The NCEP operational Global Forecast System analysis and forecast grids are on a 0.25 by 0.25 global latitude longitude grid. Grids include analysis and forecast time steps at a 3 hourly interval from 0 to 240, and a 12 hourly interval from 240 to 384. Model forecast runs occur at 00, 06, 12, and 18 UTC daily. For real-time data access please use the NCEP data server [http://www.nco.ncep.noaa.gov/pmb/products/gfs/].

NOTE: This dataset now has a direct, continuously updating copy located on AWS (https://noaa-gfs-bdp-pds.s3.amazonaws.com/index.html [https://noaa-gfs-bdp-pds.s3.amazonaws.com/index.html]). Therefore, the RDA will stop updating this dataset in early 2025

Products from NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis Project (NNRP or R1) are archived in this dataset. The resolution of the global Reanalysis Model is T62 (209 km) with 28 vertical sigma levels. Results are available at 6 hour intervals. Although the initial plan is to reanalyze the data for a 40-year period (1957-1996), production has gone back to 1948 and going forward continuously. Future plans call for rerunning the entire period as next generation models are ready.

There are over 80 different variables, (including geopotential height, temperature, relative humidity, u- and v- wind components, etc.) in several different coordinate systems, such as 17 pressure level stack on 2.5 by 2.5 degree grids, 28 sigma level stack on 192 by 94 Gaussian grids, and 11 isentropic level stack on 2.5 by 2.5 degree grid. They are organized as different subgroups in the archive. In addition to analyses, diagnostic terms (for example: radiative heating, convective heating) and accumulative variables (like precipitation rate) are present. The input observations are archived with quality and usage flags in WMO BUFR format. Most of the project outputs are stored in WMO GRIB format. Other files, such as restart files and zonal statistics, are saved in IEEE format.

Some special periods are analyzed more than once to provide data for special research studies. For example, a special run of 1979 was made excluding most satellite inputs. This run could be used for evaluating the impact of satellite data on the analysis. During the TOGA COARE experiment period, special runs of reanalysis model without experimental data are archived under the TOGA COARE directory.

For details and problems, see NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis TOGA COARE [https://rda.ucar.edu/datasets/ds090.0/inventories/TOGA-COARE/]. Monthly means are on line at ds090.2 [https://rda.ucar.edu/datasets/ds090.2/]. The R1 forecasts are in ds090.1 [https://rda.ucar.edu/datasets/ds090.1/] dataset.

Atmospheric River Tracking Method Intercomparison Project (ARTMIP) Tier 2 Reanalysis developer catalogues and source data. Each ARTMIP method/algorithm (named by developer) submits a catalogue comprised of 0's (no AR exists) or 1's (yes AR exists) for each time slice, for each grid point, using reanalysis data from MERRA-2, ERA5, JRA-55 and JRA-55C. Quantities required for algorithms, such as IVT or IWV, were provided directly from the reanalysis output to avoid differences due to vertical resolution of the lowest model level in the reanalyses.

Required catalogs for each ARTMIP method/algorithm included hourly binary AR tags in MERRA-2 for the period of January 1980 through December 2019 and hourly binary AR tags in ERA5 for the period of January 2000 through December 2019. Participants also had the option to submit hourly catalogs for January 1980 through December 1999 in ERA5 and six-hourly catalogs for January 1980 through December 2019 in JRA-55 and JRA-55C.

Dataset information:

Each tar file contains monthly files with hourly data from ERA5 at the native resolution of ERA5 (0.25 degrees latitude x 0.25 degrees longitude). This dataset is large, taking up over 4Tb when compressed.

ERA5_slvsubset_*.tar.gz contains column water, the U and V components of the moisture flux, and precipitation. Note that these files are compressed using a scale factor and offset for the data.

ERA5_IWV contains column water vapor

ERA5_hourlyIVT_*.tar.gz contains IVT computed from the U and V components of the moisture flux in ERA5_slvsubser_*.tar.gz. Note: for ERA5_hourlyIVT files, the latitude metadata is incorrect, values follow ERA5 convection (90 to -90) and NOT -90 to 90 as written.

ERA5_850hpawinds contain u850 and v850 millibar winds

Errata:

For ERA5_hourlyIVT files, the latitude metadata is incorrect, values follow ERA5 convection (90 to -90) and NOT -90 to 90 as written. Note: slvsubset includes U IVT and V IVT. If possible, we encourage using data from slvsubset instead of IVT due to the aforementioned errata.

Reid500 has a discontinuity bug at the wrapping point between -180 and 180 degrees

TempestLR inadvertently contains missing data for the latitude and longitude variables. However these can be acquired from the ERA5 source data itself.

