In the United States, the prevalence of mental illness in the past year is more common among females than males and more common among the young than the old. As of 2024, some 26.7 percent of females reported some type of mental illness in the past year, compared to 20 percent of males. Common forms of mental illness include depression, anxiety disorders, and mood disorders. Depression Depression is one of the most common mental illnesses in the United States. Depression is defined by prolonged feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and despair leading to a loss of interest in activities once enjoyed, a loss of energy, trouble sleeping, and thoughts of death or suicide. It is estimated that around five percent of the U.S. population suffers from depression. Depression is more common among women with around six percent of women suffering from depression compared to four percent of men. Mental illness and substance abuse Data has shown that those who suffer from mental illness are more likely to suffer from substance abuse than those without mental illness. Those with mental illness are more likely to use illicit drugs such as heroin and cocaine, and to abuse prescription drugs than those without mental illness. As of 2023, around 7.9 percent of adults in the United States suffered from co-occuring mental illness and substance use disorder.

Percentage of persons aged 15 years and over by perceived mental health, by gender, for Canada, regions and provinces.

As of October 2021, women had the highest share of mental health disorders in India, amounting to ** percent and ** percent for stress and anxiety health disorder respectively. Comparatively, ** percent of men had depression as compared to women with ** percent during the same time period.

For a summary of the case study, please go to "Portfolio Project".

Context

This data analysis was meant to show that men have their own issues in society that are being ignored. The mental health has been declining especially for men. This decline worldwide maybe due to a multitude of other variables that may correlate such as: internet usage/social media usage, social belonging, work hours, dating apps, and physical health. This data analysis was meant to show that men have their own issues in society that are being ignored. This decline worldwide maybe due to a multitude of other variables that may correlate such as: internet usage/social media usage, social belonging, work hours, dating apps, and physical health. These variables may require a separate dataset going into more detail about them.

A space dedicated just for men and another just for women to speak about their problems with help and constructive criticism for growth and for social belonging maybe required to improve the mental health of society (among other variables). This does not mean that the struggles of women are nonexistent. There are already a multitude of datasets and articles dedicated to some of the possible struggles of women from MSNBC, CNN, NBC, BBC, Netflix movies, and even popular secular music like recent songs WAP from Megan Thee Stallion, God is a Women by Arianna Grande, etc. This dataset's objective was not made to continue to light a flame between the already hostile relationships that modern men and women have with each other. Awareness without bias is the goal.

For the results, please read the portfolio project and leave comments.

Content

Where the data were obtained:

1. The first excel file was obtained from https://data.world/vizzup/mental-health-depression-disorder-data/workspace/file?filename=Mental+health+Depression+disorder+Data.xlsx

2. The second excel file was obtained from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/male-vs-female-suicide

3. The third excel file was obtained from https://ourworldindata.org/suicide

4. The fourth excel file was obtained from https://ourworldindata.org/drug-use

Inspiration

I want to be the best data analyst ever, so criticism (regardless of the harshness), it will be greatly appreciated. What would you have added/improved on? Was it easy to understand? What else do you want me to make a dataset on?

BackgroundIntimate partner violence (IPV) against women is associated with a wide range of adverse outcomes. Although mental disorders have been linked to an increased risk of perpetrating IPV against women, the direction and magnitude of the association remain uncertain. In a longitudinal design, we examined the association between mental disorders and IPV perpetrated by men towards women in a population-based sample and used sibling comparisons to control for factors shared by siblings, such as genetic and early family environmental factors.Methods and findingsUsing Swedish nationwide registries, we identified men from 9 diagnostic groups over 1998–2013, with sample sizes ranging from 9,529 with autism to 88,182 with depressive disorder. We matched individuals by age and sex to general population controls (ranging from 186,017 to 1,719,318 controls), and calculated the hazard ratios of IPV against women. We also estimated the hazard ratios of IPV against women in unaffected full siblings (ranging from 4,818 to 37,885 individuals) compared with the population controls. Afterwards, we compared the hazard ratios for individuals with psychiatric diagnoses with those for siblings using the ratio of hazard ratios (RHR). In sensitivity analyses, we examined the contribution of previous IPV against women and common psychiatric comorbidities, substance use disorders and personality disorders. The average follow-up time across diagnoses ranged from 3.4 to 4.8 years. In comparison to general population controls, all psychiatric diagnoses studied except autism were associated with an increased risk of IPV against women in men, with hazard ratios ranging from 1.5 (95% CI 1.3–1.7) to 7.7 (7.2–8.3) (p-values < 0.001). In sibling analyses, we found that men with depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, alcohol use disorder, drug use disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and personality disorders had a higher risk of IPV against women than their unaffected siblings, with RHR values ranging from 1.7 (1.3–2.1) to 4.4 (3.7–5.2) (p-values < 0.001). Sensitivity analyses showed higher risk of IPV against women in men when comorbid substance use disorders and personality disorders were present, compared to risk when these comorbidities were absent. In addition, increased IPV risk was also found in those without previous IPV against women. The absolute rates of IPV against women ranged from 0.1% to 2.1% across diagnoses over 3.4 to 4.8 years. Individuals with alcohol use disorders (1.7%, 1,406/82,731) and drug use disorders (2.1%, 1,216/57,901) had the highest rates. Our analyses were restricted to IPV leading to arrest, suggesting that the applicability of our results may be limited to more severe forms of IPV perpetration.ConclusionsOur results indicate that most of the studied mental disorders are associated with an increased risk of perpetrating IPV towards women, and that substance use disorders, as principal or comorbid diagnoses, have the highest absolute and relative risks. The findings support the development of IPV risk identification and prevention services among men with substance use disorders as an approach to reduce the prevalence of IPV.

