This dataset does not contain any resources hosted on data.gov.au. It provides a link to the location of the Reserve Bank of Australia Freedom of Information (FOI) disclosure log to aide in information and data discovery. You can find the FOI Disclosure log here and the Agency's Information Publication Scheme here.

The data.gov.au team is not responsible for the contents of the above linked pages.

Foreign Exchange Transactions: RBA: Australian Government data was reported at -2,138.000 AUD mn in Mar 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of -1,583.000 AUD mn for Feb 2025. Foreign Exchange Transactions: RBA: Australian Government data is updated monthly, averaging -530.000 AUD mn from Jan 1995 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 363 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 545.000 AUD mn in Feb 1995 and a record low of -3,187.000 AUD mn in Jun 2022. Foreign Exchange Transactions: RBA: Australian Government data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Reserve Bank of Australia. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Australia – Table AU.KA005: Official Reserve Assets & Foreign Exchange Transactions. Prior to 2015, the series is computed using a different methodology. The changes in the calculations were mainly due to a change to the treatment of repos, derivatives and gold. [COVID-19-IMPACT]

Graph and download economic data for Australian Bank Transactions: RBA Spot and Forward Transactions: Net with Government and other Counterparties (AUD Millions) (AUINTDGT) from 1983-12-12 to 2006-12-29 about intervention, Australia, Net, government, banks, and depository institutions.

GSS: RBA Holdings: AGS: Australian Government Bonds data was reported at 216,127.000 AUD mn in Apr 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 236,320.000 AUD mn for Mar 2025. GSS: RBA Holdings: AGS: Australian Government Bonds data is updated monthly, averaging 140,565.000 AUD mn from Jan 2017 (Median) to Apr 2025, with 100 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 288,127.000 AUD mn in Jun 2022 and a record low of 975.000 AUD mn in Feb 2018. GSS: RBA Holdings: AGS: Australian Government Bonds data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Reserve Bank of Australia. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Australia – Table AU.Z010: Government Securities Holdings by Reserve Bank of Australia.

The 'RBA Jones Speech' refers to public addresses by the Reserve Bank of Australia's (RBA) Governor, Philip Lowe, or other senior officials, where they discuss monetary policy, economic outlook, and financial stability.

GSS: RBA Holdings: AGS: Australian Government T-Notes data was reported at 0.000 AUD mn in Apr 2025. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 AUD mn for Mar 2025. GSS: RBA Holdings: AGS: Australian Government T-Notes data is updated monthly, averaging 0.000 AUD mn from Jan 2017 (Median) to Apr 2025, with 100 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.000 AUD mn in Apr 2025 and a record low of 0.000 AUD mn in Apr 2025. GSS: RBA Holdings: AGS: Australian Government T-Notes data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Reserve Bank of Australia. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Australia – Table AU.Z010: Government Securities Holdings by Reserve Bank of Australia.

The benchmark interest rate in Australia was last recorded at 3.60 percent. This dataset provides - Australia Interest Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

GSS: RBA Holdings: Semis: Australian Capital Territory Bonds data was reported at 1,159.000 AUD mn in Apr 2025. This stayed constant from the previous number of 1,159.000 AUD mn for Mar 2025. GSS: RBA Holdings: Semis: Australian Capital Territory Bonds data is updated monthly, averaging 464.000 AUD mn from Jan 2017 (Median) to Apr 2025, with 100 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,210.000 AUD mn in Sep 2024 and a record low of 25.000 AUD mn in Oct 2019. GSS: RBA Holdings: Semis: Australian Capital Territory Bonds data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Reserve Bank of Australia. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Australia – Table AU.Z010: Government Securities Holdings by Reserve Bank of Australia.

‘System cash position’ is an estimate of the change in the aggregate level of Exchange Settlement (ES) balances at the RBA, prior to the RBA’s open market operations on that day. A negative value indicates a projected fall in the level of ES balances, while a positive value indicates a projected rise. The estimate is based on information about settlements arising from transactions by the RBA’s clients, including the Australian Government, as well as the RBA’s own transactions, and is announced at 9:30 am each trading day.

‘Outright transactions’ is the cash value of purchases and sales, conducted as part of the Bank’s open market operations, of securities issued by the Australian Government and State and Territory central borrowing authorities with remaining terms to maturity up to around 18 months. A positive value indicates the RBA has purchased securities while a negative value indicates the RBA has sold securities.

