Exchange Rate: RBA: Euro to Australian Dollar data was reported at 0.564 AUD/EUR in Apr 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 0.580 AUD/EUR for Mar 2025. Exchange Rate: RBA: Euro to Australian Dollar data is updated monthly, averaging 0.621 AUD/EUR from Jan 1999 (Median) to Apr 2025, with 316 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.858 AUD/EUR in Jul 2012 and a record low of 0.492 AUD/EUR in Dec 2008. Exchange Rate: RBA: Euro to Australian Dollar data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Reserve Bank of Australia. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Australia – Table AU.M009: Exchange Rate.

Exchange Rate: RBA: New Zealand Dollar to Australian Dollar data was reported at 1.079 AUD/NZD in Apr 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 1.100 AUD/NZD for Mar 2025. Exchange Rate: RBA: New Zealand Dollar to Australian Dollar data is updated monthly, averaging 1.147 AUD/NZD from Jul 1969 (Median) to Apr 2025, with 670 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.763 AUD/NZD in Nov 1984 and a record low of 0.997 AUD/NZD in Nov 1972. Exchange Rate: RBA: New Zealand Dollar to Australian Dollar data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Reserve Bank of Australia. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Australia – Table AU.M009: Exchange Rate.

Exchange Rate: RBA: UK Pound Sterling to Australian Dollar data was reported at 0.479 AUD/GBP in Apr 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 0.485 AUD/GBP for Mar 2025. Exchange Rate: RBA: UK Pound Sterling to Australian Dollar data is updated monthly, averaging 0.494 AUD/GBP from Jul 1969 (Median) to Apr 2025, with 670 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.780 AUD/GBP in Oct 1976 and a record low of 0.335 AUD/GBP in Sep 2001. Exchange Rate: RBA: UK Pound Sterling to Australian Dollar data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Reserve Bank of Australia. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Australia – Table AU.M009: Exchange Rate.

Figures for ‘RBA foreign exchange transactions’, ‘Change in reserve assets due to valuation’ and ‘Total change in reserve assets’ refer to period totals. All other figures are end period values.

‘RBA foreign exchange transactions’, sales (-) and purchases (+), are reported according to the date on which settlement takes place (‘value date’).

‘Market’ transactions are foreign exchange transactions against the Australian dollar (excluding foreign exchange swaps) undertaken by the RBA with authorised foreign exchange dealers in Australia or banks overseas.

‘Australian Government’ transactions are the RBA’s foreign exchange transactions with the Australian Government.

‘Other outright’ transactions include the RBA’s outright transactions with other central banks, international financial institutions which are not intended to affect the exchange rate, clients other than the Australian Government, and interest received on holdings of foreign assets.

‘Swap deliveries’ are RBA foreign exchange swap transactions that settled during the period, excluding swaps conducted with the Federal Reserve as part of the USD Swap Facility. For the period January 1995 until February 1996 ‘Other outright’ includes ‘Swap deliveries’.

‘Official reserve assets’ comprise holdings of ‘Foreign exchange’, ‘Gold’ and ‘Other’ reserve assets, which comprise Special Drawing Rights, Reserve position in the IMF and the net value of swap transactions conducted with the Federal Reserve as part of the USD Swap Facility.

‘Outstanding forward foreign exchange commitments’ mainly reflect market values of the second leg of RBA swap transactions outstanding and, from time to time, outstanding RBA outright forward transactions. Prior to July 2002 contract values are reported.

The sum of ‘Gold’ and ‘Foreign exchange’ may differ from figures reported in the weekly Statement of Liabilities and Assets and the RBA’s Annual Report. From 1 July 1996, foreign currency securities sold under repurchase agreements are retained for accounting purposes as foreign currency investments in the RBA’s balance sheet, in accordance with standard accounting treatment. For the purpose of reporting foreign exchange reserves in this table, however, securities sold under repurchase agreements are excluded. In addition, from 20 December 2006, foreign exchange sales (-) and purchases (+) are reported for accounting purposes according to the date on which they are contracted (‘trade date’). For the purpose of reporting foreign exchange reserves in this table, however, foreign exchange transactions are reported according to the date on which settlement takes place (‘value date’).

