Codebooks for analyzing property (house, condo, flat, etc.) listing data for each of the 10 select regions in the bay area megaregion of California, USA (SAN JOSE, MODESTO, FRESNO, TURLOCK, LIVINGSTON, ATWATER, MERCED, MADERA, MARIPOSA, OAKHURST) were obtained from Zillow Inc. on a monthly basis between March 2018 and May 2019 (denoted as the period before 2020) and May 2020 and September 2021 (after 2020). Combined, the total number of observations (unique listed properties) is N = 57,414. For each month, we obtained a set of unique listing identifiers (ZPID) by manually scanning across the entire Zillow.com directory for a given region and property type ("For Sale" and "Rent"). Read the enclosed document DataDryad_DataDescription_Petersen_Zillow.pdf for a description of the data and output of provided supporting code. Contact the corresponding author for the raw property-level data files, which are anonymized [property address and property identifier (ZPID) fields].

Brazil Sources: Bonds: Real Estate Letters - LCI data was reported at 413,884,292,846.410 BRL in Jan 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 401,498,635,489.120 BRL for Dec 2024. Brazil Sources: Bonds: Real Estate Letters - LCI data is updated monthly, averaging 178,032,891,667.325 BRL from Apr 2014 (Median) to Jan 2025, with 130 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 413,884,292,846.410 BRL in Jan 2025 and a record low of 114,102,520,317.220 BRL in Apr 2014. Brazil Sources: Bonds: Real Estate Letters - LCI data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Brazil. The data is categorized under Brazil Premium Database’s Monetary – Table BR.KAB135: Sources: Bonds: Real Estate Receivables Certificates - CRI. [COVID-19-IMPACT]

Revenue for the Commercial Real Estate industry in China is expected to decrease at an annualized 6.5% over the five years through 2025, with strict control on real estate sector and the effects of the COVID-19 epidemic since 2020.Since August 2020, the Government has proposed three debt indicators for real estate development and management companies through which the company's financial health can be rated. This new policy has exacerbated the company's debt pressure, making it unable to repay old debts by borrowing new debt. Some real estate companies faced a liquidity crisis.In 2022, the city's lockdown and laying-off caused by COVID-19 epidemic led to the pressure of delaying the delivery of commercial real estate. The industry's newly constructed and completed areas decreased significantly throughout the year. In addition, the epidemic has impacted sales in the real estate development and management industry, and some sales offices have been forced to close temporarily. In 2022, the newly constructed area of office buildings decreased by 39.1%, the newly constructed area of commercial-used buildings decreased by 42.0%, and the completed area dropped by 22.8% and 22.0% respectively.Industry revenue is forecast to recover at an annualized 1.4% over the five years through 2030. The industry's growth is anticipated to stabilize over the period, as the government continues to strengthen controls on real estate. The industry is projected to further expand into second- and third-tier cities, like Chengdu, Shenyang, and Xi'an, as firms seek to gain market share in regional centers over the next five years. Several city complex projects are planned to be built in these cities over the five years through 2030.

Mixed-Reality Real Estate Tours Market Outlook

As per our latest research, the global Mixed-Reality Real Estate Tours market size reached USD 2.1 billion in 2024, reflecting robust adoption across the real estate sector. The market is projected to expand at an impressive CAGR of 21.8% from 2025 to 2033, reaching an estimated USD 15.2 billion by 2033. This exceptional growth is primarily driven by the rising demand for immersive property viewing experiences, increasing digitization of real estate operations, and advancements in mixed-reality technologies that bridge the gap between physical and virtual property tours.

One of the primary growth factors for the Mixed-Reality Real Estate Tours market is the increasing consumer demand for interactive and immersive property exploration tools. Buyers and renters are now seeking more engaging and realistic experiences that allow them to visualize properties remotely and make informed decisions without the need for physical visits. Mixed-reality technologies, which combine elements of augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and true mixed reality (MR), enable users to experience properties as if they were physically present. This not only enhances convenience but also saves time and resources for both clients and real estate professionals. The COVID-19 pandemic further accelerated this trend, as travel restrictions and social distancing measures necessitated alternative methods for property viewing, driving rapid adoption of mixed-reality solutions.

Another significant driver is the rapid technological advancements in hardware and software supporting mixed-reality applications. The introduction of lightweight, high-resolution headsets, improved motion tracking, and cloud-based rendering has substantially enhanced the quality and accessibility of mixed-reality real estate tours. Software platforms now offer seamless integration with property management systems, customer relationship management (CRM) tools, and digital marketing channels, providing a holistic solution for real estate agencies and developers. Additionally, the declining costs of mixed-reality hardware and the proliferation of 5G networks have made these technologies more accessible to a broader range of stakeholders, including small and medium-sized agencies, further fueling market expansion.