1children living at home and single stands for single/divorced/separated/widowed;2Area of residence: big cities: Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö; medium-sized cities: cities with more than 90 000 inhabitants within 30 km distance from the centre of the city; small cities/villages [32].

The study aimed to gain insight into the ways that narratives of self-responsibility were taken up and embodied - or alternatively, resisted - within economically disadvantaged communities; the ways that these narratives and associated welfare reforms impacted on mental distress; and the way that these narratives interconnected with the medicalisation and pathologisation of poverty-related distress. (1) The study involved sixteen focus groups with ninety-seven participants (aged 18-65) from economically disadvantaged communities to establish the source and impact of narratives of self-responsibility within people’s everyday lives (36 men, 61 women). (2)Fifty-seven low-income residents (aged 18-65) who had experienced poverty-related mental distress were also interviewed (26 men, 31 women) to understand the cause(s) of their distress, and their responses to this. Participants who were receiving mental health treatment at the time of the study, and participants who wanted more time to discuss their experiences were interviewed on two occasions (total interviews n=80), enabling us to track responses over time and facilitating the triangulation of data. All lived on low-incomes. Whilst not specifically asked to define their status in terms of class, people commonly defined themselves through characteristics or inferences usually associated with being ‘working class.’ (3) Interviews with General Practitioners (n=10) working in low income areas were undertaken to understand their experiences and the challenges they faced supporting mental health amongst patients experiencing poverty, and their perceptions of current treatment options. The provision of effective treatment and support for mental distress is a stated aim of the Department of Health and civil society organisations e.g. Mind. Yet despite a stated need to tackle health inequalities, current strategies e.g. Closing the Gap: Priorities for Essential Change in Mental Health (DoH 2014), frame mental distress as a psychological problem that lies within the individual concerned. This not only suggests that distress can be 'corrected' through medical treatment, but also masks the factors that often underlie the root causes of suffering e.g. poor living conditions, unemployment. At the same time, policies in place to restrict welfare support, and popular media e.g. Benefits Street, draw on moralising narratives that promote the idea that people are responsible for their own actions and circumstances. This research aims to explore how these moralising narratives impact on the ways that people in low-income communities perceive and respond to mental distress caused by material deprivation and social disadvantage, and to examine the impacts of this on their wellbeing. This was achieved through in-depth research in two low-income communities in the South West, which sought to understand: i) the way that moral narratives are defined and used or resisted in people's everyday lives in relation to mental distress; ii) the influence of moral narratives on people's decisions to seek medical support for distress; iii) how moral narratives manifest within GP consultations and influence treatment decisions and patient wellbeing; iv) which responses to mental distress have the potential to effectively support vulnerable populations, and to inform ethical debates on the medicalisation of distress in a way that benefits patients, and assists practitioners and policy makers seeking to support low-income communities. The DeStress Project was a two and half-year research project with two very low-income urban communities (one post-industrial, one coastal with a seasonal employment structure) in the UK’s south-west region. Ethics permission was obtained from the NHS Cambridgeshire and Hertfordshire Research Ethics Committee. The study aimed to gain insight into the ways that narratives of self-responsibility were taken up and embodied - or alternatively, resisted - within economically disadvantaged communities; the ways that these narratives and associated welfare reforms impacted on mental distress; and the way that these narratives interconnected with the medicalisation and pathologisation of poverty-related distress. (1) The study involved sixteen focus groups with ninety-seven participants (aged 18-65) from economically disadvantaged communities to establish the source and impact of narratives of self-responsibility within people’s everyday lives (36 men, 61 women). (2) Fifty-seven low-income residents (aged 18-65) who had experienced poverty-related mental distress were also interviewed (26 men, 31 women) to understand the cause(s) of their distress, and their responses to this. Of these participants, eighty one per cent had been prescribed antidepressants, whilst a further seven per cent had refused the prescription offered. The remaining thirteen per cent had been advised to self-refer to talking therapy, or had chosen to avoid interaction with health services. Potential participants were alerted to the study by community and health practitioners, social media and word-of-mouth and recruited through community groups and GP surgeries. Participants who were receiving mental health treatment at the time of the study, and participants who wanted more time to discuss their experiences were interviewed on two occasions (total interviews n=80), enabling us to track responses over time and facilitating the triangulation of data. In almost all cases, study participants had lived in an economically disadvantaged area throughout their lives, though older participants in one area had also lived there at a time when it was more prosperous. All lived on low-incomes. Whilst not specifically asked to define their status in terms of class, people commonly defined themselves through characteristics or inferences usually associated with being ‘working class.’ (3) Interviews with General Practitioners (n=10) working in low income areas were undertaken to understand their experiences and the challenges they faced supporting mental health amongst patients experiencing poverty, and their perceptions of current treatment options. Informal discussions with key service providers from health, education and social sectors were also undertaken to gain insight into their experiences of working with people living with the stresses of poverty. Sixteen focus groups with a total of ninety-seven participants, aged 18-65, from the two study sites (36 men and 61 women), with the gender ratio reflecting reported rates of common mental disorders in England (NHS Digital 2016) . Participants were recruited via community groups and settings, word of mouth and advertising on posters and social media. Participants were asked about the main health issues and stresses faced by local residents, how people respond to those stresses and their impact on wellbeing. In addition, eighty interviews were undertaken with fifty-seven residents (aged 18-65) who had experienced poverty-related distress (26 men, 31 women) to gain a more in-depth understanding of the source(s) of this distress, and their responses to it. Interviewees were recruited via the focus groups and word of mouth but also via GP surgeries to capture a broad range of views and experiences (including those who may be socially isolated). In the majority of cases, people had sought medical support for their distress, although two had chosen not to. Participants who were engaged in the health system for their distress at the time of the study, and participants who wanted more time to discuss their experiences were interviewed on two occasions, enabling us to capture any changes over time and understand the ongoing dynamic interaction between mental ill-health and welfare reform. The interviews and focus groups generated a rich body of narrative data that gives prominence to the voices and experiences of people living in low-income communities. This data has been supplemented with interviews with General Practitioners (n=10) to understand the challenges they face supporting people experiencing poverty-related distress.