This report analyses the exchange rate of the Australian dollar (AU$) in terms of the US dollar (US$). The exchange rate is determined by the supply and demand for each currency in the pair. The major drivers of the supply and demand for currencies are: interest rates; GDP growth; inflation; current account positions; equity flows; and the demand and price of commodities. The data for this report is sourced from the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) and is measured in US dollars. The RBA records the average monthly exchange rate on the last trading day of each month, and annual rates are calculated as the average of monthly rates over the financial year.

Australia Exchange Rate: RBA: Trade Weighted Index data was reported at 59.900 May1970=100 in Apr 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 59.600 May1970=100 for Mar 2025. Australia Exchange Rate: RBA: Trade Weighted Index data is updated monthly, averaging 63.300 May1970=100 from May 1970 (Median) to Apr 2025, with 660 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 121.300 May1970=100 in Jan 1974 and a record low of 47.000 May1970=100 in Sep 2001. Australia Exchange Rate: RBA: Trade Weighted Index data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Reserve Bank of Australia. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Australia – Table AU.M009: Exchange Rate.

Exchange Rate: RBA: Indian Rupee to Australian Dollar data was reported at 54.580 AUD/INR in Apr 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 53.670 AUD/INR for Mar 2025. Exchange Rate: RBA: Indian Rupee to Australian Dollar data is updated monthly, averaging 52.510 AUD/INR from Jan 2010 (Median) to Apr 2025, with 184 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 59.640 AUD/INR in Aug 2013 and a record low of 39.390 AUD/INR in May 2010. Exchange Rate: RBA: Indian Rupee to Australian Dollar data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Reserve Bank of Australia. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Australia – Table AU.M009: Exchange Rate.

The AUD/USD exchange rate rose to 0.6552 on September 1, 2025, up 0.32% from the previous session. Over the past month, the Australian Dollar has strengthened 1.21%, but it's down by 3.46% over the last 12 months. Australian Dollar - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on September of 2025.

‘System cash position’ is an estimate of the change in the aggregate level of Exchange Settlement (ES) balances at the RBA, prior to the RBA’s open market operations on that day. A negative value indicates a projected fall in the level of ES balances, while a positive value indicates a projected rise. The estimate is based on information about settlements arising from transactions by the RBA’s clients, including the Australian Government, as well as the RBA’s own transactions, and is announced at 9:30 am each trading day.

‘Outright transactions’ is the cash value of purchases and sales, conducted as part of the Bank’s open market operations, of securities issued by the Australian Government and State and Territory central borrowing authorities with remaining terms to maturity up to around 18 months. A positive value indicates the RBA has purchased securities while a negative value indicates the RBA has sold securities.

‘Foreign exchange swaps’ is the aggregate value of the first leg of foreign exchange swaps transacted for same-day value specifically for domestic liquidity management purposes. A positive value indicates the RBA has sold Australian dollars for foreign currency while a negative value indicates the RBA has purchased Australian dollars. The value of the second leg of a foreign exchange swap is captured in the ‘System cash position’ on the unwind date.

‘Repurchase agreements (RPs)’ is the amount of the first leg of securities bought/sold by the RBA under repurchase agreement (RP). 'General Collateral' refers to eligible eligible securities issued by the Australian Government, State and Territory governments, supranational institutions, foreign governments and government agencies as well as eligible securities with a sovereign government guarantee. ‘Private securities’ covers all other eligible collateral, including ADI-issued securities (eligible bank-issued discount securities and certificates of deposit with 12 months or less to maturity and bonds issued by ADIs), asset-backed securities (eligible residential mortgage-backed securities and asset-backed commercial paper) and eligible commercial paper. A positive value indicates the RBA has purchased securities under RPs while a negative value indicates the RBA has sold securities under RPs. It does not include RPs which are transacted through the RBA’s overnight RP facility. The value of the second leg of all RPs is captured in the ‘System cash position’ on the respective value dates.

‘Exchange Settlement account balances (end day)’ is the aggregate of all ES balances held at the RBA at the close of business. Unexpected movements in ES balances and overnight RPs transacted through the RBA’s overnight RP facility mean that ‘Exchange Settlement account balances (end day)’ will not necessarily be the sum of the previous day’s ‘Exchange Settlement account balances (end day)’, the ‘System cash position’ and the total of ‘Open market operations’ transacted.