The growing emphasis on sustainability and efficiency in the real estate sector has also contributed to the market's upward trajectory. Mixed-reality real estate tours minimize the need for multiple physical site visits, significantly reducing carbon emissions associated with travel and property staging. This aligns with the increasing focus on environmentally responsible business practices and the adoption of digital-first strategies within the real estate industry. Furthermore, mixed-reality tours enable global reach, allowing international buyers and investors to explore properties remotely, thereby expanding the potential customer base for real estate agencies and developers. As digital transformation initiatives continue to reshape the industry, mixed-reality solutions are becoming integral to modern real estate marketing and sales strategies.

Regionally, North America currently dominates the Mixed-Reality Real Estate Tours market, accounting for the largest share in 2024, followed closely by Europe and Asia Pacific. North America's leadership is attributed to the early adoption of advanced technologies, a highly digitized real estate sector, and strong investments in property technology (PropTech) startups. However, Asia Pacific is anticipated to witness the fastest growth over the forecast period, driven by rapid urbanization, increasing smartphone penetration, and rising investments in smart city infrastructure. Europe is also experiencing significant traction, particularly in countries like the UK, Germany, and France, where digital real estate solutions are gaining widespread acceptance. The Middle East & Africa and Latin America, while still emerging markets, are expected to present lucrative opportunities as digital transformation accelerates in these regions.

Component Analysis

The Mixed-Reality Real Estate Tours market is segmented by component into hardware, software, and services, each playing a crucial role in the delivery and adoption of immersive property tours. The hardware segment encompasses devices such as head-mounted displays, smart glasses, motion sensors, and 3D cameras, which are esse

According to a survey on the future of project delivery post the COVID-19 pandemic in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region in 2020, 28 percent of respondents stated that streamlining resources and greater visibility of supply chain is the biggest motive behind harnessing digital technologies for engineering and construction projects.

Brazil Sources: Bonds: Real Estate Receivables Certificates - CRI data was reported at 226,706,032,493.290 BRL in Jan 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 226,220,831,775.610 BRL for Dec 2024. Brazil Sources: Bonds: Real Estate Receivables Certificates - CRI data is updated monthly, averaging 75,948,308,280.940 BRL from Apr 2014 (Median) to Jan 2025, with 130 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 226,706,032,493.290 BRL in Jan 2025 and a record low of 40,795,547,474.800 BRL in May 2014. Brazil Sources: Bonds: Real Estate Receivables Certificates - CRI data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Brazil. The data is categorized under Brazil Premium Database’s Monetary – Table BR.KAB135: Sources: Bonds: Real Estate Receivables Certificates - CRI. [COVID-19-IMPACT]

China's large population, the accelerating urbanization process, rising household disposable incomes, and strong economic expansion have all contributed to the development of the real estate market. As a result, demand for real estate agents in China has been rising to meet the expanding market volumes and requirements for higher transaction efficiency.Over the five years through 2025, industry revenue is anticipated to decrease at a CAGR of 3.3%, including a decline of 2.2% in 2025. A competitive market has led to speculation and inflated housing prices in recent years. As a result, the Chinese government has implemented property-purchasing and loan limitations, price restrictions, and housing tax reforms to regulate industry development and limit speculation. Since 2022, consumers' demand for real estate has declined due to the COVID-19 epidemic and economic downturn. In 2023, the newly constructed area of real estate decreased by 20.9% year-on-year, which was narrower than that in 2022, while the completed area of real estate in this year increased by 15.8%.Over the five years through 2030, ACMR-IBISWorld forecasts that China's Real Estate Agents industry will recover, with revenue increasing at a CAGR of 1.9%. Due to intensifying competition, the separation of real estate development and sales will continue. Outsourcing real estate sales operations will improve the operational efficiency of real estate developers and offer new opportunities for real estate intermediary service providers in the industry.

