By 2030, the middle-class population in Asia-Pacific is expected to increase from **** billion people in 2015 to **** billion people. In comparison, the middle-class population of sub-Saharan Africa is expected to increase from *** million in 2015 to *** million in 2030. Worldwide wealth While the middle-class has been on the rise, there is still a huge disparity in global wealth and income. The United States had the highest number of individuals belonging to the top one percent of wealth holders, and the value of global wealth is only expected to increase over the coming years. Around ** percent of the world’s population had assets valued at less than 10,000 U.S. dollars, while less than *** percent had assets of more than one million U.S. dollars. Asia had the highest percentage of investable assets in the world in 2018, whereas Oceania had the highest percentage of non-investable assets. The middle-class The middle class is the group of people whose income falls in the middle of the scale. China accounted for over half of the global population for middle-class wealth in 2017. In the United States, the debate about the middle class “disappearing” has been a popular topic due to the increase in wealth among the top billionaires in the nation. Due to this, there have been arguments to increase taxes on the rich to help support the middle class.

Abstract Between 2001 and 2013, Brazil’s economy grew with income redistribution. A result of inflationary stability, minimum wage increase, credit expansion and the widening of social policies, this period was characterized by the upward mobility of dozens of millions of Brazilians. Economists, journalists, politicians and marketers heralded the end of endemic poverty and the incorporation of this population into a newly defined “middle class”. Drawing from a documental ethnography, and from interviews with experts, this article pursuits the archeology of this category, problematizing the taxonomic ways of its emergence and evanescence. We argue that the “new middle class” must be understood as a scientific, political, and economic assemblage – one that is performed through statistic, governmental, and marketing alignments. Such diffuse scales of knowledge and power crystallized discursive fronts that rendered economic mobility legible in a country traditionally known for its stagnation and inequality.

Question 2.1.4b: Has the government publicly disclosed a national budget that has been enacted for the current fiscal year?

BackgroundPrevious research has uncovered disparities in children’s attitudes toward science based on gender, income, parenting, geographical location, and school resources, among other factors. However, less is known about socioeconomic influences on science attitudes within the evolving rural middle class. The present study investigated the relationship between indicators of socioeconomic status on middle schoolers’ attitudes toward science in a predominantly middle class, white, rural sample within the midwestern United States of America.MethodsParents were asked for demographic information and consent for their child participating in the study. Middle school children were invited to complete a short survey quantifying their attitudes toward science.ResultsScience attitudes did not vary based on gender. However, students with at least one parent that earned at least a bachelor’s degree or from a household income exceeding $90,000 had more positive attitudes toward science than those whose parents did not obtain a college degree or whose household income was less than $90,000, respectively. Regression revealed that household income and parent’s assessment of their child’s interest in a scientific career significantly predicted a child’s attitudes toward science, but gender and highest degree earned by a parent did not.ConclusionThis study found differences in children’s science attitudes within a rural, predominantly middle-class population. This finding contributes to the literature by revealing differences in science attitudes relating to higher levels of parental education (bachelor’s degree) and income ($90,000) than previously identified. This highlights additional opportunities to support children’s science growth and promote equitable science opportunities for everyone.

The Pew Research Center defines the middle class as households that earn between two-thirds and double the median U.S. household income, which was $65,000 in 2021, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. Using this measure, middle income is made up of households making between $43,350 and $130,000 annually.This map isolates 7 income brackets within the middle class income range, and maps the relative predominance of each income range across the country for census tracts, counties, and states. The brackets defined in the map, drawn from ACS Household Income Distribution data, are as follows:Households whose income in the past 12 months was $125,000 to $149,999Households whose income in the past 12 months was $100,000 to $124,999Households whose income in the past 12 months was $75,000 to $99,999Households whose income in the past 12 months was $60,000 to $74,999Households whose income in the past 12 months was $50,000 to $59,999Households whose income in the past 12 months was $45,000 to $49,999Households whose income in the past 12 months was $40,000 to $44,999Click on each feature reveals more detailed information in the pop-up regarding the current predominant income bracket and compares these figures to historical data. Information included in the pop-up:The total number of homes falling into the predominant Middle Class income bracketThe total number of homes compared to the 2010 - 2014 ACS Household Income Distribution Variables.The percent change in homes within the predominant income bracket between the current ACS, and 2010 - 2014 ACS and whether or not this change is considered statistically significant.This map uses the most current release of data from the American Community Survey (ACS) about household income ranges and cutoffs. Web Map originally owned by Summers Cleary