‘Overnight repurchase agreements with RBA’ is the aggregate of the first leg of securities bought by the RBA through the overnight RP facility. These data are updated with a one month lag.

Outright Transaction Details

The 'Outright Transactions Details' sheet provides further information on the outright purchases and sales of Bonds and Discount Securities issued by the Australian Commonwealth, State & Territory Governments, conducted as part of the Bank's open market operations. “Issuer” is the acronym of the issuer of the bond/security. A positive “Face value dealt” indicates a purchase while a negative value indicates a sale. 'Weighted average rate' is the average of the rates dealt for each bond/security, weighted by the amount transacted. 'Cut-off rate' is the lowest yield accepted.

Repo Details

The Repo Details sheets provide a summary of the type of securities delivered to/by the RBA under RP at each term dealt through the open market operations. 'Govt and Quasi-Govt Repo Details' covers repo against General Collateral (eligible securities issued by the Australian Government, State and Territory governments, supranational institutions, foreign governments and government agencies as well as eligible securities with a sovereign government guarantee). ‘Private securities’ covers all other eligible collateral, including ADI-issued securities (eligible bank-issued discount securities and certificates of deposit with 12 months or less to maturity and bonds issued by ADIs), asset-backed securities (eligible residential mortgage-backed securities and asset-backed commercial paper) and eligible commercial paper.

'Term' is the number of days dealt in open market operations.

'Value Dealt' is the amount of the first leg of securities bought/sold by the RBA under RP.

Weighted average rate' is the is the average of the rates on RPs dealt by the RBA through open market operations, weighted by the amount transacted.

'Cut-off rate' is the lowest rate dealt by the RBA through open market operations for each term dealt.

Repo Unwinds

The Repos Unwinds sheet provides a summary of the value of repurchase agreements due to unwind in the future, for both General Collateral and Private Securities. The unwind amount is equal to the sum of the total value dealt to that date plus accrued interest.

Exchange Rate: RBA: Japanese Yen to Australian Dollar data was reported at 91.430 AUD/JPY in Apr 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 93.620 AUD/JPY for Mar 2025. Exchange Rate: RBA: Japanese Yen to Australian Dollar data is updated monthly, averaging 93.710 AUD/JPY from Jul 1969 (Median) to Apr 2025, with 670 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 450.550 AUD/JPY in Aug 1974 and a record low of 56.110 AUD/JPY in Oct 2000. Exchange Rate: RBA: Japanese Yen to Australian Dollar data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Reserve Bank of Australia. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Australia – Table AU.M009: Exchange Rate.

Exchange Rate: RBA: Indonesian Rupiah to Australian Dollar data was reported at 10,686.000 AUD/IDR in Apr 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 10,400.000 AUD/IDR for Mar 2025. Exchange Rate: RBA: Indonesian Rupiah to Australian Dollar data is updated monthly, averaging 6,709.000 AUD/IDR from Nov 1983 (Median) to Apr 2025, with 498 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 11,240.000 AUD/IDR in Apr 2021 and a record low of 676.000 AUD/IDR in Jul 1986. Exchange Rate: RBA: Indonesian Rupiah to Australian Dollar data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Reserve Bank of Australia. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Australia – Table AU.M009: Exchange Rate.

These data are derived from returns submitted to the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA) by banks authorised under the Banking Act 1959. APRA assumed responsibility for the supervision and regulation of banks on 1 July 1998. Data prior to that date were submitted to the RBA.

Up to and including June 2000, data are averages of weekly (Wednesday) figures. From July 2000, data are for the last business day of every month. Up to and including March 2002, banks submitted Form D (Statement of Liabilities and Assets on the Australian Books). In March 2002, APRA implemented new reporting forms for banks. The data, dating from April 2002, are derived from ARF 320.0 Statement of Financial Position (Domestic Books).

ARF 320.0 covers the domestic books of the licensed bank and is an unconsolidated report of the Australian bank’s operations/transactions that are booked or recorded inside Australia (with Australian residents and non-residents). ARF 320.0 does not consolidate Australian and offshore-controlled entities (thus offshore branches of the Australian bank are excluded). ARF 320.0 includes transactions of Australian-based offshore banking units of the licensed ADI but excludes transactions of overseas-based offshore banking units.

