crisis from spiraling into a depression of the magnitude of The Great Depression.

The industry has largely continued on its long-term trajectory of decline over the last five years. The industry continues to lose market share to more dynamic commercial banks as well as financial technology companies. The industry received tailwinds from regulations and the real estate market as a result of the recovering economy and low interest rates related to the pandemic at the onset of the period, limiting the industry's overall decline. However, interest rates were raised significantly by the Federal Reserve following the pandemic to tackle rampant inflation, which attracted customers to low-risk and high-yield savings accounts. However, in 2024, the Federal Reserve cut interest rates as inflationary pressures eased and is anticipated to cut rates further in the near future, limiting demand for industry services. Savings institutions' revenue has lagged at a CAGR of 1.4% to $73.2 billion over the past five years, including an expected jump of 0.9% in 2024 alone. The main story of this industry over the last five years has been interest rate fluctuations. The Federal Reserve lowered rates to near-zero to save the economy from the global shutdowns and general fear. Lowered rates reduced interest income from deposits, but increased revenue related to the fervorous real estate market. In 2022, the Federal Reserve reversed course and began hiking rates to control inflation. This had the inverse effects of low rates. The Federal Reserve cut interest rates in 2024 but interest rates remain elevated. Although, reduced rates will decrease interest income from deposits but increase demand from real estate-related financial products. Decreased regulatory oversight and a broad-based economic recovery are expected to drive some industry growth in the next five years. Savings institutions' revenue is expected to grow at a CAGR of 0.9% to $76.7 billion over the five years to 2029.

The Check Cashing and Payday Loan Services industry accounts for nearly one-quarter of financial services spending by underbanked consumers. Due to a strict regulatory environment and decreased demand from consumers amid the pandemic, industry revenue endured notable volatility in 2020 due to an increase in government-issued stimulus checks, rent freezes, mortgage forbearances and establishment closures, which lowered spending and lowered demand for loan services. Nonetheless, the reopening of the economy and rising inflationary pressures that followed the pandemic increased consumers' dependence on the industry's array of services. However, the recent interest rate cut in 2024 by the FED will reduce consumers' dependence on the industry's services. Overall, these volatile economic trends boosted demand for loan services, with revenue growing at a CAGR of 2.0% through the end of 2023, reaching an estimated $21.4 billion in 2023. This includes an estimated 5.7% decline in 2023 alone. Profit is also projected to increase due to a significant reduction in wage costs. According to the Pew Charitable Trusts, 5.5% of US adults have used a payday loan at some point in time. Younger individuals who lack a college degree and generate less than $40,000 in annual income are the most likely to rely on payday loans. Given the industry's reliance on poorer consumers for revenue and the high interest rates they offer, regulatory agencies have sought to increase legislation surrounding payday loans and check cashing fees so they are not exploitative. Currently, 18 states and the District of Columbia either ban payday loans or cap the annual percentage rate (APR), primarily at a 36.0% annual percentage rate. Revenue is anticipated to shrink at a CAGR of 2.1% through the end of 2028, reaching an estimated $19.2 billion in 2028, as reduced inflationary pressures and increased fiscal flexibility from consumers will harm the industry. Implementing future regulations, particularly from federal regulators aiming to limit the industry's APR on payday loans, will mitigate revenue growth. Improvement in economic conditions is expected to reduce the reliance on loan services while a higher percentage of business conducted online will heighten external competition from online-only loan companies.

Finland - Dispersion around the at Risk of Poverty threshold: at Risk of Poverty rate (cut-off point: 70% of median equivalised income) was 21.00% in December of 2024, according to the EUROSTAT. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for Finland - Dispersion around the at Risk of Poverty threshold: at Risk of Poverty rate (cut-off point: 70% of median equivalised income) - last updated from the EUROSTAT on July of 2025. Historically, Finland - Dispersion around the at Risk of Poverty threshold: at Risk of Poverty rate (cut-off point: 70% of median equivalised income) reached a record high of 22.20% in December of 2014 and a record low of 20.00% in December of 2017.

Lower Limit of First Home Mortgage Rate: above LPR: Anhui: Bozhou data was reported at -0.200 % Point in 30 May 2024. This stayed constant from the previous number of -0.200 % Point for 29 May 2024. Lower Limit of First Home Mortgage Rate: above LPR: Anhui: Bozhou data is updated daily, averaging 0.000 % Point from Oct 2019 (Median) to 30 May 2024, with 1697 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.000 % Point in 14 May 2022 and a record low of -0.200 % Point in 30 May 2024. Lower Limit of First Home Mortgage Rate: above LPR: Anhui: Bozhou data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by The People's Bank of China. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Money Market, Interest Rate, Yield and Exchange Rate – Table CN.MA: Lower Limit of First Home Mortgage Rate: Prefecture Level City.

This dataset includes measurements of Fe reduction rates from laboratory and field measurements for Luquillo and Calhoun Experimental Forest soils. It also includes the Mathematica code used to draw the Figures for the corresponding paper