Switzerland Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: Outside Region data was reported at 20.848 % in 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of 20.596 % for 2015. Switzerland Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: Outside Region data is updated yearly, averaging 7.159 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2016, with 57 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 20.848 % in 2016 and a record low of 4.651 % in 1990. Switzerland Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: Outside Region data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Switzerland – Table CH.World Bank: Imports. Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies outside region are the sum of merchandise imports by the reporting economy from other low- and middle-income economies in other World Bank regions according to the World Bank classification of economies. Data are expressed as a percentage of total merchandise imports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.; ; World Bank staff estimates based data from International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.; Weighted average;

China Disposable Income per Capita: Urban: Upper Middle Income data was reported at 68,151.000 RMB in 2024. This records an increase from the previous number of 65,430.000 RMB for 2023. China Disposable Income per Capita: Urban: Upper Middle Income data is updated yearly, averaging 11,827.130 RMB from Dec 1985 (Median) to 2024, with 40 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 68,151.000 RMB in 2024 and a record low of 861.960 RMB in 1985. China Disposable Income per Capita: Urban: Upper Middle Income data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Household Survey – Table CN.HD: Income by Income Level. Since 2013, All households in the sample are grouped, by per capita disposable income of the household, into groups of low income, lower middle income, middle income, upper middle income, and high income, each group consisting of 20%, 20%, 20%, 20%, and 20% of all households respectively.

This data package includes the underlying data files to replicate the data and charts presented in Is the United States undergoing a manufacturing renaissance that will boost the middle class? by Robert Z. Lawrence, PIIE Policy Brief 24-12.

If you use the data, please cite as: Lawrence, Robert Z. 2024. Is the United States undergoing a manufacturing renaissance that will boost the middle class? PIIE Policy Brief 24-12. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

Additional file 6. List of electronic tools reported by organisations with at least two respondents to the survey. Table shows number of stakeholder survey respondents per organisation (where at least 2 respondents from the same organisation responded) and the data collection, management and analysis tools used per organisation.

Classic partisan theory posits that political parties translate their electorates’ preferences into policies. Accordingly, the recent changes in left parties’ voter base, from predominantly working-class to middle-class voters, should have resulted in changing policy positions and policy effects of left parties. We test this expectation for economic policies (i.e., subsidies, product market regulation, and privatization) in 16 European countries between 1980 and 2012. We find the expected relationships for subsidies but not for regulation and privatization. This can be explained by the fact that only with regard to subsidies, preferences substantially differ between the working- and the middle-class. Thus, economic policy preferences of voters of left parties diverge less than could be expected. Methodologically, the study suggests that empirically testing the complete causal mechanism of classic partisan theory, assessing voters’ preferences and investigating more than one issue area, are promising ways to study partisan effects on public policies.

The dataset contains the replication material for "The Two-Pronged Middle Class: The Old Bourgeoisie, New State-Engineered Middle Class and Democratic Development". The project investigates the democratic role of the middle classes. It argues that it in many contexts it is important to distinguish between the autonomous middle class emerging through gradual capitalist development and the state-induced middle class created by the authoritarian regime. The anylsis is conducted using historical and contemporary data from the Russian Federation: sub-national (district-level and oblast-level) data, as well as results of an original survey. The dataset contains both Stata dta and do files and the full text of statistical appendix with numerous robustness checks corroborating the results of the study.