‘Foreign exchange swaps’ is the aggregate value of the first leg of foreign exchange swaps transacted for same-day value specifically for domestic liquidity management purposes. A positive value indicates the RBA has sold Australian dollars for foreign currency while a negative value indicates the RBA has purchased Australian dollars. The value of the second leg of a foreign exchange swap is captured in the ‘System cash position’ on the unwind date.

‘Repurchase agreements (RPs)’ is the amount of the first leg of securities bought/sold by the RBA under repurchase agreement (RP). 'General Collateral' refers to eligible eligible securities issued by the Australian Government, State and Territory governments, supranational institutions, foreign governments and government agencies as well as eligible securities with a sovereign government guarantee. ‘Private securities’ covers all other eligible collateral, including ADI-issued securities (eligible bank-issued discount securities and certificates of deposit with 12 months or less to maturity and bonds issued by ADIs), asset-backed securities (eligible residential mortgage-backed securities and asset-backed commercial paper) and eligible commercial paper. A positive value indicates the RBA has purchased securities under RPs while a negative value indicates the RBA has sold securities under RPs. It does not include RPs which are transacted through the RBA’s overnight RP facility. The value of the second leg of all RPs is captured in the ‘System cash position’ on the respective value dates.

‘Exchange Settlement account balances (end day)’ is the aggregate of all ES balances held at the RBA at the close of business. Unexpected movements in ES balances and overnight RPs transacted through the RBA’s overnight RP facility mean that ‘Exchange Settlement account balances (end day)’ will not necessarily be the sum of the previous day’s ‘Exchange Settlement account balances (end day)’, the ‘System cash position’ and the total of ‘Open market operations’ transacted.

‘Overnight repurchase agreements with RBA’ is the aggregate of the first leg of securities bought by the RBA through the overnight RP facility. These data are updated with a one month lag.

Outright Transaction Details

The 'Outright Transactions Details' sheet provides further information on the outright purchases and sales of Bonds and Discount Securities issued by the Australian Commonwealth, State & Territory Governments, conducted as part of the Bank's open market operations. “Issuer” is the acronym of the issuer of the bond/security. A positive “Face value dealt” indicates a purchase while a negative value indicates a sale. 'Weighted average rate' is the average of the rates dealt for each bond/security, weighted by the amount transacted. 'Cut-off rate' is the lowest yield accepted.

Repo Details

The Repo Details sheets provide a summary of the type of securities delivered to/by the RBA under RP at each term dealt through the open market operations. 'Govt and Quasi-Govt Repo Details' covers repo against General Collateral (eligible securities issued by the Australian Government, State and Territory governments, supranational institutions, foreign governments and government agencies as well as eligible securities with a sovereign government guarantee). ‘Private securities’ covers all other eligible collateral, including ADI-issued securities (eligible bank-issued discount securities and certificates of deposit with 12 months or less to maturity and bonds issued by ADIs), asset-backed securities (eligible residential mortgage-backed securities and asset-backed commercial paper) and eligible commercial paper.

'Term' is the number of days dealt in open market operations.

'Value Dealt' is the amount of the first leg of securities bought/sold by the RBA under RP.

Weighted average rate' is the is the average of the rates on RPs dealt by the RBA through open market operations, weighted by the amount transacted.

'Cut-off rate' is the lowest rate dealt by the RBA through open market operations for each term dealt.

Repo Unwinds

The Repos Unwinds sheet provides a summary of the value of repurchase agreements due to unwind in the future, for both General Collateral and Private Securities. The unwind amount is equal to the sum of the total value dealt to that date plus accrued interest.

Figures for ‘RBA foreign exchange transactions’, ‘Change in reserve assets due to valuation’ and ‘Total change in reserve assets’ refer to period totals. All other figures are end period values.

‘RBA foreign exchange transactions’, sales (-) and purchases (+), are reported according to the date on which settlement takes place (‘value date’).

‘Market’ transactions are foreign exchange transactions against the Australian dollar (excluding foreign exchange swaps) undertaken by the RBA with authorised foreign exchange dealers in Australia or banks overseas.

‘Australian Government’ transactions are the RBA’s foreign exchange transactions with the Australian Government.