Abstract Background. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is known as a stress-related disease which affects women more often than men. Music therapy (MT) has been shown to be effective in the treatment of MDD. However, clinical trials investigating the effects of MT on psychological and psychobiological stress-related outcomes in women suffering from MDD are still scarce. Methods. This study was conducted as a randomized controlled trial, with participants assigned to either an intervention group (IG), which received group MT (GMT), or a waitlist control group (CG) which received GMT 6 months later. The primary objective was to assess the impact of GMT on psychological stress outcomes (chronic stress, stress coping, and stress experienced in daily life) and psychobiological stress markers (diurnal salivary cortisol levels and circadian heart rate variability), considering the effects of both group allocation and time. Outcome measurements were taken before, immediately after, and for some variables, 10 weeks following the intervention period. Results. A total of 102 women between 18 and 65 years diagnosed with current MDD took part in the study. Overall, the IG demonstrated more substantial stress-reducing effects compared to the CG. Significant improvements were observed in general stress coping, positive thinking, daily life stress, and cortisol. Conclusion. GMT is a cost-effective and non-invasive approach to effectively address the stress-related psychological and psychobiological burden associated with MDD. To demonstrate long-term effects and gain a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms, further methodologically robust studies are needed.

Abstract Introduction Despite the results of epidemiological and psychometric studies reporting comparable levels of tobacco dependence among males and females, some clinical studies have detected disparities. Some smoking cessation studies based on clinical setting programs reported poorer outcomes among women than men. Methods This retrospective cohort study aimed to compare treatment success and retention between men and women on a smoking cessation program (n = 1,014) delivered at a CAPS-AD unit in Brazil. The psychological intervention lasted 6 weeks for each group of 15 patients. Each patient had to participate in weekly group cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) sessions and individual medical appointments during this period. These appointments were focused on the possibility of prescribing pharmacological treatment (i.e., nicotine replacement therapy, bupropion, or nortriptyline) as adjuvants to group therapy. Results The women had lower smoking severity at baseline, more clinical symptoms, and lower prevalence of alcohol and drug use disorders and were older than the men. Females had significantly higher levels of success (36.6% vs. 29.7%) and retention (51.6% vs. 41.4%) than males. Sensitivity analysis showed that female gender was significantly associated with both retention and success, among those without drug use disorders only. Conclusion Depending on the smoking cessation setting (i.e., low and middle-income countries and mental health and addiction care units), females can achieve similar and even higher quit rates than males. Previous drug use disorder was an important confounding variable in the gender outcomes analyses. Future studies should try to replicate these positive smoking cessation effects of CBT-based group therapy plus pharmacotherapy in women.