An Australian ‘resident’ is any individual, business or other organisation domiciled in Australia. Australian branches and subsidiaries of foreign businesses are regarded as Australian residents. A ‘non-resident’ is any individual, business or other organisation domiciled overseas. Foreign branches and subsidiaries of Australian businesses are regarded as non-residents.

‘Resident assets – notes and coins, and deposits due from RBA’ includes: Australian and foreign currency notes and coins; settlement account balances with the RBA and any other central bank; and any other funds held at the RBA.

‘Resident assets – bills receivables’ refers to assets arising from undertakings by customers to pay bills of exchange drawn by the banks. From April 2002, this item includes Australian dollar- and foreign currency-denominated (AUD equivalent) bill receivables. Prior to that date, foreign currency-denominated (AUD equivalent) bill receivables are included in ‘resident assets – other assets’.

‘Resident assets – loans and advances – residential’ include: owner-occupied and investment housing loans. ‘Resident assets – loans and advances – personal’ include: revolving credit; credit cards; personal lease financing; and other personal term loans. ‘Resident assets – loans and advances – commercial’ include: loans to community service organisations and non-profit institutions; loans to non-financial corporations; loans to general government; and loans to financial corporations. The loans and advances data are net of specific provisions for bad and doubtful debts, but gross of general provisions for bad and doubtful debts. Loans and advances exclude: bills of exchange, commercial paper, promissory notes, certificates of deposit, and some other debt securities. From April 2002, loans and advances refer to Australian dollar- and foreign currency-denominated (AUD equivalent) loans and advances. Prior to that date, foreign currency-denominated (AUD equivalent) loans and advances are included in ‘resident assets – other assets’.

‘Resident assets – other assets’ refers to all other resident assets not included in the above items. Prior to April 2002, this item includes: shares; bullion; past-due bills; accounts receivable; prepayments made; public sector securities; and all other resident assets other than accrued interest not yet receivable and intangible assets. From April 2002, this item includes: cash and liquid assets other than notes and coins and deposits due from RBA; trading and investment securities; fixed assets; intangible assets; other investments and all other assets not reported above. Note that, from April 2002, this item also includes unrealised gains on trading derivatives – prior to that date, these were excluded.

‘Resident assets – total’ refers to total assets on the Australian books of banks that are due from residents, and is the sum of the above items. ‘Resident assets – of which: denominated in foreign currency’ refers to the Australian dollar equivalent of ‘resident assets – total’ on the Australian books of banks that are denominated in foreign currency.

‘Non-resident assets – total’ refers to total assets on the Australian books of banks that are due from non-residents, though from April 2002, this series excludes the total amount due from banks’ overseas operations, which have been separately identified on the new reporting form. ‘Non-resident assets – of which: denominated in foreign currency’ refers to the Australian dollar equivalent of ‘non-resident assets – total’ on the Australian books of banks that are denominated in foreign currency.

‘Total assets’ is the sum of ‘resident assets – total’ and ‘non-resident assets – total’. From April 2002, this item also includes the ‘amount due from overseas operations’, which is identified separately from ‘resident assets – total’ and ‘non-resident assets – total’. The ‘amount due from overseas operations’ refers to domestic book on-balance sheet assets due from overseas operations of banks which have not been included in the above items.

These data are derived from returns submitted to the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA) by banks authorised under the Banking Act 1959. APRA assumed responsibility for the supervision and regulation of banks on 1 July 1998. Data prior to that date were submitted to the RBA.

Prior to March 2002, banks reported quarterly to APRA on the Off-balance Sheet Business Return. From that date until the end of 2007, banks reported quarterly on ARF 112.2: Capital Adequacy – Off-balance Sheet Business. Following the introduction of a new capital framework (Basel II) on 1 January 2008, the data between March 2008 and March 2011 were reported on either ARF 112.2: Capital Adequacy – Off-balance Sheet Business, ARF 112.2A: Standardised Credit Risk – Off-balance Sheet Exposures, or ARF 118.0: Off-balance Sheet Business, depending on whether the bank had been approved by APRA to use a Basel II advanced approach to credit risk. Following the revocation of Australian Prudential Standard APS150 on 30 June 2011, banks using the advanced approach to credit risk have been required to report data with reference to the Basel II framework. From June 2011, data are reported on ARF 112.2A: Standardised Credit Risk – Off-balance Sheet Exposures, ARF 118.0: Off-balance Sheet Business, or ARF 118.1: Other Off-balance Sheet Exposures, depending on whether the bank has been approved by APRA to use a Basel II advanced approach to credit risk.