‘Other outright’ transactions include the RBA’s outright transactions with other central banks, international financial institutions which are not intended to affect the exchange rate, clients other than the Australian Government, and interest received on holdings of foreign assets.

‘Swap deliveries’ are RBA foreign exchange swap transactions that settled during the period, excluding swaps conducted with the Federal Reserve as part of the USD Swap Facility. For the period January 1995 until February 1996 ‘Other outright’ includes ‘Swap deliveries’.

‘Official reserve assets’ comprise holdings of ‘Foreign exchange’, ‘Gold’ and ‘Other’ reserve assets, which comprise Special Drawing Rights, Reserve position in the IMF and the net value of swap transactions conducted with the Federal Reserve as part of the USD Swap Facility.

‘Outstanding forward foreign exchange commitments’ mainly reflect market values of the second leg of RBA swap transactions outstanding and, from time to time, outstanding RBA outright forward transactions. Prior to July 2002 contract values are reported.

The sum of ‘Gold’ and ‘Foreign exchange’ may differ from figures reported in the weekly Statement of Liabilities and Assets and the RBA’s Annual Report. From 1 July 1996, foreign currency securities sold under repurchase agreements are retained for accounting purposes as foreign currency investments in the RBA’s balance sheet, in accordance with standard accounting treatment. For the purpose of reporting foreign exchange reserves in this table, however, securities sold under repurchase agreements are excluded. In addition, from 20 December 2006, foreign exchange sales (-) and purchases (+) are reported for accounting purposes according to the date on which they are contracted (‘trade date’). For the purpose of reporting foreign exchange reserves in this table, however, foreign exchange transactions are reported according to the date on which settlement takes place (‘value date’).

The yield on Australia 10Y Bond Yield rose to 4.31% on August 22, 2025, marking a 0.04 percentage point increase from the previous session. Over the past month, the yield has edged up by 0.01 points and is 0.39 points higher than a year ago, according to over-the-counter interbank yield quotes for this government bond maturity. Australia 10-Year Government Bond Yield - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on August of 2025.

This dataset contains news headlines relevant to key forex pairs: AUDUSD, EURCHF, EURUSD, GBPUSD, and USDJPY. The data was extracted from reputable platforms Forex Live and FXstreet over a period of 86 days, from January to May 2023. The dataset comprises 2,291 unique news headlines. Each headline includes an associated forex pair, timestamp, source, author, URL, and the corresponding article text. Data was collected using web scraping techniques executed via a custom service on a virtual machine. This service periodically retrieves the latest news for a specified forex pair (ticker) from each platform, parsing all available information. The collected data is then processed to extract details such as the article's timestamp, author, and URL. The URL is further used to retrieve the full text of each article. This data acquisition process repeats approximately every 15 minutes.

To ensure the reliability of the dataset, we manually annotated each headline for sentiment. Instead of solely focusing on the textual content, we ascertained sentiment based on the potential short-term impact of the headline on its corresponding forex pair. This method recognizes the currency market's acute sensitivity to economic news, which significantly influences many trading strategies. As such, this dataset could serve as an invaluable resource for fine-tuning sentiment analysis models in the financial realm.

We used three categories for annotation: 'positive', 'negative', and 'neutral', which correspond to bullish, bearish, and hold sentiments, respectively, for the forex pair linked to each headline. The following Table provides examples of annotated headlines along with brief explanations of the assigned sentiment.

Examples of Annotated Headlines


    Forex Pair
    Headline
    Sentiment
    Explanation




    GBPUSD 
    Diminishing bets for a move to 12400 
    Neutral
    Lack of strong sentiment in either direction


    GBPUSD 
    No reasons to dislike Cable in the very near term as long as the Dollar momentum remains soft 
    Positive
    Positive sentiment towards GBPUSD (Cable) in the near term


    GBPUSD 
    When are the UK jobs and how could they affect GBPUSD 
    Neutral
    Poses a question and does not express a clear sentiment


    JPYUSD
    Appropriate to continue monetary easing to achieve 2% inflation target with wage growth 
    Positive
    Monetary easing from Bank of Japan (BoJ) could lead to a weaker JPY in the short term due to increased money supply


    USDJPY
    Dollar rebounds despite US data. Yen gains amid lower yields 
    Neutral
    Since both the USD and JPY are gaining, the effects on the USDJPY forex pair might offset each other


    USDJPY
    USDJPY to reach 124 by Q4 as the likelihood of a BoJ policy shift should accelerate Yen gains 
    Negative
    USDJPY is expected to reach a lower value, with the USD losing value against the JPY


    AUDUSD

RBA Governor Lowe’s Testimony High inflation is damaging and corrosive

    Positive
    Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) expresses concerns about inflation. Typically, central banks combat high inflation with higher interest rates, which could strengthen AUD.