1children living at home; single includes single/divorced/separated/widowed;2Area of residence: big cities: Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö; medium-sized cities: cities with more than 90 000 inhabitants within 30 km distance from the centre of the city; small cities/villages [31].

IntroductionDomestic violence and abuse (DVA) are prevalent among persons with severe mental illness (SMI), being involved as victim, perpetrator, or both.AimsTo assess rates of DVA victimization and perpetration in patients with SMI. We also aimed to assess whether DVA victimization was associated with DVA perpetration, and whether this was mediated by dispositional anger in patients with SMI. Lastly, we aimed to examine whether gender moderated the associations between DVA victimization and perpetration.MethodsWe conducted a nation-wide survey on victimization in patients with SMI. In 942 patients DVA perpetration of physical assault and victimization of physical assault, sexual coercion or psychological aggression over the past year were assessed using the revised Conflict Tactics Scale. Anger was assessed using the dispositional anger reactions scale. Correlation and mediation analyses were conducted, followed by a moderated mediation to assess whether effects of anger differed between men and women.ResultsThe prevalence rate of perpetration of physical assault was 22%, for victimization 27% and 52% for both. We found a strong positive correlation between perpetrated physical assault and victimization of mild physical assault and between both the perpetration and victimization of severe physical assault. Anger mediated the link between being a victim of psychological aggression and being a perpetrator of DVA. Women were more likely to perpetrate violence if they were victims of mild physical assault compared to men. Other moderation effects by gender were not observed.Conclusion and implicationsThis study reveals persistent high DVA rates among patients with SMI. Overall, anger had no mediating effect on the association between victimization and perpetration of violence, except for psychological aggression and perpetration of DVA. This study emphasizes the importance of routine violence discussions in SMI care while taking context into account. However, further research on underlying mechanisms and interventions to improve discussions and care for victims and/or perpetrators of DVA is necessary.

**Citation Request: ** Koklu, N., & Sulak, S.A. (2024). Using artificial intelligence techniques for the analysis of obesity status according to the individuals' social and physical activities. Sinop Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(1), 217-239. https://doi.org/10.33484/sinopfbd.1445215

Obesity Dataset

Obesity is a serious and chronic disease with genetic and environmental interactions. It is defined as an excessive amount of fat tissue in the body that is harmful to health. The main risk factors for obesity include social, psychological, and eating habits. Obesity is a significant health problem for all age groups in the world. Currently, more than 2 billion people worldwide are obese or overweight. Research has shown that obesity can be prevented. In this study, artificial intelligence methods were used to identify individuals at risk of obesity. An online survey was conducted on 1610 individuals to create the obesity dataset. To analyze the survey data, four commonly used artificial intelligence methods in literature, namely Artificial Neural Network, K Nearest Neighbors, Random Forest and Support Vector Machine, were employed after pre-processing. As a result of this analysis, obesity classes were predicted correctly with success rates of 74.96%, 74.03%, 74.03% and 87.82%, respectively. Random Forest was the most successful artificial intelligence method for this dataset and accurately classified obesity with a success rate of 87.82%.

Attributes/Values Sex Male (712) Female (898)

Age Values in integers

Height Values in integers (cm)

Overweight/Obese Families Yes (266) No (1344)

Consumption of Fast Food Yes (436) No (1174)

Frequency of Consuming Vegetables Rarely (400) Sometimes (708) Always (502)

Number of Main Meals Daily 1. 1-2 (444) 3 (928) 3+ (238)

Food Intake Between Meals Rarely (346) Sometimes (564) Usually (417) Always (283)

Smoking Yes (492) No (1118)

Liquid Intake Daily amount smaller than one liter (456) Within the range of 1 to 2 liters (523) In excess of 2 liters (631)

Calculation Of Calorie Intake Yes (286) No (1324)

Physical Exercise No physical activity (206) In the range of 1-2 days (290) In the range of 3-4 days (370) In the range of 5-6 days (358) 6+ days (386)

Schedule Dedicated to Technology Between 0 and 2 hours (382) Between 3 and 5 hours (826) Exceeding five hours (402)

Type of Transportation Used Automobile (660) Motorbike (94) Bike (116) Public transportation (602) Walking (138)

Class Underweight (73) Normal (658) Overweight (592) Obesity (287)