‘Consolidated group’, for a locally incorporated bank, refers to the global operations of the bank and its subsidiaries, excluding those involved in insurance, funds management/trustee and non-financial business. For a foreign bank authorised to operate in Australia as a branch, the data relate to the operations of the branch only. Figures are as at the last business day of the quarter and refer to the principal amount (face value) of the transaction.

From March 2002, banks are required to report separately activity in the banking and trading books for interest rate contracts, foreign exchange contracts, and other derivative contracts. Banking and trading book figures are added to produce the data reported in the table. Before March 2002, exposures were netted across the banking and trading books (except credit derivatives). This has necessitated a break in the series.

‘Direct credit substitutes’ covers any irrevocable obligations that carry the same credit risk as a direct extension of credit. This includes the issue of guarantees, confirmation of letters of credit, standby letters of credit serving as financial guarantees for loans, securities and any other financial liabilities, and certain bills endorsed under bill endorsement lines. ‘Direct credit substitutes’ does not include credit derivatives, which are shown separately.

‘Trade- and performance-related items’ covers contingent liabilities arising from trade-related obligations secured against an underlying shipment of goods and any irrevocable obligations to make a payment to a third party if a counterparty fails to perform a contractual non-monetary obligation. This includes documentary letters of credit issued, acceptances on trade bills, shipping guarantees issued, issue of performance bonds, bid bonds, warranties, indemnities, standby letters of credit in relation to a non-monetary obligation of a counterparty under a particular transaction, and any other trade- and performance-related items.

‘Commitments and other non-market-related items’ includes lending of securities or posting of securities as collateral, assets sold with recourse, forward asset purchases, partly paid shares and securities, placements of forward deposits, underwriting facilities, standby lines of credit, redraw facilities, undrawn credit card facilities, and all other non-market-related off-balance sheet items.

‘Interest rate contracts – OTC forwards’ covers single currency over-the-counter interest rate forwards including forward rate agreements.

‘Interest rate contracts – OTC swaps’ covers single currency over-the-counter interest rate swaps.

‘Interest rate contracts – Other’ covers other single currency over-the-counter and exchange-traded interest rate contracts including interest rate options written and purchased.

‘Foreign exchange contracts – OTC forwards’ covers over-the-counter foreign exchange forwards including foreign exchange forward contracts involving gold.

‘Foreign exchange contracts – OTC swaps’ covers over-the-counter foreign exchange swaps including cross currency interest rate swaps and foreign exchange swap contracts involving gold.

‘Foreign exchange contracts – Other’ covers other over-the-counter and exchange-traded foreign exchange contracts including other foreign exchange contracts involving gold.

‘Credit derivatives’ covers all credit derivatives contracts, both where protection is purchased and protection is sold. Banks were required to report credit derivatives exposure to APRA from June 2000 following a change to the Off-balance Sheet Business Return. This has necessitated a break in the series.

‘Other off-balance sheet business’ covers equity contracts including written and purchased options positions, derivatives based on gold and precious metals, base metals, energy and other commodities, and all other derivative activity.

Foreign Exchange Reserves in Australia increased to 102815 AUD Million in July from 101948 AUD Million in June of 2025. This dataset provides - Australia Foreign Exchange Reserves - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Liabilities:
:Capital and Reserve Bank Reserve Fund-C/ whereby the Reserve Bank Reserve Fund (RBRF) is a general reserve. RBRF provides for potential losses arising from events which are contingent and non-foreseeable, mainly those which arise from movements in market values of the RBA-C/s holdings of Australian dollar and foreign securities as well as from fraud and other non- insured losses or events. On 1 July 2001 the amount of $3 323 million (Contingencies and General Purpose Reserve) was transferred from :Other liabilities-C/ to :Capital and Reserve Bank Reserve Fund-C/.

