Policy interest rates in the U.S. and Europe are forecasted to decrease gradually between 2024 and 2027, following exceptional increases triggered by soaring inflation between 2021 and 2023. The U.S. federal funds rate stood at 5.38 percent at the end of 2023, the European Central Bank deposit rate at four percent, and the Swiss National Bank policy rate at 1.75 percent. With inflationary pressures stabilizing, policy interest rates are forecast to decrease in each observed region. The U.S. federal funds rate is expected to decrease to 3.5 percent, the ECB refi rate to 2.65 percent, the Bank of England bank rate to 3.33 percent, and the Swiss National Bank policy rate to 0.75 percent by 2025. An interesting aspect to note is the impact of these interest rate changes on various economic factors such as growth, employment, and inflation. The impact of central bank policy rates The U.S. federal funds effective rate, crucial in determining the interest rate paid by depository institutions, experienced drastic changes in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The subsequent slight changes in the effective rate reflected the efforts to stimulate the economy and manage economic factors such as inflation. Such fluctuations in the federal funds rate have had a significant impact on the overall economy. The European Central Bank's decision to cut its fixed interest rate in June 2024 for the first time since 2016 marked a significant shift in attitude towards economic conditions. The reasons behind the fluctuations in the ECB's interest rate reflect its mandate to ensure price stability and manage inflation, shedding light on the complex interplay between interest rates and economic factors. Inflation and real interest rates The relationship between inflation and interest rates is critical in understanding the actions of central banks. Central banks' efforts to manage inflation through interest rate adjustments reveal the intricate balance between economic growth and inflation. Additionally, the concept of real interest rates, adjusted for inflation, provides valuable insights into the impact of inflation on the economy.

The benchmark interest rate in the United States was last recorded at 4.50 percent. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - United States Fed Funds Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

The benchmark interest rate in Australia was last recorded at 4.10 percent. This dataset provides - Australia Interest Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

In November 2024, South Korea's central bank reduced the base rate to three percent. Between May 2020 and January 2023, the rate had seen a continuous increase, impacting especially the housing market during this time.

Real interest rates describe the growth in the real value of the interest on a loan or deposit, adjusted for inflation. Nominal interest rates on the other hand show us the raw interest rate, which is unadjusted for inflation. If the inflation rate in a certain country were zero percent, the real and nominal interest rates would be the same number. As inflation reduces the real value of a loan, however, a positive inflation rate will mean that the nominal interest rate is more likely to be greater than the real interest rate. We can see this in the recent inflationary episode which has taken place in the wake of the Coronavirus pandemic, with nominal interest rates rising over the course of 2022, but still lagging far behind the rate of inflation, meaning these rate rises register as smaller increases in the real interest rate.

The benchmark interest rate in Brazil was last recorded at 14.25 percent. This dataset provides - Brazil Interest Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

This dataset contains calculated rates of sea-level rise derived from the nearest NOAA National Water Level Observation Network (NWLON) stations relevant for each tidal wetland monitoring site. Calculated rates include the entire record for long-term, as well as more limited dataset for more recent 19-year rates. The 19-year rates were calculated to end at the most recent surface elevation table (SET) measurement. Rates are directly compared with rates from SET measurements of surface elevation change to provide estimates of vulnerability to sea level rise.

The rate on 15-year fixed rate mortgages in the United States decreased in the period after the Great Recession and reached its lowest level in 2021, followed by a steep increase in the next two years. In the early 1990s, the rate on a 15-year fixed rate mortgage was between six and nine percent. The rate then fell to 2.27 percent in 2021. After the Federal Reserve introduced several bank rate hikes to tackle the rising inflation, the mortgage rate soared to 6.11 percent - the highest rate observed since 2008. The rate for 30-year fixed mortgages and five-year ARM mortgages followed a similar trend.

The benchmark interest rate In the Euro Area was last recorded at 2.65 percent. This dataset provides - Euro Area Interest Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Vietnam Natural Increase Rate: Urban data was reported at 8.000 ‰ in 2017. This records a decrease from the previous number of 9.300 ‰ for 2016. Vietnam Natural Increase Rate: Urban data is updated yearly, averaging 10.700 ‰ from Dec 2001 (Median) to 2017, with 17 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 12.400 ‰ in 2002 and a record low of 8.000 ‰ in 2017. Vietnam Natural Increase Rate: Urban data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by General Statistics Office. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Vietnam – Table VN.G058: Vital Statistics.