Moreover, the dataset includes two columns with the predicted sentiment class and score as predicted by the FinBERT model. Specifically, the FinBERT model outputs a set of probabilities for each sentiment class (positive, negative, and neutral), representing the model's confidence in associating the input headline with each sentiment category. These probabilities are used to determine the predicted class and a sentiment score for each headline. The sentiment score is computed by subtracting the negative class probability from the positive one.

These data are derived from returns submitted to the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA) by banks authorised under the Banking Act 1959. APRA assumed responsibility for the supervision and regulation of banks on 1 July 1998. Data prior to that date were submitted to the RBA.

Up to and including June 2000, data are averages of weekly (Wednesday) figures. From July 2000, data are for the last business day of every month. Up to and including March 2002, banks submitted Form D (Statement of Liabilities and Assets on the Australian Books). In March 2002, APRA implemented new reporting forms for banks. The data, dating from April 2002, are derived from ARF 320.0 Statement of Financial Position (Domestic Books).

ARF 320.0 covers the domestic books of the licensed bank and is an unconsolidated report of the Australian bank’s operations/transactions that are booked or recorded inside Australia (with Australian residents and non-residents). ARF 320.0 does not consolidate Australian and offshore-controlled entities (thus offshore branches of the Australian bank are excluded). ARF 320.0 includes transactions of Australian-based offshore banking units of the licensed ADI but excludes transactions of overseas-based offshore banking units.

An Australian ‘resident’ is any individual, business or other organisation domiciled in Australia. Australian branches and subsidiaries of foreign businesses are regarded as Australian residents. A ‘non-resident’ is any individual, business or other organisation domiciled overseas. Foreign branches and subsidiaries of Australian businesses are regarded as non-residents.

‘Resident assets – notes and coins, and deposits due from RBA’ includes: Australian and foreign currency notes and coins; settlement account balances with the RBA and any other central bank; and any other funds held at the RBA.

‘Resident assets – bills receivables’ refers to assets arising from undertakings by customers to pay bills of exchange drawn by the banks. From April 2002, this item includes Australian dollar- and foreign currency-denominated (AUD equivalent) bill receivables. Prior to that date, foreign currency-denominated (AUD equivalent) bill receivables are included in ‘resident assets – other assets’.

‘Resident assets – loans and advances – residential’ include: owner-occupied and investment housing loans. ‘Resident assets – loans and advances – personal’ include: revolving credit; credit cards; personal lease financing; and other personal term loans. ‘Resident assets – loans and advances – commercial’ include: loans to community service organisations and non-profit institutions; loans to non-financial corporations; loans to general government; and loans to financial corporations. The loans and advances data are net of specific provisions for bad and doubtful debts, but gross of general provisions for bad and doubtful debts. Loans and advances exclude: bills of exchange, commercial paper, promissory notes, certificates of deposit, and some other debt securities. From April 2002, loans and advances refer to Australian dollar- and foreign currency-denominated (AUD equivalent) loans and advances. Prior to that date, foreign currency-denominated (AUD equivalent) loans and advances are included in ‘resident assets – other assets’.

‘Resident assets – other assets’ refers to all other resident assets not included in the above items. Prior to April 2002, this item includes: shares; bullion; past-due bills; accounts receivable; prepayments made; public sector securities; and all other resident assets other than accrued interest not yet receivable and intangible assets. From April 2002, this item includes: cash and liquid assets other than notes and coins and deposits due from RBA; trading and investment securities; fixed assets; intangible assets; other investments and all other assets not reported above. Note that, from April 2002, this item also includes unrealised gains on trading derivatives – prior to that date, these were excluded.

‘Resident assets – total’ refers to total assets on the Australian books of banks that are due from residents, and is the sum of the above items. ‘Resident assets – of which: denominated in foreign currency’ refers to the Australian dollar equivalent of ‘resident assets – total’ on the Australian books of banks that are denominated in foreign currency.