The Generalized Analog Regression Downscaling method Large Ensemble (GARD-LENS) dataset is comprised of daily precipitation, mean temperature, and temperature range over the Contiguous U.S., Alaska, and Hawaii at 12 km, 4 km, and 1 km resolutions, respectively. GARD-LENS downscales three CMIP6 global climate model large ensembles, CESM2, CanESM5, and EC-Earth3, totaling 200 ensemble members. GARD-LENS is the first downscaled SMILE (single model initial-condition large ensemble), providing information about the role of internal climate variability at high resolutions. GARD LENS uses GMET as a training dataset for the period 1980-2014, although Hawaii GMET data is only available for 1990-2014. The total dataset consists of 200 ensemble member files per region per variable (e.g., 200 files for t_mean for CONUS), for a total of 1800 files and a total dataset size of roughly 12 TB.

The 150-year record of this large ensemble dataset provides ample data for assessing trends and extremes and allows users to robustly assess internal variability, forced climate signals, and time of emergence at high resolutions. As the need for high resolution, robust climate datasets continues to grow, GARD-LENS will be a valuable tool for scientists and practitioners who wish to account for internal variability in their future climate analyses and adaptation plans.

The Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) is a comprehensive numerical model, spanning the range of altitude from the Earth's surface to about 500 km to 700 km altitude. These model output files are used by the atmospheric chemistry community to create regional forecasts.

These NCEP FNL (Final) operational global analysis and forecast data are on 0.25-degree by 0.25-degree grids prepared operationally every six hours. This product is from the Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS), which continuously collects observational data from the Global Telecommunications System (GTS), and other sources, for many analyses. The FNLs are made with the same model which NCEP uses in the Global Forecast System (GFS), but the FNLs are prepared about an hour or so after the GFS is initialized. The FNLs are delayed so that more observational data can be used. The GFS is run earlier in support of time critical forecast needs, and uses the FNL from the previous 6 hour cycle as part of its initialization.

The analyses are available on the surface, at 26 mandatory (and other pressure) levels from 1000 millibars to 10 millibars, in the surface boundary layer and at some sigma layers, the tropopause and a few others. Parameters include surface pressure, sea level pressure, geopotential height, temperature, sea surface temperature, soil values, ice cover, relative humidity, u- and v- winds, vertical motion, vorticity and ozone.

The archive time series is continuously extended to a near-current date. It is not maintained in real-time.

After many years of research and technical preparation, the production of a new ECMWF climate reanalysis to replace ERA-Interim is in progress. ERA5 is the fifth generation of ECMWF atmospheric reanalyses of the global climate, which started with the FGGE reanalyses produced in the 1980s, followed by ERA-15, ERA-40 and most recently ERA-Interim. ERA5 will cover the period January 1950 to near real time.

ERA5 is produced using high-resolution forecasts (HRES) at 31 kilometer resolution (one fourth the spatial resolution of the operational model) and a 62 kilometer resolution ten member 4D-Var ensemble of data assimilation (EDA) in CY41r2 of ECMWF's Integrated Forecast System (IFS) with 137 hybrid sigma-pressure (model) levels in the vertical, up to a top level of 0.01 hPa. Atmospheric data on these levels are interpolated to 37 pressure levels (the same levels as in ERA-Interim). Surface or single level data are also available, containing 2D parameters such as precipitation, 2 meter temperature, top of atmosphere radiation and vertical integrals over the entire atmosphere. The IFS is coupled to a soil model, the parameters of which are also designated as surface parameters, and an ocean wave model. Generally, the data is available at an hourly frequency and consists of analyses and short (12 hour) forecasts, initialized twice daily from analyses at 06 and 18 UTC. Most analyses parameters are also available from the forecasts. There are a number of forecast parameters (for example, mean rates and accumulations) that are not available from the analyses.

Improvements to ERA5, compared to ERA-Interim, include use of HadISST.2, reprocessed ECMWF climate data records (CDR), and implementation of RTTOV11 radiative transfer. Variational bias corrections have not only been applied to satellite radiances, but also ozone retrievals, aircraft observations, surface pressure, and radiosonde profiles.

The National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) was initially completed over the 31-year period from 1979 to 2009 and has been extended to March 2011. CFSR monthly atmospheric, oceanic and land surface output products are available at 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, 1.9, and 2.5 degree horizontal resolutions as 6-hourly diurnal monthly means (0000, 0600, 1200, and 1800 UTC) and regular full monthly means. As a value-add for longer-term climate research, the CISL RDA has created time series of individual parameter-levels from the regular monthly means. Please note that not all parameters are available at all levels and that some parameters are not analyzed (e.g. 2 meter temperature, 10 meter winds), so please consult the detailed metadata for exact descriptions of what is available.