Increasing sea level rise poses a significant threat to some U.S. cities, including Grand Isla, Louisiana, with a rise rate of more than eight millimeters in 2022. In Alaska, much of the coast is seeing sea levels fall as the land pushes upward, no longer weighed down by glacial ice.

Causes of sea level rise Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions accumulate in the Earth’s atmosphere and trap solar radiation creating a warming effect. As a result, glaciers and ice sheets melt – in addition to the thermal expansion of seawater, causing the mean sea level to rise. If future GHG emissions are not cut down, sea levels could increase up to an additional 1.5 meters along the U.S. coastline by the end of the century.

Impacts of the rising sea level in the U.S. By 2100, coastal shielding expenses are forecast to reach 300 billion U.S. dollars across the United States alone. Furthermore, several million residents will likely migrate further inland to avoid rising sea levels. This is especially concerning for Florida, which has one of the highest shares of homes at flood risk across the country.

Retail properties had the highest capitalization rates in the United States in 2023, followed by offices. The cap rate for office real estate was 6.54 percent in the fourth quarter of the year and was forecast to rise further to 7.39 percent in 2024. Cap rates measure the expected rate of return on investment, and show the net operating income of a property as a percentage share of the current asset value. While a higher cap rate indicates a higher rate of return, it also suggests a higher risk. Why have cap rates increased? The increase in cap rates is a consequence of a repricing in the commercial real estate sector. According to the National NCREIF Property Return Index, prices for commercial real estate declined across all property types in 2023. Rental growth was slow during the same period, resulting in a negative annual return. The increase in cap rates reflects the increased risk in the investment environment. Pricing uncertainty in the commercial real estate sector Between 2014 and 2021, commercial property prices in the U.S. enjoyed steady growth. Access to credit with low interest rates facilitated economic growth and real estate investment. As inflation surged in the following two years, lending policy tightened. That had a significant effect on the sector. First, it worsened sentiment among occupiers. Second, it led to a decline in demand for commercial spaces and commercial real estate investment volumes. Uncertainty about the future development of interest rates and occupier demand further contributed to the repricing of real estate assets.

Economic welfare is essential in the modern economy since it directly reflects the standard of living, distribution of resources, and general social satisfaction, which influences individual and social well-being. This study aims to explore the relationship between national income accounting different attributes and the economic welfare in Pakistan. However, this study used data from 1950 to 2022, and data was downloaded from the World Bank data portal. Regression analysis is used to investigate the relationship between them and is very effective in measuring the relationship between endogenous and exogenous variables. Moreover, generalized methods of movement (GMM) are used as the robustness of the regression. Our results show that foreign direct investment outflow, Gross domestic product growth rate, GDP per capita, higher Interest, market capitalization, and population growth have a significant negative on the unemployment rate, indicating the rise in these factors leads to a decrease in the employment rate in Pakistan. Trade and savings have a significant positive impact on the unemployment rate, indicating the rise in these factors leads to an increase in the unemployment rate for various reasons. Moreover, all the factors of national income accounting have a significant positive relationship with life expectancy, indicating that an increase in these factors leads to an increase in economic welfare and life expectancy due to better health facilities, many resources, and correct economic policies. However, foreign direct investment, inflation rate, lending interest rate, and population growth have significant positive effects on age dependency, indicating these factors increase the age dependency. Moreover, GDP growth and GDP per capita negatively impact age dependency. Similarly, all the national income accounting factors have a significant negative relationship with legal rights that leads to decreased legal rights. Moreover, due to better health facilities and health planning, there is a negative significant relationship between national income accounting attributes and motility rate among children. Our study advocated the implications for the policymakers and the government to make policies for the welfare and increase the social factors.

The goal of this project is to quantify, at the National scale, the relative susceptibility of the Nation's coast to sea-level rise through the use of a coastal vulnerability index (CVI). This initial classification is based upon the variables geomorphology, regional coastal slope, tide range, wave height, relative sea-level rise and shoreline erosion and accretion rates. The combination of these variables and the association of these variables to each other furnish a broad overview of regions where physical changes are likely to occur due to sea-level rise.