‘Non-resident assets – total’ refers to total assets on the Australian books of banks that are due from non-residents, though from April 2002, this series excludes the total amount due from banks’ overseas operations, which have been separately identified on the new reporting form. ‘Non-resident assets – of which: denominated in foreign currency’ refers to the Australian dollar equivalent of ‘non-resident assets – total’ on the Australian books of banks that are denominated in foreign currency.

‘Total assets’ is the sum of ‘resident assets – total’ and ‘non-resident assets – total’. From April 2002, this item also includes the ‘amount due from overseas operations’, which is identified separately from ‘resident assets – total’ and ‘non-resident assets – total’. The ‘amount due from overseas operations’ refers to domestic book on-balance sheet assets due from overseas operations of banks which have not been included in the above items.

a.Relative binding affinity 100% was thought to be reacted completely because it was not detected in experiment group;b.Compound 10 can't detected before or after reaction with DPPH• and identified as antioxidants;c.The peak area of compound 11, 12 increased too much and identified as antioxidants temporarily.

P2R.data.reader.v041220 with Header.R

This is a block of R code written for NESP Tropical Water Quality Hub Project 3.1.6
The software uses data supplied from the Queensland Government’s Paddock to Reef (P2R) modelling system, and other publicly available data, to generate plots of supply curves for water quality credits in dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) for the main catchments in the Wet Tropics.


The aim of Project 3.1.6 was to compare the cost of supplying DIN credits from various sources with the prices that potential credit buyers would be willing to pay for those credits. This R-code estimates the minimum cost of supplying DIN credits via fertiliser practice change in sugarcane production in the main Wet Tropics catchments (Daintree, Mossman, Barron, Mulgrave-Russell, Johnstone, Tully, Murray and Herbert). Key data inputs on reductions in cane yield and reductions in DIN loss from 563 individual cane land management units[1] in the Wet Tropics are obtained from the Queensland Government’s Paddock to Reef (P2R) modelling program. Data on fertiliser cost, sugar prices, sugar content in cane, equipment cost and growers’ ‘transaction cost’ in engaging in water quality credit trading are obtained from public sources and the literature.
Results are produced in the form of estimated supply curves for DIN credits from practice change in cane for the main Wet Tropics catchments.

[1] The Queensland Government’s Paddock to Reef (P2R) modelling and monitoring program (The Australian and Queensland Governments, 2018) defines unique combinations of soil type, soil permeability, climate zone and sub-catchment in sugarcane land in the Wet Tropics catchments as separate cane ‘management units’.



Methods:

The Queensland Government’s Paddock to Reef (P2R) modelling and monitoring program (The Australian and Queensland Governments, 2018) defines unique combinations of soil type, soil permeability, climate zone and sub-catchment in sugarcane land in the Wet Tropics catchments as separate cane ‘management units’. P2R’s mapping produces 563 separate cane management units for which full cane yield and DIN loss predictions are available over the time period 1987-2013. In Project 3.1.6, the minimum cost of supplying DIN credits from practice change in cane in the Wet Tropics at management unit resolution is calculated as the sum of the following four components:

1. Opportunity cost: the reduction in average annual farm gross margin that follows from a reduction in fertiliser application rate. Average farm gross margin is derived from average P2R-simulated cane yields over the period 1987-2013 (Fraser et al., 2013). Opportunity cost is calculated on an annual basis.

2. Compensation for increased exposure to risk of reduced yield: the average reduction in farm gross margin from years containing the top 10% of P2R-simulated yields over the period 1987-2013 that follows from a reduction in fertiliser application rate (Fraser et al., 2013). Compensation for increased exposure to risk is calculated on an annual basis.

3. Transition cost: the annualised cost of equipment purchases required to implement each step improvement in fertiliser practice. Transition cost data are drawn from van Grieken et al., (2019; Table 2, p.4), inflated to 2018AUD using the Reserve Bank of Australia’s inflation calculator (https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/ ).Transition cost is annualised over the 6-year cane cycle at a discount rate of 7% per annum, to produce an annualised equivalent transition cost that is compatible with the annual timeframe over which opportunity cost and the compensation required for increased exposure to risk are calculated.

