United States FOMC Projection: Federal Funds Rate: Range: Y3: Lower End data was reported at 2.400 % in Dec 2024. This stayed constant from the previous number of 2.400 % for Sep 2024. United States FOMC Projection: Federal Funds Rate: Range: Y3: Lower End data is updated quarterly, averaging 2.000 % from Sep 2015 (Median) to Dec 2024, with 20 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2.900 % in Sep 2015 and a record low of 0.100 % in Dec 2020. United States FOMC Projection: Federal Funds Rate: Range: Y3: Lower End data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal Reserve Board. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.M005: Federal Funds Rates: Summary of Economic Projections: Federal Reserve Board.

Household Saving Rate in the United States decreased to 4.50 percent in May from 4.90 percent in April of 2025. This dataset provides - United States Personal Savings Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The data and code in this replication package reproduce all tables, figures, and all numbers that appear in the text in our manuscript "When Interest Rates Go Low, Should Public Debt Go High?". The package consists of two parts. The first part numerically solves the OLG models presented in Section 3 through 5 and generates all of the 10 figures, 6 tables as well as calibrated structural parameters in the paper using Matlab. The second part employs three data sources to compute the calibration targets in Section 5 in the paper using R. The replicator should run each part separately, with the first taking approximately 4-5 hours on an 8-core CPU and the second less than 1 minute.

In 2022, Portugal overturned the sinking mortgage interest rate it had gone through during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. The country did not escape from the overall trend of falling mortgage interest rates observed in Europe during the COVID-19 crisis, which positioned national mortgage interest rates at **** percent in the fourth quarter of 2021. Interest rates as a weapon against inflation Even though interest rates are affected by economic growth, monetary policies, the bond market, the stability of lenders, and the overall conditions of the housing market, inflation currently leads the European Central Bank (ECB)’s decisions regarding them. As inflation had been low in Europe since the 2008 financial crisis, the ECB lowered interest rates in an attempt to promote economic growth. However, the economic difficulties brought up by the coronavirus pandemic and the Russian-Ukrainian war have fueled inflation. To counteract this rise, the ECB increased interest rates. Portugal’s abrupt rise in interest rates on new residential loans from **** percent in 2021 to **** percent in 2023 demonstrates the balanced and calculated act between the two financial indices. High interest rates and low mortgage lending Compared to other European nations, Portugal has a low gross residential mortgage lending. In the third and fourth quarters of 2022, mortgage lending decreased in the country due to rising interest rates and worsening economic conditions, but have increased dramatically until 2024. Despite being in a rising trajectory in terms of outstanding residential mortgage lending since the second quarter of 2021, 2023 registered decreasing figures caused by the same economic contingencies. 2024 shows a different trend, however.

CSI: Home Selling Conditions: Bad Time: Interest Rates High data was reported at 1.000 % in May 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 3.000 % for Apr 2018. CSI: Home Selling Conditions: Bad Time: Interest Rates High data is updated monthly, averaging 5.000 % from Nov 1992 (Median) to May 2018, with 307 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 19.000 % in Oct 2008 and a record low of 1.000 % in May 2018. CSI: Home Selling Conditions: Bad Time: Interest Rates High data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by University of Michigan. The data is categorized under Global Database’s USA – Table US.H036: Consumer Sentiment Index: Home Buying and Selling Conditions. The question was: Generally speaking, do you think now is a good time or a bad time to sell a house? Responses to the query 'Why do you say so?'

Mortgage interest rates in Spain soared in 2022, after falling below 1.5 percent at the end of 2021. In the second quarter of 2024, the average weighted interest rate stood at 3.46 percent. That was lower than the rate in the same period the previous year. Despite the increase, Spain had a considerably lower mortgage interest rate than many other European countries.The aftermath of the property bubble Before the bursting of the real estate bubble, the housing market experienced a period of intense activity. A context marked by economic growth, high employment rate, low interest rates, skyrocketing house prices and land speculation, among others, encourage massive lending for the acquisition of property; in 2005 alone, more than 1.3 million home mortgages were granted in Spain. When the bubble burst and the financial crisis hit the country, residential real estate transactions plummeted and households’ non-performing loans jumped to nearly 50 billion euros as countless families were not able to cope with their debts. Over a decade after the onset of the crisis, and despite falling mortgage rates, the volume of mortgage loans keeps decreasing every year. A homeowner country Traditionally, Spain has been a country of homeowners; in 2021, the homeownership rate was roughly 76 percent. While nearly half of Spanish households own their property with no outstanding payment, the percentage of households that have loan or mortgage pending has been decreasing in recent years. Despite ownership remaining as the preferred tenure option, cultural changes, job insecurity and mounting house prices are prompting Spaniards to opt more and more to become tenants instead of owners, as shown in the changing dynamics of the Spanish residential rental market.

FOMC Fed Funds Rate Projections - Low Range: 2 years of historical data from 2025 to 2027.

