With average lending interest rates of less than ***** percent in 2023, Switzerland was the country with the lowest cost of borrowing money among the ones selected here. The average lending interest rate in China was **** percent, and in South Korea it was roughly *** percent. The average interest rate in the United States was **** in 2021, the latest available data, but the prime rate charged by banks in that country has increased since then.

CN: Lower Limit of First Home Mortgage Rate: above LPR: Anhui: Fuyang data was reported at -0.200 % Point in 30 May 2024. This stayed constant from the previous number of -0.200 % Point for 29 May 2024. CN: Lower Limit of First Home Mortgage Rate: above LPR: Anhui: Fuyang data is updated daily, averaging 0.000 % Point from Oct 2019 (Median) to 30 May 2024, with 1697 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.000 % Point in 14 May 2022 and a record low of -0.350 % Point in 31 Dec 2022. CN: Lower Limit of First Home Mortgage Rate: above LPR: Anhui: Fuyang data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by The People's Bank of China. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Money Market, Interest Rate, Yield and Exchange Rate – Table CN.MA: Lower Limit of First Home Mortgage Rate: Prefecture Level City.

Mortgage interest rates in Spain soared in 2022, after falling below 1.5 percent at the end of 2021. In the second quarter of 2024, the average weighted interest rate stood at 3.46 percent. That was lower than the rate in the same period the previous year. Despite the increase, Spain had a considerably lower mortgage interest rate than many other European countries.The aftermath of the property bubble Before the bursting of the real estate bubble, the housing market experienced a period of intense activity. A context marked by economic growth, high employment rate, low interest rates, skyrocketing house prices and land speculation, among others, encourage massive lending for the acquisition of property; in 2005 alone, more than 1.3 million home mortgages were granted in Spain. When the bubble burst and the financial crisis hit the country, residential real estate transactions plummeted and households’ non-performing loans jumped to nearly 50 billion euros as countless families were not able to cope with their debts. Over a decade after the onset of the crisis, and despite falling mortgage rates, the volume of mortgage loans keeps decreasing every year. A homeowner country Traditionally, Spain has been a country of homeowners; in 2021, the homeownership rate was roughly 76 percent. While nearly half of Spanish households own their property with no outstanding payment, the percentage of households that have loan or mortgage pending has been decreasing in recent years. Despite ownership remaining as the preferred tenure option, cultural changes, job insecurity and mounting house prices are prompting Spaniards to opt more and more to become tenants instead of owners, as shown in the changing dynamics of the Spanish residential rental market.

The data and code in this replication package reproduce all tables, figures, and all numbers that appear in the text in our manuscript "When Interest Rates Go Low, Should Public Debt Go High?". The package consists of two parts. The first part numerically solves the OLG models presented in Section 3 through 5 and generates all of the 10 figures, 6 tables as well as calibrated structural parameters in the paper using Matlab. The second part employs three data sources to compute the calibration targets in Section 5 in the paper using R. The replicator should run each part separately, with the first taking approximately 4-5 hours on an 8-core CPU and the second less than 1 minute.

Lower Limit of First Home Mortgage Rate: above LPR: Hebei: Handan data was reported at -0.200 % Point in 23 May 2024. This stayed constant from the previous number of -0.200 % Point for 22 May 2024. Lower Limit of First Home Mortgage Rate: above LPR: Hebei: Handan data is updated daily, averaging 0.000 % Point from Oct 2019 (Median) to 23 May 2024, with 1690 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.000 % Point in 16 May 2022 and a record low of -0.200 % Point in 23 May 2024. Lower Limit of First Home Mortgage Rate: above LPR: Hebei: Handan data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by The People's Bank of China. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Money Market, Interest Rate, Yield and Exchange Rate – Table CN.MA: Lower Limit of First Home Mortgage Rate: Prefecture Level City.