4. Transaction cost: the annualised cost of the resources, including time, that a landholder has to commit to learn about and engage with water quality credit trading. Transaction cost data are drawn from (Coggan et al., 2014; Table 5, p.512), inflated to 2018AUD using the Reserve Bank of Australia’s inflation calculator (https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/ ).Transaction cost is annualised over a 6-year cane cycle at a discount rate of 7% per annum to produce an annualised equivalent transition cost that is compatible with the annual timeframe over which opportunity cost and the compensation required for increased exposure to risk are calculated.

Each element of cost is calculated for each step change in fertiliser management practice in line with the Sugarcane Water Quality Risk Framework 2017-2022 (The Australian and Queensland Governments, n.d.)(https://www.reefplan.qld.gov.au/_data/assets/pdf_file/0036/78867/sugarcane-water-quality-risk-framework-2017-2022.pdf ) i.e. for successive step improvements in fertiliser management practice on the Sugarcane Water Quality Risk Framework – Practice Level D to Practice Level C, Practice Level C to Practice Level B etc.

Estimates of transition cost and transaction cost vary depending on the size of the farm within which a management unit is located. These data were not available to Project 3.1.6, so management units are stochastically allocated to small, medium or large farms across multiple simulation loops. Within each stochastic allocation, the total land area allocated to the different size classes of farms is matched to within 1% of that reported by Sing and Barron (2014). The initial level of fertiliser practice is also allocated stochastically across management units to match the proportion of catchment land area managed under the different levels of fertiliser practice as reported in the 2017 and 2018 Reef Report Cards (Commonwealth of Australia and Queensland Government, 2018).

For each step change in fertiliser management practice on each management unit, the cost incurred (the sum of opportunity cost, compensation required for exposure to increased risk, transition cost and transaction cost) and the reduction in DIN loss achieved (at the cane field and at End-of-Catchment) are recorded. (Management unit-specific DIN transport coefficients for DIN lost via the surface water pathway are provided by P2R modelling. A uniform DIN transport coefficient from the literature is used for DIN lost via deep drainage (after Webster et al., (2012), as cited in van Grieken et al., 2019; Sec 3.3, p.4).

The supply curve for supply of DIN credits from a catchment is constructed by ordering practice change steps from management units in that catchment from the most cost-effective (i.e. lowest $/kgDIN @ EoC) to the least cost-effective (i.e. highest $/kgDIN @ EoC), and then plotting cumulative DIN reduction (kgDIN reduced @ EoC) vs cost-effectiveness ($/kgDIN @ EoC). See Figure 5.5 to 5.9 in the final report ( https://nesptropical.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/NESP-TWQ-Project-3.1.6-Final-Report.pdf ).



Format:

This data delivery is presented as a block of R-code. The first few lines of the tab-delimited input data files are also included in the data delivery to illustrate the format and content of the input data. Datafiles containing P2R data cannot be included in the eAtlas archive because Project 3.1.6 does not hold the rights to these data.


Data Dictionary:

Data delivery comprises: R-code to generate DIN credit supply curves, plus input data files
R-code file: P2R.data.reader.v041220 with Header.R

Input data files: as tab-delimited text files
Data from Paddock to Reef (P2R): file header only included
P2R_combined_Avg_file_to_read = "P2R_Avg_1987_2013_wide.txt"
P2R_DINLoss_file_to_read = "P2R_WetTropics_Av_of_DIN_Loss_trimmed_max_to_min.txt"
P2R_Herbert_Avg_file_to_read = "P2R_Averaged_data_in_Herbert_only.txt"
P2R_FWCane_file_to_read = "P2R_WetTropics_Av_of_CaneFW_trimmed_max_to_min.txt"
CVaR_file_to_read = "P2R_CVaR_by_DMU_Best_Worst_10_percent_1987_2013.txt"

Publicly available data, compiled by NESP Project 3.1.6
Urea_prices_to_read = "Urea_Prices_in_2018_19_AUD.txt"
Sugar_prices_to_read = "Sugar_Prices_in_2018_19_AUD.txt"
Transition_costs_to_read = "Transition_Costs_between_Cane_Mgmt_Practices_v040520.txt"
Transaction_costs_to_read = "Transaction_Cost_Data_Coggan_2014.txt"



References:

Coggan, A., van Grieken, M., Boullier, A., Jardi, X., 2014. Private transaction costs of participation in water quality improvement programs for Australia’s Great Barrier Reef: Extent, causes and policy implications. Aust. J. Agric. Resour. Econ. 59, 499–517. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8489.12077

Commonwealth of Australia and Queensland Government, 2018. Agricultural Land Management Practice Adoption Results: Reef Water Quality Report Card 2017 and 2018.