Prior to July 1996 the series :Exchange settlement balances-C/ primarily reflected deposits of Australian banks, comprising non-callable deposits and, prior to September 1988, Statutory Reserve Deposits and deposits by savings banks. The Statutory Reserve Deposit requirement on trading banks was removed in 1988 and the non-callable deposit requirement was abolished in July 1999. The Bank commenced paying interest on Exchange settlement balances in July 1996.

:RB term deposits-C/ are short-term deposits of institutions holding an Exchange Settlement Account and authorised deposit-taking institutions that are members of RITS.:Deposits of overseas institutions-C/ and :Governments and instrumentalities-C/ include the IMF and central banks.

:Other liabilities-C/ include provisions, current year profit/loss, the counterpart obligation arising from transactions in repurchase agreements, and obligations arising from the outright purchase of securities which have been contracted but not yet settled.

Assets:
:Gold and foreign exchange-C/ assets include foreign exchange holdings invested in government securities and bank deposits, market value of open forward foreign exchange contracts and IMF Special Drawing Rights. Securities sold but contracted for purchase under repurchase agreements are retained on the balance sheet in this category.

:Clearing items-C/ include cheques and bills of other banks, bills receivable and remittances in transit. They may also include amounts owed to the Bank for overnight clearances of financial transactions.

:Australian dollar securities-C/ include Commonwealth Government Securities (CGS) and securities issued by central borrowing authorities of state and territory governments. Securities sold but contracted for purchase under sell repurchase agreements are retained on the balance sheet in this category. Also included are Australian dollar securities purchased but contracted for sale under buy repurchase agreements, being: eligible bank bills, certificates of deposit and debt securities of ADIs; Australian dollar- denominated securities issued by certain foreign governments, foreign government agencies and by highly rated supranational organisations; and selected Australian dollar domestic residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities, asset-backed commercial paper and corporate securities.

:Other assets-C/ include the Bank-C/s holdings of Australian notes and coins, Bank premises and other durable assets, and the Bank-C/s shareholding in the Bank for International Settlements.

Exchange Rate: RBA: Thai Baht to Australian Dollar data was reported at 21.380 AUD/THB in Apr 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 21.310 AUD/THB for Mar 2025. Exchange Rate: RBA: Thai Baht to Australian Dollar data is updated monthly, averaging 25.410 AUD/THB from Jan 2010 (Median) to Apr 2025, with 184 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 33.220 AUD/THB in Jul 2012 and a record low of 20.160 AUD/THB in Mar 2020. Exchange Rate: RBA: Thai Baht to Australian Dollar data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Reserve Bank of Australia. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Australia – Table AU.M009: Exchange Rate.

These data are derived from returns submitted by corporations registered as Category ‘Other’ under the Financial Sector (Collection of Data) Act 2001. Category ‘Other’ includes corporations formerly registered as Category F (Finance Companies), G (General Financiers) and E (Pastoral Finance Companies) under the Financial Corporations Act 1974. Along with Category D (Money Market Corporations), these corporations are known collectively as Registered Financial Corporations (RFCs).

In April 2003, responsibility for the collection of financial statistics from Registered Financial Corporations (RFCs) was transferred to APRA. Previously, these data were collected by the RBA under the now repealed Financial Corporations Act 1974. The introduction of new reporting forms in April 2003 has led to some significant breaks in series and affected definitions and categories shown for these institutions. There are other breaks from time to time in the historical data due to changes in the number of reporting corporations. Details of data reported by individual corporations are confidential.

Since December 1999, the collections cover RFCs whose assets in Australia (including related corporations) exceed $50 million. Prior to December 1999, this threshold was set at $5 million. This change resulted in breaks in all series covering RFCs.

The collection of statistics from the authorised money market dealers (formerly Category C corporations under the Financial Corporations Act 1974) ceased from August 1996.

From April 2003, the data are derived from RRF 320.0: Statement of Financial Position collected by APRA. Prior to April 2003, the data were derived from the FCA forms: D1, E1, F1 and G1 which were collected by the RBA.

‘AFIs’ refers to banks, credit unions, building societies, SCCIs, RFCs and the RBA.

From April 2003, ‘Cash and liquid assets – Cash and balances with AFIs’ includes cash and deposits and placements with AFIs. Prior to April 2003, this series includes cash and deposits and placements with banks and RFCs.