To increase knowledge in the field of mental illness the PART study (Mental health, work and relationships) was started, an epidemiological study on psychological morbidity among 20-64-year olds in the Stockholm County population. Mental health is a public health problem, and if it increases, it is alarming in both human and socio-economic aspects. It is therefore important to identify the causes and if possible affect them. It is also important to identify risk groups in order to provide help as soon as the first symptoms appear, so that a long-term suffering can be prevented. In the PART study 10 441 individuals (5798 women and 4643 men) between 1998 and 2000, answered questions on living conditions, including working conditions and mental illness. This represented a response rate of 53%. Of these, 1100 participated in a psychiatric interview. PART II, which ran 2001-2003 was a continuation of this study, where those who responded to the first survey, answered an additional questionnaire with essentially the same issues. There were 8613 individuals who responded to both questionnaires. Substudies within PART are among others Work and mental health and Drinking habits and alcohol problems (AUDIT test). Purpose: The aims of the PART study: - To describe risk and protective factors for mental ill-health in the adult (20-64 years old) population of the Stockholm County. - To analyse the association between social, somatic, cognitive and mental ill-health. - To validate screening instruments for assessment of mental ill-health. - To analyse factors associated with meetable need of psychiatric, psychological and social services. - To analyse consequences of mental ill-health. - To analyse the outcome of both treated and untreated mental ill-health. - To describe the frequency of the most common axis I psychiatric symptoms and syndroms in the adult population. För att öka kunskaperna inom området psykisk ohälsa startades PART (Psykisk hälsa, Arbete, RelaTioner), en epidemiologisk studie som under sin första fas har kartlagt den psykiska sjukligheten bland 20-64-åringar i Stockholms läns befolkning. Psykisk ohälsa är ett folkhälsoproblem och om den ökar är det alarmerande både ur mänskliga och samhällsekonomiska aspekter. Det är därför viktigt att identifiera orsaker och om möjligt angripa dem. Det är också angeläget att identifiera riskgrupper för att kunna ge hjälp redan när de första symtomen dyker upp, så att ett långvarigt lidande kan förhindras. I PART-studien besvarade 10 441 personer (5798 kvinnor och 4643 män) mellan 1998 och 2000 en enkät om levnadsförhållanden, bland annat arbetsförhållanden och psykisk ohälsa. Detta utgjorde en svarsfrekvens på 53%. Av dessa deltog 1100 i en psykiatrisk intervju. I PART II som pågick 2001-2003 genomfördes en fortsättning av denna studie där de som svarade på den första enkäten fick ytterligare en enkät med i huvudsak samma frågor. Det var 8613 personer som svarade på båda enkäterna. Delstudier inom PART är bl.a. Arbetsliv och psykisk ohälsa och Alkoholvanor och alkoholproblem (AUDIT-testet). Syfte: Att beskriva risk- och skyddsfaktorer för psykisk ohälsa i befolkningen, att analysera samband mellan sociala faktorer, kroppslig ohälsa, kognitiva funktioner och psykisk ohälsa, att validera screeningsinstrument för psykisk ohälsa i befolkningen, att analysera faktorer som har samband med behov av psykiatriska, psykologiska och sociala behandlingsinsatser, att analysera sociala konsekvenser av psykisk ohälsa, att analysera förloppet av behandlad och obehandlad psykisk ohälsa, att analysera effekt av arbetslivs- och arbetsmarknadsförhållanden på psykisk ohälsa och att beskriva förekomsten av de vanligaste psykiatriska symtomen/diagnoserna (depression, ångest och alkohol-missbruk/beroende) i den vuxna befolkningen Self-administered questionnaire: paper Självadministrerat frågeformulär: papper Access Adaptation Alcohol Drinking Alcohol Related Dis... Alcoholism Alkoholism Alkoholkonsumtion Alkoholmissbruk Anxiety Anxiety Disorders Arbete Arbetsbelastning Arbetsmedicin och m... Befolkningskarakter... Behandlingsmetoder Behavior Behavior and Behavi... Behavioral Discipli... Behavioral Sciences Behavioral Symptoms Beteende Beteende och beteen... Beteendesymtom Beteendevetenskap Beteendevetenskapli... Blodprovstagning Blood Specimen Coll... CNS aktiva medel Causality Central Nervous Sys... Chemical Actions an... Chemically Induced ... Clinical Laboratory... Clinical Medicine Demografi Demography Depression Diagnos Diagnosis Diagnostic Techniqu... Diagnostiska teknik... Disease Attributes Disease Progression Drinking Behavior Drug Utilization Dryckesbeteende Emotioner Emotions Environment and Pub... Epidemiologi Epidemiologic Factors Epidemiologic Measu... Epidemiologic Methods Epidemiologiska fak... Epidemiologiska met... Epidemiologiska mät... Epidemiology Farmakologisk verkan Feeding and Eating ... Fobier Folkhälsa HEALTH Health Health Care Evaluat... Health Care Quality Health Occupations Health Sciences Health Services Adm... Health Status Human Activities HÄLSA Hälsa Hälso och sjukvårds... Hälsotillstånd Hälsovetenskap Interpersonal Relat... Investigative Techn... Kemisk verkan och a... Kemiskt orsakade sj... Kirurgiska ingrepp Klinisk medicin Kliniska laboratori... Life Change Events Life Style Livsavgörande hände... Livsstil Läkemedelsförsörjning Mat och ätstörningar Matematik Matematiska begrepp Mathematical Concepts Mathematics Medical and Health ... Medicin Medicin och hälsove... Medicine Mellanmänskliga rel... Mental Disorders Mental Health Miljö och folkhälsa Missbruksrelaterade... Mänskliga aktiviteter Natural Science Dis... Naturvetenskaper Neuropsychological ... Neuropsykologiska t... Obsessive Compulsiv... Occupational Health... Occupations Operative Organisation och ad... Organization and Ad... Orsakssammanhang Panic Disorder Panikattack Pathologic Processes Pathological Condit... Patologiska processer Patologiska tillstånd Personaladministration Personalbemanning o... Personnel Management Personnel Staffing ... Pharmacologic Actions Pharmacy Administra... Phobic Disorders Population Characte... Probability Provhantering Psychiatric Status ... Psychiatry Psychological Psychological Pheno... Psychological Tests Psychology Psychotropic Drugs Psykiatri Psykiatriska skattn... Psykisk hälsa Psykiska störningar Psykofarmaka Psykologi Psykologisk anpassning Psykologiska fenomen Psykologiska tester Public Health Punctures Punktioner Quality of Health Care Risk Risk Factors Riskfaktorer Samhällsvetenskap Sannolikhet Self Injurious Beha... Signs and Symptoms Sjukdomsförlopp Sjukdomssymtom Självdestruktivt be... Självmord Självmordstankar Social Social Problems Social Sciences Sociala problem Socialpsykologi Socioeconomic Factors Socioekonomiska fak... Sociologi Sociological Factors Sociologiska faktorer Sociology Specimen Handling Statistics as Topic Statistik som ämne Substance Related D... Suicidal Ideation Suicide Surgical Procedures Terapeutisk användning Therapeutic Uses Therapeutics Tvångssyndrom Utredningsmetoder Utvärderingsmetoder... Vårdkvalitet Vårdyrken Work Workload Yrken and Evaluation anställningsvillkor arbete och sysselsä... conditions of emplo... demografi demography health services hospital services hospitalization hälsovård labour and employment leave ledighet sick leave sjukfrånvaro sjukhusvistelser sjukhusvård social välfärd social welfare tecken och symtom tillgång och utvärd... Ångest Ångeststörningar