Purpose:The coastal inundation hazard layers map describes the areas exposed to extreme water levels caused by storm tides, wave setup and sea-level rise under the following scenarios (where AEP is the Annual Exceedance Probability or the chance of occurring each year, ARI is the Average Recurrence Interval):20% AEP (5 year return)5% AEP (20 year return)2% AEP (50 year return)1% AEP (100 year return): to demonstrate present day risk in alignment with the Auckland Unitary Plan activity controls2% AEP (50 year return) + 1m sea level rise2% AEP (50 year return) + 2m sea level rise1% AEP (100 year return) + 1m sea level rise: in alignment with Auckland Unitary Plan activity controls1% AEP (100 year return) + 2m sea level rise: to demonstrate longer term risk with ongoing sea-level riseThis is a generalised version of the data. Download the original full dataset with layer files here:https://data-aucklandcouncil.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/coastal-inundation-hazards-geodatabase/aboutThe layer takes into account extreme sea levels calculated between 2013 and 2019, as compiled in Carpenter, N., R Roberts and P Klinac (2020). Auckland’s exposure to coastal inundation by storm-tides and waves. Auckland Council technical report, TR2020/24. Auckland’s exposure to coastal inundation by storm-tides and waves (knowledgeauckland.org.nz)Sea-level rise values applied currently align with the projections by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change sixth assessment report (2021), and the Ministry for the Environment (2022) Interim guidance on the use of new sea-level rise projections, which updates the Ministry for the Environment Coastal Hazards and Climate Change Guidance for Local Government (2017). In MfE’s (2022) Interim guidance, (excluding vertical land movement) one metre sea-level rise is projected to occur between 2095 - >2200, depending on the emission scenario used. Two metre sea-level rise is projected to occur in the longer term (beyond 2150). MfE’s (2022) Interim guidance recommends the inclusion of vertical land movement (VLM) in relative sea level rise considerations. These are not included in the above sea level rise predictions due to the high VLM variability across the region. Vertical land movement is generally predicted to increase the rates of relative sea level rise for the Auckland region so should also be incorporated in planning and design.Refer to Interim guidance on the use of new sea-level rise projections | Ministry for the Environment for more information on MfE’s interim guidance on sea level rise and vertical land movement.Lineage:3Extreme sea levels for the Auckland region were derived by NIWA in 2013 (Part 1 of Technical Report 2020/24). From 2016-2019, additional extreme sea level data was gathered for:The east coast estuaries (NIWA, 2016; Part 2 of Technical Report 2020/24)Parakai/Helensville Harbour (DHI, 2019; Part 3 of Technical Report 2020/24)Great Barrier Island (NIWA, 2019; Part 4 of Technical Report 2020/24)In 2020, these levels were projected onto the land topography (derived from the 2016-2018 LiDAR survey) by Stantec to establish the extent of coastal flooding. Creation Date: 15/12/2020Update Cycle: Adhoc – when improved data becomes availableThis data is available to the public on the Geomaps viewer and is copied into LIMsContact Person: Natasha CarpenterContact Position:Coastal Management Practice Lead, Infrastructure and Environmental ServicesCouncil Contact:Natasha.Carpenter@aucklandcouncil.govt.nzConstraints – General:The Coastal Inundation data is subject to updates to reflect the latest, best available understanding of storm tides, waves and sea-level rise processes.The geodatabase contains a copy of the historic inundation mapping, which is superseded by the publication of the 2020 data. The superseded data is identified by having a validation state of 0, whereas the published data has a validation state of 3 (valid and public).Constraints – Legal: This data is available to the public on the Geomaps viewer and is copied into LIMsConstraints – Security: The Coastal Inundation data is available to the public Under Creative Commons license.

As of December 2024, the inflation rate in the European Union was 2.7 percent, with prices rising fastest in Romania, which had an inflation rate of 5.5 percent. By contrast, both Ireland and Italy saw low inflation rates during the same period, with Ireland having the lowest inflation rate in the EU during this month. The rate of inflation in the EU in the October 2022 was higher than at any other time, with the peak prior to 2021 recorded in July 2008 when prices were growing by 4.4 percent year-on-year. Before the recent rises in inflation, price rises in the EU had been kept at relatively low levels, with the inflation rate remaining below three percent between January 2012 and August 2021. Rapid recovery and energy costs driving inflation The reopening of the European economy in 2021 following the sudden shock of COVID-19 in 2020 is behind many of the factors that have caused prices to rise so quickly in 2022. Global supply chains have not yet recovered from production issues, travel restrictions, and workforce problems brought about by the pandemic. Rising energy costs have only served to exacerbate supply problems, particularly with regard to the transport sector, which had the highest inflation rate of any sector in the EU in December 2021. High inflation rates mirrored in the U.S. The high inflation rates seen in Europe have been reflected in other parts of the world. In the United States, for example, the consumer price index reached a 40-year-high of seven percent in December 2021, influenced by many of the same factors driving European inflation. Nevertheless, it is hoped that once these supply chain issues ease, inflation levels will start to fall throughout the course of 2022.