In 2022, Portugal overturned the sinking mortgage interest rate it had gone through during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. The country did not escape from the overall trend of falling mortgage interest rates observed in Europe during the COVID-19 crisis, which positioned national mortgage interest rates at **** percent in the fourth quarter of 2021. Interest rates as a weapon against inflation Even though interest rates are affected by economic growth, monetary policies, the bond market, the stability of lenders, and the overall conditions of the housing market, inflation currently leads the European Central Bank (ECB)’s decisions regarding them. As inflation had been low in Europe since the 2008 financial crisis, the ECB lowered interest rates in an attempt to promote economic growth. However, the economic difficulties brought up by the coronavirus pandemic and the Russian-Ukrainian war have fueled inflation. To counteract this rise, the ECB increased interest rates. Portugal’s abrupt rise in interest rates on new residential loans from **** percent in 2021 to **** percent in 2023 demonstrates the balanced and calculated act between the two financial indices. High interest rates and low mortgage lending Compared to other European nations, Portugal has a low gross residential mortgage lending. In the third and fourth quarters of 2022, mortgage lending decreased in the country due to rising interest rates and worsening economic conditions, but have increased dramatically until 2024. Despite being in a rising trajectory in terms of outstanding residential mortgage lending since the second quarter of 2021, 2023 registered decreasing figures caused by the same economic contingencies. 2024 shows a different trend, however.

In 2023, with just *** death per one thousand people, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates were the countries with the lowest death rates worldwide. This statistic shows a ranking of the 20 countries with the lowest death rates worldwide, as of 2023. Health in high-income countries Countries with the highest life expectancies are also often high-income countries with well-developed economic, social and health care systems, providing adequate resources and access to treatment for health concerns. Health care expenditure as a share of GDP varies per country; for example, spending in the United States is higher than in other OECD countries due to higher costs and prices for care services and products. In developed countries, the main burden of disease is often due to non-communicable diseases occurring in old age, such as cardiovascular diseases and cancer. High burden in low-income countries The countries with the lowest life expectancy worldwide are all in Africa- including Nigeria, Chad, and Lesotho- with life expectancies reaching up to 20 years shorter than the average global life expectancy. Leading causes of death in low-income countries include respiratory infections and diarrheal diseases, as these countries are often hit with the double burden of infectious diseases plus non-communicable diseases, such as those related to cardiovascular pathologies. Additionally, these countries often lack the resources and infrastructure to sustain effective healthcare systems and fail to provide appropriate access and treatment for their populations.

In Februar 2025, South Korea's central bank reduced the base rate to **** percent. Between May 2020 and January 2023, the rate had seen a continuous increase, impacting especially the housing market during this time.

The average for 2023 based on 7 countries was 29.25 percent. The highest value was in Argentina: 97.02 percent and the lowest value was in Guyana: 8.38 percent. The indicator is available from 1960 to 2023. Below is a chart for all countries where data are available.

Lower secondary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) in World was reported at 74.66 % in 2023, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. World - Lower secondary completion rate, total - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on June of 2025.

As of 2023, Slovenia had the lowest divorce rate in the world, with only one divorce per 1,000 population. Croatia and Farie Island followed with 1.1 and 1.2 divorces per 1,000 inhabitants, respectively. On the other hand, West Bank & the Gaza Strip had the highest marriage rate in the world that year.

Lower secondary completion rate, male (% of relevant age group) in Mexico was reported at 92.01 % in 2022, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Mexico - Lower secondary completion rate, male - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on May of 2025.

Following the drastic increase directly after the COVID-19 pandemic, the delinquency rate started to gradually decline, falling below 3.4 percent in the second quarter of 2023. In the second half of 2023, the delinquency rate picked up, but remained stable throughout 2024. In the first quarter of 2025, 4.04 percent of mortgage loans were delinquent. That was significantly lower than the 8.22 percent during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 or the peak of 9.3 percent during the subprime mortgage crisis of 2007-2010. What does the mortgage delinquency rate tell us? The mortgage delinquency rate is the share of the total number of mortgaged home loans in the U.S. where payment is overdue by 30 days or more. Many borrowers eventually manage to service their loan, though, as indicated by the markedly lower foreclosure rates. Total home mortgage debt in the U.S. stood at almost 13 trillion U.S. dollars in 2024. Not all mortgage loans are made equal ‘Subprime’ loans, being targeted at high-risk borrowers and generally coupled with higher interest rates to compensate for the risk. These loans have far higher delinquency rates than conventional loans. Defaulting on such loans was one of the triggers for the 2007-2010 financial crisis, with subprime delinquency rates reaching almost 26 percent around this time. These higher delinquency rates translate into higher foreclosure rates, which peaked at just under 15 percent of all subprime mortgages in 2011.