The population study of women in Gothenburg is a population study based at the University of Gothenburg. The study started as a cross-sectional study in 1968 including 1462 women aged 38, 46, 50 and 60 years. The participants have after that been followed-up with regular examinations in 1974-75, 1980-81, 1992-1993, 2000-2001, 2004-2005, 2009-2010 and 2016-2017. In addition, new participants have been included. During the examinations 2004-2005 and 2016-2017, only women 38 and 50 years old were invited to participate with the purpose of enabling comparison of these age cohorts. The study comprises physical and mental disease as well as health, social and psychological circumstances and data regarding food and dental health. To study determinants among middle age women that have importance for the development of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, dementia and other mental illness in high age is possible because of the long running follow-ups, high participant rates, and thorough mapping of non-participants and data regarding morbidity and mortality. The study covers both longitudinal trends (change in individuals over time) and secular trends (changes in the population over time). This implies the possibility to study e.g. whether the increased consumption of oestrogenic hormones and new antidepressive agents in the population has influenced the occurrence of cardiovascular disease, dementia, depression and the proportion that are under treatment. The long-running follow-up has also made it possible to study the long term prognosis for these diseases and whether the risk for prolonged illness increases with older age. In addition, women from different birth cohorts are examined at certain ages to investigate secular trends in health related variables, such as obesity and dental health. The questionnaires have been changed as little as possible between each survey. Data from 1968 and 1974 are available from SND. The population study of women in Gothenburg collaborates with the H70 study which started in 1971, a cross-sectional study of men and women in Gothenburg aged 70 years. It is coordinated by several researcher groups, especially the groups handling general medicine, epidemiology, psychiatry and geriatrics. When the participants turned 70 years old, they were invited to participate in the H70 study (1992, 2000), and a follow-up examination of 75 years old participants 2005-2006.