For more information about CFSR in general, please see NCEP's page [https://cfs.ncep.noaa.gov/cfsv1.html]. For data to extend CFSR beyond December 2010, please see the Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) datasets.

The NCEP North American Regional Reanalysis products are on the Eta 221 grid at 29 pressure levels. They were produced using the Eta 32 km model with 45 vertical layers. The input data includes all observations used in NCEP/NCAR Global Reanalysis project, and additional precipitation data, TOVS 1B radiances, profiler data, land surface and moisture data, etc. The output analyses are 3-hourly with additional 9 variables in the 3-hour forecasts to reflect accumulations or averages.

NARR reruns from 20090311 to 20091214 are updated on February 4, 2010. In April 2015, NCEP has released rerun 4 [http://rda.ucar.edu/datasets/ds608.0/docs/rr4.pdf] from April 1, 2009 to January 31, 2015 to fix codes and Mexico precipitation data preparation.

See NCEP's NARR Frequently Asked Questions [http://www.emc.ncep.noaa.gov/mmb/rreanl/faq.html]

These NCEP FNL (Final) Operational Global Analysis data are on 1-degree by 1-degree grids prepared operationally every six hours. This product is from the Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS), which continuously collects observational data from the Global Telecommunications System (GTS), and other sources, for many analyses. The FNLs are made with the same model which NCEP uses in the Global Forecast System (GFS), but the FNLs are prepared about an hour or so after the GFS is initialized. The FNLs are delayed so that more observational data can be used. The GFS is run earlier in support of time critical forecast needs, and uses the FNL from the previous 6 hour cycle as part of its initialization.

The analyses are available on the surface, at 26 mandatory (and other pressure) levels from 1000 millibars to 10 millibars, in the surface boundary layer and at some sigma layers, the tropopause and a few others. Parameters include surface pressure, sea level pressure, geopotential height, temperature, sea surface temperature, soil values, ice cover, relative humidity, u- and v- winds, vertical motion, vorticity and ozone.

The archive time series is continuously extended to a near-current date. It is not maintained in real-time.

The National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Climate Forecast System (CFS) is initialized four times per day (0000, 0600, 1200, and 1800 UTC). NCEP upgraded their operational CFS to version 2 on March 30, 2011. This is the same model that was used to create the NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR), and the purpose of this dataset is to extend CFSR. The 6-hourly atmospheric, oceanic and land surface analyzed products and forecasts, available at 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.5 degree horizontal resolutions, are archived here beginning with January 1, 2011 as an extension of CFSR. The RDA is not archiving any of the CFS seasonal forecasts. For more information about CFS, please see http://cfs.ncep.noaa.gov/ [http://cfs.ncep.noaa.gov/].

Hourly, CONUS-wide volumes of radar reflectivity and velocity spectrum width for warm seasons only (April-August), 2008 to the Present.

The US National Center for Atmospheric Research partnered with the IBS Center for Climate Physics in South Korea to generate the CESM2 Large Ensemble which consists of 100 ensemble members ... at 1 degree spatial resolution covering the period 1850-2100 under CMIP6 historical and SSP370 future radiative forcing scenarios. Data sets from this ensemble were made downloadable via the Climate Data Gateway on June 14, 2021. NCAR has copied a subset (currently ~500 TB) of CESM2 LENS data to Amazon S3 as part of the AWS Public Datasets Program. To optimize for large-scale analytics we have represented the data as ~275 Zarr stores format accessible through the Python Xarray library. Each Zarr store contains a single physical variable for a given model run type and temporal frequency (monthly, daily).

The monthly means of NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis (R1) products, archived in ds090.0 [http://rda.ucar.edu/datasets/ds090.0/] dataset, are extracted and reorganized into subgroups in this dataset. The groupings try to combine like and/or commonly used parameter-level data together. There are also subgroups for each of the four diurnal monthly means (means of 00Z, 06Z, 12Z, and 18Z separately).

The data files are in WMO GRIB format. Both the monthly means and their variances are in the same file but in different GRIB records. Examples of separating monthly means from variances are shown in this guide [http://rda.ucar.edu/datasets/ds090.2/docs/how2use_grads.txt].

All subgroups will be available on line under data [http://rda.ucar.edu/datasets/ds090.2/#access]. The ones that are not on line yet will be moved over upon request.