Brazil Sources: Bonds: Secured Real Estate Letters - LIG data was reported at 114,898,866,815.780 BRL in Jan 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 116,206,614,981.590 BRL for Dec 2024. Brazil Sources: Bonds: Secured Real Estate Letters - LIG data is updated monthly, averaging 47,606,306,224.380 BRL from Nov 2018 (Median) to Jan 2025, with 75 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 119,363,815,796.750 BRL in Sep 2024 and a record low of 177,201,801.320 BRL in Nov 2018. Brazil Sources: Bonds: Secured Real Estate Letters - LIG data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Brazil. The data is categorized under Brazil Premium Database’s Monetary – Table BR.KAB135: Sources: Bonds: Real Estate Receivables Certificates - CRI. [COVID-19-IMPACT]

Sources: Brazilian Saving and Loan System - SBPE data was reported at 789,477,641,120.000 BRL in Jun 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 782,516,796,730.000 BRL for May 2021. Sources: Brazilian Saving and Loan System - SBPE data is updated monthly, averaging 546,487,327,030.000 BRL from Apr 2014 (Median) to Jun 2021, with 87 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 801,437,985,510.000 BRL in Dec 2020 and a record low of 480,464,916,610.000 BRL in Apr 2014. Sources: Brazilian Saving and Loan System - SBPE data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Brazil. The data is categorized under Brazil Premium Database’s Monetary – Table BR.KAB135: Sources: Bonds: Real Estate Receivables Certificates - CRI. [COVID-19-IMPACT]

Virtual Tour Platform Market Outlook

In 2023, the global market size of the Virtual Tour Platform is estimated to be valued at USD 3.2 billion, with a projected growth to USD 12.8 billion by 2032, reflecting a robust CAGR of 16.5% over the forecast period. This impressive growth is driven by the increasing demand for immersive and interactive experiences across various industries including real estate, education, tourism, and healthcare.

One of the primary growth factors for the Virtual Tour Platform market is the rising consumer preference for visually engaging and interactive content. As digital consumption continues to rise, businesses are increasingly adopting virtual tour platforms to attract and retain customers. These platforms provide a unique way to explore spaces remotely, offering a compelling alternative to traditional photos and videos. Additionally, advancements in virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies are further propelling the market's growth, as they enhance the overall user experience by making virtual tours more realistic and engaging.

Another significant growth driver is the increasing adoption of virtual tour platforms in the real estate industry. Real estate companies are leveraging these platforms to provide potential buyers with a 360-degree view of properties from the comfort of their homes. This not only saves time and resources but also broadens the reach of real estate listings to a global audience. The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated this trend, as social distancing measures and travel restrictions have made physical property visits challenging, thereby boosting the demand for virtual tours.

In the education sector, virtual tour platforms are gaining traction as educational institutions seek to provide prospective students with immersive campus tours. These platforms allow students to explore campuses, facilities, and accommodations remotely, enhancing their decision-making process. Similarly, the tourism and hospitality industries are increasingly utilizing virtual tours to showcase destinations, hotels, and attractions, providing potential visitors with a taste of what to expect before they book their trips. This not only enhances customer engagement but also boosts bookings and revenue.

Regionally, North America holds a significant share of the virtual tour platform market, driven by the high adoption rate of advanced technologies and the presence of key players in the region. Europe is also a major market, with increasing investments in the tourism and real estate sectors. The Asia-Pacific region is expected to witness the highest growth rate during the forecast period, owing to the rapid digital transformation and increasing internet penetration in countries like China and India. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also expected to show substantial growth, driven by the expanding real estate and hospitality sectors.

Component Analysis

The Virtual Tour Platform market can be segmented by component into software and services. The software segment includes various solutions that enable the creation, editing, and deployment of virtual tours. These software solutions are designed to be user-friendly, allowing businesses to create high-quality virtual tours without requiring extensive technical expertise. The demand for such software is increasing as more businesses recognize the importance of providing immersive experiences to their customers. Innovations in software, such as integration with VR and AR technologies, are also driving this segment's growth.

On the other hand, the services segment includes professional services such as consulting, implementation, and support. These services are crucial for businesses that may lack the internal resources or expertise to effectively utilize virtual tour platforms. Professional services ensure that businesses can successfully integrate virtual tour solutions into their existing systems and maximize their return on investment. The increasing complexity of virtual tour technologies and the need for ongoing support and maintenance are driving the demand for professional services in this market.

The software segment is expected to hold a larger market share compared to services, owing to the higher adoption rate of virtual tour software solutions across various industries. However, the services segment is also expected to grow at a significant rate, as businesses increasingly seek expert guidance and support to effectively leverage virtual tour technologies. The growing trend of outsourcing IT services an

Brazil Sources: Bonds: Mortgages Letters - LH data was reported at 304,046,043.880 BRL in Jan 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 314,639,796.720 BRL for Dec 2024. Brazil Sources: Bonds: Mortgages Letters - LH data is updated monthly, averaging 1,021,194,763.940 BRL from Apr 2014 (Median) to Jan 2025, with 123 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,494,045,405.590 BRL in Jul 2014 and a record low of 18,120,026.610 BRL in Apr 2022. Brazil Sources: Bonds: Mortgages Letters - LH data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Brazil. The data is categorized under Brazil Premium Database’s Monetary – Table BR.KAB135: Sources: Bonds: Real Estate Receivables Certificates - CRI. [COVID-19-IMPACT]