Purpose:

The purpose of this study was initially to investigate anemia and health factors related to menopause, but has later also included examination of determinants among middle age women that have importance for the development of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, dementia and other mental illness in high age.

ObjectiveThere is currently inconclusive evidence regarding the relationship between recidivism and mental illness. This retrospective study aimed to use rigorous machine learning methods to understand the unique predictive utility of mental illness for recidivism in a general population (i.e.; not only those with mental illness) prison sample in the United States.MethodParticipants were adult men (n = 322) and women (n = 72) who were recruited from three prisons in the Midwest region of the United States. Three model comparisons using Bayesian correlated t-tests were conducted to understand the incremental predictive utility of mental illness, substance use, and crime and demographic variables for recidivism prediction. Three classification statistical algorithms were considered while evaluating model configurations for the t-tests: elastic net logistic regression (GLMnet), k-nearest neighbors (KNN), and random forests (RF).ResultsRates of substance use disorders were particularly high in our sample (86.29%). Mental illness variables and substance use variables did not add predictive utility for recidivism prediction over and above crime and demographic variables. Exploratory analyses comparing the crime and demographic, substance use, and mental illness feature sets to null models found that only the crime and demographics model had an increased likelihood of improving recidivism prediction accuracy.ConclusionsDespite not finding a direct relationship between mental illness and recidivism, treatment of mental illness in incarcerated populations is still essential due to the high rates of mental illnesses, the legal imperative, the possibility of decreasing institutional disciplinary burden, the opportunity to increase the effectiveness of rehabilitation programs in prison, and the potential to improve meaningful outcomes beyond recidivism following release.

Stress exposures and dysregulated responses to stress are implicated in psychiatric disorders of mood, anxiety, and cognition. Perceived stress, an individual's appraisal of experienced stress and ability for coping, relates to dysregulated functioning in resting state brain networks. Alterations in GABAergic function may underlie perceived stress-related functional dysregulation in resting state networks but this has not yet been explored. Therefore, the current study examined the association of perceived stress, via the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), with prefrontal GABA levels and corresponding resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) alterations. Twelve women and five men, ages 35–61, participated. MR spectroscopy was used to measure brain GABA levels in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC). Resting state functional scans acquired at 3 Tesla were used to measure RSFC within and between the default mode (DMN), salience (SN), and central executive networks (CEN), hippocampus and amygdala. We observed significant negative correlations between total PSS scores and left DLPFC GABA levels (r = −0.62, p = 0.023). However, PSS scores were not significantly correlated with RSFC measures (all p > 0.148). These preliminary results support a relationship between perceived stress and GABAergic functioning in DLPFC, a core node of the CEN, an intrinsic network thought to underlie goal-directed attentional processes. Our findings extend previous work suggesting that functioning in the CEN is related to perceived stress and may inform treatment strategies to improve outcomes in stress-related conditions.

Intimate partner femicide—the killing of women based on their gender by their former or current partners—is a global long-standing manifestation of violence against women. Despite the enactment of femicide-specific laws in Latin America, femicide rates have remained relatively constant throughout the last decade. Often perpetrators are pathologized as suffering from mental illness, yet the data on their mental health status is still relatively unknown. Thus, more research is needed to understand the extent of poor mental health among these individuals. The purpose of this study was to compare levels of psychopathy, psychological distress, and treatment history among an all-male sample of intimate partner femicide perpetrators, male-male homicide perpetrators, and offenders convicted of other violent crimes in Buenos Aires, Argentina. This study utilized a cross-sectional survey based on data derived from a two-stage sampling strategy. The questionnaire included two standardized instruments for the measurement of psychopathy (revised Psychopathy checklist and the Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy scale) and one for general distress (Spanish version of 12-item General Health Questionnaire). The final sample included 205 prisoners including 68 intimate partner femicide perpetrators, 73 homicide perpetrators, and 64 individuals convicted of other violent crimes. There were no significant differences across these groups based on their socio-demographic characteristics. Participants did not differ in terms of their psychopathology; however, femicide perpetrators were statistically more likely to experience psychological distress. In addition, femicide perpetrators self-reported more prior episodes of mental and substance use treatments. The findings of increased psychological distress and prior mental health and substance use treatment among femicide perpetrators suggest that there may be missed opportunities for femicide prevention within the public health subspecialties of mental health and substance use disorders. This study suggests that femicide perpetrators likely require distinctive interventions, including self-assessments and harm mitigation tactics, to prevent their potential for femicide perpetration.