Between 1901 and 2018, global mean sea levels increased by 0.20 meters. The average rate of sea level rise was 1.3 millimeters per year between 1901 and 1971. In contrast, this value increased to 3.7 millimeters per year between 2006 and 2018.

What causes the sea level to rise? Global warming is the main reason behind sea level rise. As the global average temperature increases, glaciers and ice sheets worldwide melt – ice is lost faster than it can form. At the same time, the oceans also become warmer, causing a phenomenon known as the thermal expansion of seawater. Altogether, this leads to an increase in the oceans' volume, and hence the sea levels rise.

Effects of sea level rise The drastic effects of sea level rise are experienced mainly by the population that lives along the coastlines. One of Asia's famous holiday destinations, Bangkok faces the highest threat to the people from rising sea levels. At the same time, rising sea level poses a threat to African cultural and natural heritage sites. As the effects vary over the regions, it is evident that increasing sea levels have a multi-dimensional impact.

In the Annual Budget Document, the Budget Office presents information about the annual cost of various city services/fees for the typical ratepayer. These services and fees include Austin Energy, Austin Water, Austin Resource Recovery, the Clean Community Fee, the Transportation User Fee, the Drainage Utility Fee, and the Property Tax Bill. For this measure, the total yearly impact for the typical ratepayer is calculated by adding the yearly rates for major service or fees: Total Yearly Impact = Austin Energy Yearly Rate + Austin Water Yearly Rate + Austin Resource Recovery Yearly Rate + Clean Community Fee Yearly Rate + Transportation User Fee Yearly Rate + Drainage Utility Fee Yearly Rate + Property Tax Bill Yearly Rate. After finding the total yearly impact, the dollar amount and percentage increase of major rates and fees can be calculated: Dollar Amount Increase = Proposed Rate for Current Fiscal Year - Actual Rate for Previous Fiscal Year; Percent Increase = Dollar Amount Increase / Actual Rate for Previous Fiscal Year

The U.S. housing market has slowed, after 13 consecutive years of rising home prices. In 2021, house prices surged by an unprecedented 18 percent, marking the highest increase on record. However, the market has since cooled, with the Freddie Mac House Price Index showing more modest growth between 2022 and 2024. In 2024, home prices increased by 4.2 percent. That was lower than the long-term average of 4.4 percent since 1990. Impact of mortgage rates on homebuying The recent cooling in the housing market can be partly attributed to rising mortgage rates. After reaching a record low of 2.96 percent in 2021, the average annual rate on a 30-year fixed-rate mortgage more than doubled in 2023. This significant increase has made homeownership less affordable for many potential buyers, contributing to a substantial decline in home sales. Despite these challenges, forecasts suggest a potential recovery in the coming years. How much does it cost to buy a house in the U.S.? In 2023, the median sales price of an existing single-family home reached a record high of over 389,000 U.S. dollars. Newly built homes were even pricier, despite a slight decline in the median sales price in 2023. Naturally, home prices continue to vary significantly across the country, with West Virginia being the most affordable state for homebuyers.

Philippines Interest Rate: BSP Rediscount Rates data was reported at 5.288 % pa in Nov 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 5.125 % pa for Oct 2018. Philippines Interest Rate: BSP Rediscount Rates data is updated monthly, averaging 5.917 % pa from Jan 1991 (Median) to Nov 2018, with 326 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 18.286 % pa in Feb 1998 and a record low of 3.060 % pa in Dec 2016. Philippines Interest Rate: BSP Rediscount Rates data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Philippines – Table PH.M004: Manila Reference, Rediscount and Lending Rate. Refers to the rate charged on eligible papers which banks rediscount with the BSP. It is computed monthly as one percent below the 91-day Treasury bill rate for the preceding month.