The Investment and Asset Management industry in China has increased at a CAGR of 1.8% over the five years through 2025. This growth includes an expected increase of 3.3% in the current year. Rising industry demand has resulted from the recovery of the domestic economy from the COVID-19 epidemic and the continuous development of innovative financing products and channels, with funds, private offerings, and trusts replacing traditional bank savings accounts.In 2020, affected by the COVID-19 epidemic, there is great pressure on asset management companies' liquidity management and asset quality management. Industry revenue was estimated to decrease by 4.6%. In 2021, with the recovery of China's economy, the Investment and Asset Management industry faced better market opportunities, and industry revenue is expected to have increased by 0.8%. In 2022, with the repeated COVID-19, the real estate sector in the main downstream markets was severely hit, so the Investment and Asset Management industry declined by 6.6%.ACMR-IBISWorld forecasts that industry revenue will grow 3.5% annually over the five years through 2030. Investment and asset management firms will continue investing in information management and resource allocation technology to upgrade their existing products and develop new product offerings. In addition, the Chinese Government is expected to launch more policies to encourage the healthy and stable development of the industry as investment and asset management become increasingly tied to stable economic growth and wealth accumulation within the country.

In November 2024, the unadjusted unemployment rate in the Netherlands stood at *** percent. This was an decrease of around *** percentage points when compared to the the previous month for the unadjusted unemployment rate. What are the economic consequences of COVID-19 so far? Domestic sources agree that economic impact is severe, although they have been reluctant to provide precise figures. Some sources outright refused to release data, whereas others stated they were not releasing official forecasts, but estimates. In their opinion, there were too many unknowns. Because of this, numbers on the exact economic consequences of the coronavirus in the Netherlands varied wildly. The CPB or Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis (on whose calculations the Dutch government bases its economic policy), for example, predicted GDP decreases between *** percent and ***** percent for 2020. CPB based these figures on four possible scenarios, based on how long emergency measures to counter COVID-19 would be in place. Rabobank’s GDP predictions for 2020 changed multiple times over the course of the pandemic, with a current predicted decrease of *** percent for 2020. Which Dutch sectors are hit hardest? Calculations from ABN AMRO economists named real estate and construction as the main victims of COVID-19 in 2021, with both sectors seeing their added value decrease by more than *** percent. This is similar to calculations from Rabobank, which mentioned construction industry and industry, and added that these sectors would barely recover in 2021.

Real estate investment trusts (REITs) are attractive investment vehicles, as they are exempt from corporate tax. A reduction in REIT requirements and restrictions has encouraged new entrants, although many were hit hard by the retail crash during the COVID-19 outbreak. Revenue is expected to grow at a compound annual rate of 0.4% over the five years through 2024-25 to £8.5 billion including estimated growth of 11.8% in 2024-25, while the average profit is expected to be 19.3%. As many REITs own some form of retail and office property, lockdowns and social distancing measures during the pandemic meant the REIT industry lost revenue. Many REITs were forced to sell assets to stay afloat, threatening a spiral in retail property value, with shopping centre giant Intu Properties collapsing into administration. While many REITs with exposure to warehouses performed well in the aftermath of the COVID-19 outbreak amid the e-commerce boom, the industry contended with significant headwinds like rising interest rates and rock-bottom confidence in 2022-23, hurting asset valuations and stifling investment activity. Macroeconomic conditions improved somewhat in 2023-24, with both business and consumer confidence picking up thanks to more optimistic growth prospects and stabilising interest, supporting rental income. However, the higher base rate environment has posed financing challenges, resulting in REITs finding alternative sources of finances like share placements to capitalise on low property values. In 2024-25, REITs have welcomed interest rate cuts, easing financing pressures and lifting asset values. This will support balance sheets, driving investment activity and revenue growth. REIT revenue is forecast to grow at a compound annual rate of 5.6% over the five years through 2029-30 to £11.2 billion. The hike in corporation tax in April 2023 has resulted in investors looking towards REITs due to their tax advantages, positioning REITs for significant investment in the coming years and driving revenue growth. REITs will welcome solid government support in the form of regulatory changes aiming at making the industry more competitive. Technological innovation will also shape the industry. Most notably, proptech solutions are being introduced, which improve property management and operating efficiency, supporting profit.