Fraser, G., Shaw, M., Silburn, M., 2013. Paddock to Reef 2: Cane Paddock Scale Modelling – Wet Tropics Region.

Sing, N., Barron, F., 2014. Management practice synthesis for the Wet Tropics region: A report prepared for the Wet Tropics Water Quality Improvement Plan. Terrain NRM, Innisfail. Terrain NRM, Innisfail. Queensland.

The Australian and Queensland Governments, 2018. Paddock to Reef Integrated Monitoring, Modelling and Reporting Program 2017-2022: Summary.

The Australian and Queensland Governments, n.d. Sugarcane water quality risk framework 2017-2022.

van Grieken, M.E., Roebeling, P.C., Bohnet, I.C., Whitten, S.M., Webster, A.J., Poggio, M., Pannell, D., 2019. Adoption of agricultural management for Great Barrier Reef water quality improvement in heterogeneous farming communities. Agric. Syst. 170, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2018.12.003

Webster, A.J., Bartley, R., Armour, J.D., Brodie, J.E., Thorburn, P.J., 2012. Reducing dissolved inorganic nitrogen in surface runoff water from sugarcane production systems. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 65,

These data are derived from returns submitted by corporations registered as Category D (Money Market Corporations) under the Financial Sector (Collection of Data) Act 2001. Along with Category :Other-C/, these corporations are known collectively as Registered Financial Corporations (RFCs). Category :Other-C/ includes corporations formerly registered as Category F (Finance Companies), G (General Financiers) and E (Pastoral Finance Companies) under the Financial Corporations Act 1974.

In AprilA 2003, responsibility for the collection of financial statistics from Registered Financial Corporations (RFCs) was transferred to APRA. Previously, these data were collected by the RB under the now repealed Financial Corporations Act 1974. The introduction of new reporting forms in April 2003 has led to some significant breaks in series and affected definitions and categories shown for these institutions. There are other breaks from time to time in the historical data due to changes in the number of reporting corporations. Details of data reported by individual corporations are confidential.

Since December 1999, the collections cover RFCs whose assets in Australia (including related corporations) exceed $50A million. Prior to December 1999, this threshold was set at $5A million. This change resulted in breaks in all series covering RFCs.

The collection of statistics from the authorised money market dealers (formerly Category C corporations under the Financial Corporations Act 1974) ceased from August 1996.

From April 2003, the data are derived from RRFA 320.0: Statement of Financial Position collected by APRA. Prior to April 2003, the data were derived from the FC forms: D1, E1, F1 and G1 which were collected by the RBA.

:AFIs-C/ refers to banks, credit unions, building societies, SCCIs, RFCs and the RBA.

From April 2003, :Cash and liquid assets - Cash and balances with AFIs-C/ includes cash and deposits and placements with AFIs. Prior to April 2003, this series includes cash and deposits and placements with banks and RFCs.

From April 2003, :Cash and liquid assets - Other-C/ includes gold bullion and deposits and placements with clearing houses and other (non- AFI) financial institutions. Prior to April 2003, this series includes deposits and placements with all institutions other than banks and RFCs. This series also includes placements with authorised money market dealers prior to August 1996.

:Trading and investment securities - Debt-C/ includes commercial paper and promissory notes, bills of exchange and all other debt securities held by all counterparties.

All series under :Loans and advances-C/ include finance lease receivables.

:Loans and advances - Household-C/ includes housing and other personal loans to households.

From April 2003, :Loans and advances - Business-C/ includes loans to the following counterparties: private trading corporations, private unincorporated businesses, public non-financial corporations, community service organisations and other (non-AFI) financial institutions. Prior to April 2003, this series includes loans to all counterparties other than households and RFCs, and also includes bills of exchange accepted by the reporting corporation.

From April 2003, :Loans and advances - AFIs-C/ includes loans to AFIs. Prior to April 2003, this series only includes loans to RFCs (loans to other AFIs are included in :Loans and advances - Business-C/).

From April 2003, :Borrowings from residents - Borrowings from AFIs-C/ includes deposits and placements due to AFIs and short-term loans from ADIs. Prior to April 2003, this series includes borrowings from banks and related RFCs.