Background: Due to lack of preparedness of health systems, fast spread of the new virus, high mortality rates, and lack of a definite treatment, the outbreak of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) led to high levels of fear and anxiety in different populations. In addition, isolation, mental disorders, and limitations in social interactions as a result of lockdown and travel ban increased the fear of the new coronavirus.Methods: International databases, including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google scholar, were searched without any time limitation, and all observational studies published in English reporting the mean of fear of COVID-19 based on the Fear of COVID-19 scale (FCV-19S) were included in the analysis. Methodological quality was assessed using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines. Random effects model, subgroup analysis, and meta-regression analysis were used to analyze the data. Heterogeneity across studies was examined using Cochran's Q test and I2 statistic. All the statistical analyses were conducted using R software v4.0.3.Results: A total of 44 articles with a sample size of 52,462 were reviewed. A pooled mean of 18.57 was found for fear of COVID-19. The mean of fear of COVID-19 was higher in women than in men (20.67 vs. 18.21). The highest and lowest means of fear of COVID-19 had been found in Asia (18.36) and Australia (17.43) based on continent, and in hospital staff (19.51) and college students (17.95) based on target population, respectively. In addition, the highest and lowest means of fear of COVID-19 were related to items #1 and #3 of the scale, respectively. According to the results of meta-regression analysis, there was no significant association between the mean of fear of COVID-19 and sample size and participants' age. In addition, publication error was not significant (P = 0.721).Conclusion: The mean of fear of COVID-19 was high around the world; therefore, it seems necessary to pay more attention to the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to construct a network structure to investigate the connections between alexithymia, depression, anxiety, and stress in Chinese older adults with multiple chronic conditions (MCC), identifying core and bridge symptoms, and comparing the network structure across different levels of alexithymia.MethodsThis study used a cross-sectional survey design and convenience sampling to recruit participants from six cities in Jiangsu Province. The study assessed the levels of alexithymia, depression, anxiety, and stress in older adults with MCC using the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) and the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). Network analysis was performed using R language to identify core and bridge symptoms in the network and compare the network structure across different levels of alexithymia.ResultsA total of 662 participants were included in the analysis, including 395 men and 267 women. The mean age was 70.37 ± 6.92 years. The finding revealed that the “Difficulty Identifying Feelings” (DIF) node had the highest strength centrality (strength = 2.49) and predictability (rp = 0.76) in the network. The next highest strength centrality was observed for “Meaningless” (strength = 1.50), “Agitated” (strength = 1.47), “Scared” (strength = 1.42), and “No look forward” (strength = 0.75). They were identified as core symptoms. The bridge strength analysis identified “Panic,” “Scared,” “No wind down,” “No initiative,” and “No positive” as the bridge symptoms. There were notable differences in the overall network structure and specific connections between the groups with and without alexithymia (p < 0.05).Conclusion“DIF” is a core node in the network of older adults with MCC, indicating its significance as a potential target for psychological interventions in clinical practice. Preventing and mitigating bridge symptoms such as “panic,” “Scared,” “No wind down,” “No initiative,” and “No positive” can effectively impede the spread of symptom activation, thereby interrupting or severing the connections among comorbidities in older adults. Additionally, compared to non-alexithymia individuals, the psychological issues of older adults with alexithymia require prioritized intervention from healthcare professionals.

BackgroundThis scoping review aimed to understand the extent and type of evidence in relation to sexual and reproductive health needs of women with severe mental illness (SMI) in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) and to summarise those needs.MethodsInclusion criteria were 1) focus on sexual and reproductive health needs 2) women or girls with SMI, professionals, caregivers of women with SMI and community members 3) study set in a LMIC 4) peer reviewed literature (no restriction on study date or design). Studies were identified from comprehensive searches of Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL and PsycINFO (to July 2023).ResultsThe review included 100 papers. Most studies were cross-sectional and set in hospital outpatient departments. Only 20 of 140 LMIC countries were included in this review and only 15 studies were set-in low-income countries (LIC). Included studies often had multiple focus areas and were grouped by frequency of topic into categories of HIV (prevalence, risk behaviour and knowledge), other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), sexual function, contraception use and family planning, sexual violence, fertility, pregnancy and postpartum. Included studies indicated women with SMI have worse outcomes and worse sexual and reproductive health compared to both women without SMI and men with SMI. Women with SMI were shown to have higher rates of HIV and low levels of contraception knowledge and use, with little advice offered by professionals.ConclusionsThis review highlights the need for a greater diversity of study methodology, robustness of ethical and consensual reporting when researching vulnerable populations and for further research on interventions and models of care aimed at addressing stigma, discrimination and improving the sexual and reproductive health of women with SMI. Future research should better represent the breadth of LMIC, investigate cultural adaptability of interventions and consider sexual health needs across the life course.