From April 2003, ‘Cash and liquid assets – Other’ includes gold bullion and deposits and placements with clearing houses and other (non-AFI) financial institutions. Prior to April 2003, this series includes deposits and placements with all institutions other than banks and RFCs. This series also includes placements with authorised money market dealers prior to August 1996.

‘Trading and investment securities – Debt’ includes commercial paper and promissory notes, bills of exchange and all other debt securities held by all counterparties.

‘Loans and advances – Household’ includes housing and other personal loans to households, and excludes finance lease receivables.

From April 2003, ‘Loans and advances – Business’ includes loans to the following counterparties: private trading corporations, private unincorporated businesses, public non-financial corporations, community service organisations and other (non-AFI) financial institutions. Prior to April 2003, this series includes loans to all counterparties other than households and RFCs, and also includes bills of exchange accepted by the reporting corporation. This series excludes finance lease receivables.

From April 2003, ‘Loans and advances – AFIs’ includes loans to AFIs. Prior to April 2003, this series only includes loans to RFCs (loans to other AFIs are included in ‘Loans and advances – Business’). This series excludes finance lease receivables.

From April 2003, ‘Borrowings from residents – Borrowings from AFIs’ includes deposits and placements due to AFIs and short-term loans from ADIs. Prior to April 2003, this series includes borrowings from banks and related RFCs.

From April 2003, ‘Borrowings from residents – Deposits and placements’ includes deposits and placements due to the following counterparties: private trading corporations, private unincorporated businesses, public non-financial corporations, community service organisations and other (non-AFI) financial institutions.

From April 2003, ‘Borrowings from residents – Other’ includes borrowings by the issue of promissory notes, bills of exchange and other debt securities, short-term loans from non-ADIs and all long-term loans. Prior to April 2003, this series includes borrowings from all counterparties other than banks and related RFCs, and borrowings by the issue of promissory notes, debentures, unsecured notes and bills of exchange accepted by banks.

Exchange Rate: RBA: New Taiwan Dollar to Australian Dollar data was reported at 20.520 AUD/NTD in Apr 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 20.860 AUD/NTD for Mar 2025. Exchange Rate: RBA: New Taiwan Dollar to Australian Dollar data is updated monthly, averaging 21.885 AUD/NTD from Nov 1983 (Median) to Apr 2025, with 498 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 37.890 AUD/NTD in Feb 1984 and a record low of 16.040 AUD/NTD in Mar 2001. Exchange Rate: RBA: New Taiwan Dollar to Australian Dollar data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Reserve Bank of Australia. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Australia – Table AU.M009: Exchange Rate.

In June 2025, global inflation rates and central bank interest rates showed significant variation across major economies. Most economies initiated interest rate cuts from mid-2024 due to declining inflationary pressures. The U.S., UK, and EU central banks followed a consistent pattern of regular rate reductions throughout late 2024. In the first half of 2025, Russia maintained the highest interest rate at 20 percent, while Japan retained the lowest at 0.5 percent. Varied inflation rates across major economies The inflation landscape varies considerably among major economies. China had the lowest inflation rate at 0.1 percent in June 2025. In contrast, Russia maintained a high inflation rate of 9.4 percent. These figures align with broader trends observed in early 2025, where China had the lowest inflation rate among major developed and emerging economies, while Russia's rate remained the highest. Central bank responses and economic indicators Central banks globally implemented aggressive rate hikes throughout 2022-23 to combat inflation. The European Central Bank exemplified this trend, raising rates from 0 percent in January 2022 to 4.5 percent by September 2023. A coordinated shift among major central banks began in mid-2024, with the ECB, Bank of England, and Federal Reserve initiating rate cuts, with forecasts suggesting further cuts through 2025 and 2026.

Exchange Rate: RBA: Malaysian Ringgit to Australian Dollar data was reported at 2.766 AUD/MYR in Apr 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 2.787 AUD/MYR for Mar 2025. Exchange Rate: RBA: Malaysian Ringgit to Australian Dollar data is updated monthly, averaging 2.659 AUD/MYR from Nov 1983 (Median) to Apr 2025, with 498 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3.417 AUD/MYR in Jul 2017 and a record low of 1.569 AUD/MYR in Jul 1986. Exchange Rate: RBA: Malaysian Ringgit to Australian Dollar data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Reserve Bank of Australia. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Australia – Table AU.M009: Exchange Rate.