Lower secondary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) in Thailand was reported at 140 % in 2023, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Thailand - Lower secondary completion rate, total - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on June of 2025.

Lower secondary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) in Greece was reported at 95.23 % in 2022, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Greece - Lower secondary completion rate, total - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on June of 2025.

An important indicator of the financial strength of governmental entity is its bond rating. The bond rating is similar in nature to the credit score of an individual – the higher the score, the better the ability to borrow money to finance purchases at a lower interest rate. Similarly, the higher the bond rating for a governmental entity, the more opportunities to borrow money for capital needs at lower interest rates. A high bond rating is in excellent indicator of the overall financial health of a government.This measure is obtained each year when the city seeks to issue bonds to finance its’ projects. As part of this process, bond ratings are always obtained from the rating agencies: Standard & Poor’s. Fitch Ratings and Moody's Investor Service.This page provides data for the Bond Rating performance measure.Bond ratings are a reflection of the financial strength of an entity. A high rating means an entity can issue bonds to finance capital projects at lower interest rates; lower rates result in less interest to be paid on the repayment of the bonds. Ultimately, this lowers the costs of our capital projects to our taxpayers.The performance measure dashboard is available at 5.04 Bond Rating.Additional InformationSource: Standard & Poors, Moody's Investor Service, and Fitch Ratings are the major bond rating agencies in the United States and are widely used by governmental and non-governmental entities throughout the country.Contact: Jerry HartContact E-Mail: Jerry_Hart@tempe.govData Source Type: ExcelPreparation Method: ManualPublish Frequency: AnnuallyPublish Method: ManualData Dictionary

Total net enrolment rate, lower secondary, both sexes (%) in Malawi was reported at 81.44 % in 2019, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Malawi - Total net enrolment rate, lower secondary, both sexes - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on June of 2025.

Lower secondary completion rate, female (% of relevant age group) in Argentina was reported at 101 % in 2022, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Argentina - Lower secondary completion rate, female - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on June of 2025.

In 2023, **** percent of Black people living in the United States were living below the poverty line, compared to *** percent of white people. That year, the total poverty rate in the U.S. across all races and ethnicities was **** percent. Poverty in the United States Single people in the United States making less than ****** U.S. dollars a year and families of four making less than ****** U.S. dollars a year are considered to be below the poverty line. Women and children are more likely to suffer from poverty, due to women staying home more often than men to take care of children, and women suffering from the gender wage gap. Not only are women and children more likely to be affected, racial minorities are as well due to the discrimination they face. Poverty data Despite being one of the wealthiest nations in the world, the United States had the third highest poverty rate out of all OECD countries in 2019. However, the United States' poverty rate has been fluctuating since 1990, but has been decreasing since 2014. The average median household income in the U.S. has remained somewhat consistent since 1990, but has recently increased since 2014 until a slight decrease in 2020, potentially due to the pandemic. The state that had the highest number of people living below the poverty line in 2020 was California.

Female fertility was the highest in Yemen in 2019 at an approximate of 3.7 births per woman, followed by Iraq and Palestine at about 3.6 and 3.56 births per woman respectively. In comparison, the United Arab Emirates had the lowest fertility rate of about 1.4 births per woman in 2019.

Fertility rates over time

Fertility rates have been declining over the years from 2.9 in 2010 to 2.8 in 2018 in the Middle East and Africa region. The population of a country starts declining due to the decline in fertility rates when the fertility rate drops below the threshold of approximately 2.1. This effect is more prominent in countries with high child mortality rates as child survival is one of the main factors affecting fertility rates. Parents are more likely to attempt to replace lost children or have more children as insurance when experiencing early child mortality. In the MENA region, child mortality witnessed a significant decline over the past decade.

Factors affecting female fertility

The variation in fertility rates across countries is very evident. Developed countries have lower fertility rates between 1 to 3 births per female, while developing countries have higher rates that could reach 7 births per female. Female fertility rates drop as countries develop economically. It was found that a higher income and education decreases female fertility. Increasing the employment of women also reduces female fertility as it increases their opportunity cost of bearing children.