This dataset is comprised of WRF output, created to study orographically generated gravity waves observed by satellite-borne radiometers in the stratosphere. The intent is for the OGWs in the output ... to be used to evaluate satellite-methods for computing vertical fluxes of horizontal momentum, to be compared with waves in ECMWF and UKMO UM models, and to be validated against stratospheric satellite observations. This dataset covers the Patagonia and Antarctic Peninsula regions. The overall objective is to provide constraints for OGW drag parameterizations.

NCEP ADP Global Upper Air Observational Weather Data are composed of global upper air weather reports operationally collected by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP). These include radiosondes, pibals and aircraft reports from the Global Telecommunications System (GTS), and satellite data from the National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service (NESDIS). The reports can include pressure, geopotential height, air temperature, dew point temperature, wind direction and speed. Data may be available at up to 20 mandatory levels from 1000 millibars to 1 millibar, plus a few significant levels. Report intervals range from hourly to 12 hourly. These data are the primary input to the NCEP Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS), which is used to create the NCEP Final Tropospheric Analyses (FNL).

Full daily data can be downloaded in BUFR or LITTLE_R format. Spatial subsets decoded into ASCII can also be selected by latitude/longitude or station ID.

The Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with thermosphere and ionosphere extension (WACCM-X) is a comprehensive numerical model, spanning the range of altitude from the Earth's surface to the upper thermosphere. ... The history files here refer to a 1980-2017 specified dynamics (SD) WACCM-X version v2.1 simulation with nudging of Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2) data from the surface up to approximately 50 km. long run data is an update for 1 January 2000 - 31 December 2017. The unspecified time frequency data is hs output; these files contain the variable instr_num which is set equal to 40 for the CHAMP satellite, 41 for GRACE, 42 for GOCE, 43 for SWARM-A, and 44 for SWARM-B.

Important Notice: Update of JRA-55 data will terminate at the end of January 2024. Please use Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q) [https://rda.ucar.edu/datasets/d640000/] at that time.

The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) conducted JRA-55, the second Japanese global atmospheric reanalysis project. It covers 55 years, extending back to 1958, coinciding with the establishment of the global radiosonde observing system. Compared to its predecessor, JRA-25, JRA-55 is based on a new data assimilation and prediction system (DA) that improves many deficiencies found in the first Japanese reanalysis. These improvements have come about by implementing higher spatial resolution (TL319L60), a new radiation scheme, four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4D-Var) with Variational Bias Correction (VarBC) for satellite radiances, and introduction of greenhouse gases with time varying concentrations. The entire JRA-55 production was completed in 2013, and thereafter will be continued on a real time basis.

Specific early results of quality assessment of JRA-55 indicate that a large temperature bias in the lower stratosphere has been significantly reduced compared to JRA-25 through a combination of the new radiation scheme and application of VarBC (which also reduces unrealistic temperature variations). In addition, a dry land surface anomaly in the Amazon basin has been mitigated, and overall forecast scores are much improved over JRA-25.

Most of the observational data employed in JRA-55 are those used in JRA-25. Additionally, newly reprocessed METEOSAT and GMS data were supplied by EUMETSAT and MSC/JMA respectively. Snow depth data over the United States, Russia and Mongolia were supplied by UCAR, RIHMI and IMH respectively.

The Data Support Section (DSS) at NCAR has processed the 1.25 degree version of JRA-55 with the RDA (Research Data Archive) archiving and metadata system. The model resolution data has also been acquired, archived and processed as well, including transformation of the TL319L60 grid to a regular latitude-longitude Gaussian grid (320 latitudes by 640 longitudes, nominally 0.5625 degree). All RDA JRA-55 data is available for internet download, including complete subsetting and data format conversion services.

The CLIVAR Large Ensemble repository was built at NSF NCAR and supported by the US CLIVAR WG on Large Ensembles. It features a set of CMORized variables from the following ... CMIP5 class Large Ensembles: CANESM2, CESM, CSIRO MK36, EC Earth, GFDL CM3, GFDL ESM2M, MPI, and OLENS McKinnon.

NCEP ADP Global Surface Observational Weather Data are composed of surface weather reports operationally collected by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP). The data includes land and marine surface reports received via the Global Telecommunications System (GTS). Variables recorded in the reports include pressure, air temperature, dew point temperature, wind direction and speed. Precipitation data has been decoded for the U.S. and Canada. Report intervals range from hourly to 3 hourly. These data are the primary input to the NCEP Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS).

Full daily data can be downloaded in BUFR or LITTLE_R format. Spatial subsets decoded into ASCII can also be selected by latitude/longitude or station ID.