Lower Limit of First Home Mortgage Rate: above LPR: Hebei: Handan data was reported at -0.200 % Point in 23 May 2024. This stayed constant from the previous number of -0.200 % Point for 22 May 2024. Lower Limit of First Home Mortgage Rate: above LPR: Hebei: Handan data is updated daily, averaging 0.000 % Point from Oct 2019 (Median) to 23 May 2024, with 1690 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.000 % Point in 16 May 2022 and a record low of -0.200 % Point in 23 May 2024. Lower Limit of First Home Mortgage Rate: above LPR: Hebei: Handan data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by The People's Bank of China. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Money Market, Interest Rate, Yield and Exchange Rate – Table CN.MA: Lower Limit of First Home Mortgage Rate: Prefecture Level City.

Trinidad and Tobago TT: Real Interest Rate data was reported at 5.785 % pa in 2017. This records a decrease from the previous number of 7.248 % pa for 2016. Trinidad and Tobago TT: Real Interest Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 6.357 % pa from Dec 1983 (Median) to 2017, with 35 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 54.680 % pa in 2009 and a record low of -9.174 % pa in 2008. Trinidad and Tobago TT: Real Interest Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Trinidad and Tobago – Table TT.World Bank.WDI: Interest Rates. Real interest rate is the lending interest rate adjusted for inflation as measured by the GDP deflator. The terms and conditions attached to lending rates differ by country, however, limiting their comparability.; ; International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics and data files using World Bank data on the GDP deflator.; ;

Graph and download economic data for Home Price Index (Low Tier) for Miami, Florida (MIXRLTNSA) from Jan 1987 to Apr 2025 about low tier, Miami, HPI, housing, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

Lower secondary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) in World was reported at 74.66 % in 2023, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. World - Lower secondary completion rate, total - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on June of 2025.

Lower Limit of First Home Mortgage Rate: Base Rate Discount: Hubei: Yichang data was reported at 70.000 % in 07 Oct 2019. This stayed constant from the previous number of 70.000 % for 06 Oct 2019. Lower Limit of First Home Mortgage Rate: Base Rate Discount: Hubei: Yichang data is updated daily, averaging 70.000 % from Jan 2019 (Median) to 07 Oct 2019, with 280 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 70.000 % in 07 Oct 2019 and a record low of 70.000 % in 07 Oct 2019. Lower Limit of First Home Mortgage Rate: Base Rate Discount: Hubei: Yichang data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by The People's Bank of China. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Money Market, Interest Rate, Yield and Exchange Rate – Table CN.MA: Lower Limit of First Home Mortgage Rate: Prefecture Level City.

The unemployment rate in fiscal year 2204 rose to 3.9 percent. The unemployment rate of the United States which has been steadily decreasing since the 2008 financial crisis, spiked to 8.1 percent in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The annual unemployment rate of the U.S. since 1990 can be found here. Falling unemployment The unemployment rate, or the part of the U.S. labor force that is without a job, fell again in 2022 after peaking at 8.1 percent in 2020 - a rate that has not been seen since the years following the 2008 financial crisis. The financial crash caused unemployment in the U.S. to soar from 4.6 percent in 2007 to 9.6 percent in 2010. Since 2010, the unemployment rate had been steadily falling, meaning that more and more people are finding work, whether that be through full-time employment or part-time employment. However, the affects of the COVID-19 pandemic created a spike in unemployment across the country. U.S. unemployment in comparison Compared to unemployment rates in the European Union, U.S. unemployment is relatively low. Greece was hit particularly hard by the 2008 financial crisis and faced a government debt crisis that sent the Greek economy into a tailspin. Due to this crisis, and the added impact of the pandemic, Greece still has the highest unemployment rate in the European Union.

With average lending interest rates of **** percent in 2024, Switzerland was the country with the lowest cost of borrowing money among the ones selected here. The average lending interest rate in China was **** percent, and in South Korea it was roughly **** percent. The average interest rate in Israel was **** in 2022, the latest available data, but the prime rate charged by banks in that country has increased since then.

United States - Fertility Rate, Total for Low Income Countries was 4.53057 Births per Woman in January of 2023, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Fertility Rate, Total for Low Income Countries reached a record high of 6.74676 in January of 1972 and a record low of 4.53057 in January of 2023. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Fertility Rate, Total for Low Income Countries - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on June of 2025.

Lower secondary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) in Costa Rica was reported at 66.81 % in 2022, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Costa Rica - Lower secondary completion rate, total - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on July of 2025.

As of 2020, the annual growth rate of the low-code industry in China was roughly 80 percent, and the upward trend was estimated to continue at least until 2025. The market size of China's low-code industry amounted to almost 1.6 billion yuan in 2020 and was forecasted to increase to over 13 billion yuan at a compound annual growth rate of 52.6 percent in the coming years.

Lower secondary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) in Thailand was reported at 140 % in 2023, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Thailand - Lower secondary completion rate, total - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on June of 2025.

Graph and download economic data for Weighted-Average Effective Loan Rate for All Commercial and Industry Loans, Low Risk, Small Domestic Banks (DISCONTINUED) from Q2 1997 to Q2 2017 about low risk, weighted-average, average, commercial, domestic, loans, banks, depository institutions, industry, rate, and USA.

In Februar 2025, South Korea's central bank reduced the base rate to **** percent. Between May 2020 and January 2023, the rate had seen a continuous increase, impacting especially the housing market during this time.