Greece GR: Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: Europe & Central Asia data was reported at 19.649 % in 2016. This records a decrease from the previous number of 21.666 % for 2015. Greece GR: Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: Europe & Central Asia data is updated yearly, averaging 2.181 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2016, with 57 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 27.098 % in 2013 and a record low of 1.002 % in 1960. Greece GR: Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: Europe & Central Asia data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Greece – Table GR.World Bank.WDI: Imports. Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies in Europe and Central Asia are the sum of merchandise imports by the reporting economy from low- and middle-income economies in the Europe and Central Asia region according to the World Bank classification of economies. Data are expressed as a percentage of total merchandise imports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.; ; World Bank staff estimates based data from International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.; Weighted average;

Additional file 4. List of studies excluded from the systematic review (2010–2020) and their reasons for exclusion. Dataset that describes the studies excluded from the systematic review (2010–2020) and includes the first author, title, journal and year of publication of the study and the reason for exclusion.

A large literature expects rising middle classes to promote democracy. However, few studies provide direct evidence on this group in nondemocratic settings. This article focuses on politically important internal differentiation within the middle classes, arguing that middle class growth in state-dependent sectors weakens potential coalitions in support of democratization. I test this argument using surveys conducted at mass demonstrations in Russia and detailed population data. I also present a new approach to studying protest based on case-control methods from epidemiology. The results reveal that state sector professionals were significantly less likely to mobilize against electoral fraud, even after controlling for ideology. If this group had participated at the same rate as middle class professionals from the private sector, I estimate that another 90,000 protesters would have taken to the streets. I trace these patterns of participation to the interaction of individual resources and selective incentives. These findings have implications for authoritarian stability and democratic transitions.

Croatia HR: Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: Europe & Central Asia data was reported at 11.440 % in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 13.100 % for 2022. Croatia HR: Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: Europe & Central Asia data is updated yearly, averaging 7.395 % from Dec 1993 (Median) to 2023, with 31 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 13.100 % in 2022 and a record low of 1.848 % in 1993. Croatia HR: Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: Europe & Central Asia data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Croatia – Table HR.World Bank.WDI: Imports. Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies in Europe and Central Asia are the sum of merchandise imports by the reporting economy from low- and middle-income economies in the Europe and Central Asia region according to the World Bank classification of economies. Data are expressed as a percentage of total merchandise imports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.;World Bank staff estimates based data from International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.;Weighted average;

Additional file 1: Stata do-file to generate WIR and TWIR figures.

China Disposable Income per Capita: Middle Income data was reported at 33,925.000 RMB in 2024. This records an increase from the previous number of 32,195.000 RMB for 2023. China Disposable Income per Capita: Middle Income data is updated yearly, averaging 24,111.810 RMB from Dec 2013 (Median) to 2024, with 12 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 33,925.000 RMB in 2024 and a record low of 15,697.999 RMB in 2013. China Disposable Income per Capita: Middle Income data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Household Survey – Table CN.HD: Income by Income Level.

In striking contrast to the notion that democracy is under threat because ‘the middle’ has been ‘squeezed’ over recent decades, Iversen and Soskice (2019) in their book, Democracy and Prosperity, present an optimistic account about the future of democracy. This paper examines their key assumption that the symbiosis between democracy and advanced capitalism is underpinned by electorally decisive middle-class voters that secure a constant share of economic growth. Using comprehensive data on income trends, it is shown that this claim does not stand up to scrutiny: median income has often lagged behind the mean in household surveys, rather than kept pace with it as Iversen and Soskice claim. Strong real income growth has generally not compensated the middle for lagging behind. The varying fortunes of the middle in securing its share of economic growth have implications for the broader debate about inequality and democracy.

Qatar QA: Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: South Asia data was reported at 14.503 % in 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of 12.757 % for 2015. Qatar QA: Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: South Asia data is updated yearly, averaging 2.254 % from Dec 1972 (Median) to 2016, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 14.503 % in 2016 and a record low of 0.020 % in 1972. Qatar QA: Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: South Asia data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Qatar – Table QA.World Bank.WDI: Exports. Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in South Asia are the sum of merchandise exports from the reporting economy to low- and middle-income economies in the South Asia region according to World Bank classification of economies. Data are as a percentage of total merchandise exports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.; ; World Bank staff estimates based data from International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.; Weighted average;

Comprehensive statistical dataset for Upper-middle-income countries including demographic, economic, and social indicators for the year 2025.