From April 2003, :Borrowings from residents - Deposits and placements-C/ includes deposits and placements due to the following counterparties: private trading corporations, private unincorporated businesses, public non-financial corporations, community service organisations and other (non-AFI) financial institutions.

From April 2003, :Borrowings from residents - Other-C/ includes borrowings by the issue of promissory notes, bills of exchange and other debt securities, short-term loans from non-ADIs and all long-term loans. Prior to April 2003, this series includes borrowings from all counterparties other than banks and related RFCs, and borrowings by the issue of promissory notes, debentures, unsecured notes and bills of exchange accepted by banks.

GDP from Mining in Australia decreased to 86364 AUD Million in the fourth quarter of 2024 from 86658 AUD Million in the third quarter of 2024. This dataset provides - Australia Gdp From Mining- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

GSS: RBA Holdings: Semis: South Australian Government Financing Authority Bonds data was reported at 3,720.000 AUD mn in Apr 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 3,996.000 AUD mn for Mar 2025. GSS: RBA Holdings: Semis: South Australian Government Financing Authority Bonds data is updated monthly, averaging 1,719.500 AUD mn from Jan 2017 (Median) to Apr 2025, with 100 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 5,093.000 AUD mn in Feb 2022 and a record low of 115.000 AUD mn in Dec 2019. GSS: RBA Holdings: Semis: South Australian Government Financing Authority Bonds data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Reserve Bank of Australia. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Australia – Table AU.Z010: Government Securities Holdings by Reserve Bank of Australia.

The Risk-Based Authentication (RBA) market is experiencing robust growth, driven by the escalating need for robust cybersecurity measures in a rapidly evolving digital landscape. The market, valued at approximately $XX million in 2025 (assuming a logical estimate based on the provided CAGR of 18.80% and a plausible 2019-2024 baseline), is projected to expand significantly over the forecast period (2025-2033). This substantial growth is fueled by several key factors. The increasing frequency and sophistication of cyberattacks targeting businesses and individuals necessitate stronger authentication methods beyond traditional passwords. The rising adoption of cloud-based services and the proliferation of connected devices also contribute to market expansion, as RBA solutions offer enhanced security for diverse access points. Furthermore, stringent government regulations and industry compliance standards are compelling organizations across various sectors – including BFSI, retail, healthcare, and government – to implement sophisticated authentication mechanisms like RBA. The increasing preference for cloud deployment models further accelerates the market's trajectory. However, the market also faces certain challenges. The complexity of implementing and managing RBA solutions can be a barrier for smaller organizations, particularly those lacking the necessary technical expertise. Concerns regarding user experience and potential friction in the authentication process also present headwinds. Despite these obstacles, the long-term growth outlook for the RBA market remains positive. The continuous innovation in authentication technologies, such as behavioral biometrics and risk scoring algorithms, is expected to address some of the current limitations and further drive market penetration. The ongoing evolution of threat landscapes and increasing regulatory pressure will likely solidify RBA’s position as a critical component of comprehensive cybersecurity strategies across all industries. The competitive landscape is characterized by established players like RSA Security, IBM, and Micro Focus, alongside emerging innovative companies, indicating a dynamic and evolving market. Recent developments include: July 2021 - RSA released the SecurID App 3.0 to deliver a next-generation end-user experience for iOS and Android users with multiple software tokens into a single, easy-to-use SecurID App. The SecurID App also provides greater accessibility with voice-over and talk back for visually impaired users., July 2021 - Broadcom Inc. announced an integration by CA Adapter to integrate SiteMinder with an on-premise implementation of CA Strong Authentication and the CA Risk Authentication, an adaptive authentication solution.. Key drivers for this market are: Growing Data Breaches and Cyber Attacks across Key End-user Verticals, Adoption of BYOD Trends in Enterprises. Potential restraints include: Growing Data Breaches and Cyber Attacks across Key End-user Verticals, Adoption of BYOD Trends in Enterprises. Notable trends are: Banking and Financial Services Hold the Major Share.

The yield on Australia 5 Year Bond Yield eased to 3.58% on August 22, 2025, marking a 0.02 percentage point decrease from the previous session. Over the past month, the yield has fallen by 0.02 points and is 0.01 points lower than a year ago, according to over-the-counter interbank yield quotes for this government bond maturity. Australia 5 Year Note Yield - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on August of 2025.