Based on panel error correction models for a sample of up to 21 countries this paper analyses the macroeconomic determinants of house prices and rents. In accordance with the existing literature I find significantly positive effects of per capita income and bank lending on house prices, whereas the housing stock per capita and interest rates have negative effects. For rents the results are somewhat more remarkable, indicating that both the housing stock and interest rates have a negative effect. While contradicting conventional economic theory the latter finding might be explained by real estate investors exploiting their pricing power with varying degree depending on the level of real interest rates. Moreover, the estimated impact of interest rates on both house prices and rents varies with structural housing market characteristics. For instance, while interest rates have a more pronounced effect on house prices in countries with more developed mortgage markets, the same does not hold for the effect of interest rates on rents.

The Commercial Real Estate (CRE) industry is exhibiting significant variations across markets, with persistently high office vacancy rates juxtaposed against thriving prime office spaces. Hard hit by the widespread adoption of remote and hybrid work models, the overall office vacancy rate rose to 20.4% in Q4 2024 from the pre-pandemic rate of 16.8%. However, leasing volumes for prime office spaces are set to climb, providing opportunities for seasoned investors. On the other hand, the multifamily sector is gaining from a prominent move towards renting, primarily driven by housing affordability concerns and changing lifestyle preferences. This has increased demand for multifamily properties and opportunities to convert underutilized properties, such as offices, into residential rentals. The industrial real estate segment is also evolving, with the boom in e-commerce necessitating the development of strategically located warehouses for quick fulfillment and last-mile delivery. Industry revenue has gained at a CAGR of 0.8% to reach $1.4 trillion through the end of 2025, including a 0.4% climb in 2025 alone. The industry is grappling with multiple challenges, including high interest rates, wide buyer-seller expectation gaps and significant disparities in demand across different geographies and asset types. The Federal Reserve's persistent high-interest-rate environment creates refinancing hurdles for properties purchased during the low-rate period of 2020-2021. Because of remote working trends, office delinquency rates are predicted to climb from 11.0% in late 2024 to 14.0% by 2026, leading to a job market increasingly concentrated in certain urban centers. Through the end of 2030, the CRE industry is expected to stabilize as the construction pipeline shrinks, reducing new supply and, in turn, rebalancing supply and demand dynamics. With this adjustment, occupancy rates are likely to improve, and rents may observe gradual growth. The data center segment is set to witness accelerating demand propelled by the rapid expansion of artificial intelligence, cloud computing and the Internet of Things. Likewise, mixed-use properties are poised to gain popularity, driven by the growing appeal of flexible spaces that accommodate diverse businesses and residents. This new demand, coupled with the retiring baby boomer generation's preference for leisure-centric locales, is expected to push the transformation of traditional shopping plazas towards destination centers, offering continued opportunities for savvy CRE investors. Industry revenue will expand at a CAGR of 1.9% to reach $1.6 trillion in 2030.

The average resale house price in Canada was forecast to reach nearly ******* Canadian dollars in 2026, according to a January forecast. In 2024, house prices increased after falling for the first time since 2019. One of the reasons for the price correction was the notable drop in transaction activity. Housing transactions picked up in 2024 and are expected to continue to grow until 2026. British Columbia, which is the most expensive province for housing, is projected to see the average house price reach *** million Canadian dollars in 2026. Affordability in Vancouver Vancouver is the most populous city in British Columbia and is also infamously expensive for housing. In 2023, the city topped the ranking for least affordable housing market in Canada, with the average homeownership cost outweighing the average household income. There are a multitude of reasons for this, but most residents believe that foreigners investing in the market cause the high housing prices. Victoria housing market The capital of British Columbia is Victoria, where housing prices are also very high. The price of a single family home in Victoria's most expensive suburb, Oak Bay was *** million Canadian dollars in 2024.

Global house prices experienced a significant shift in 2022, with advanced economies seeing a notable decline after a prolonged period of growth. The real house price index (adjusted for inflation) for advanced economies peaked at nearly *** index points in early 2022 before falling to around ****** points by the fourth quarter of 2024. This represents a reversal of the upward trend that had characterized the housing market for roughly a decade. Conversely, real house prices in emerging economies resumed growing, after a brief correction in the second half of 2022. What is behind the slowdown? Inflation and slow economic growth have been the primary drivers for the cooling of the housing market. Secondly, the growing gap between incomes and house prices since 2012 has decreased the affordability of homeownership. Last but not least, homebuyers in 2024 faced dramatically higher mortgage interest rates, further contributing to worsening sentiment and declining transactions. Some markets continue to grow While many countries witnessed a deceleration in house price growth in 2022, some markets continued to see substantial increases. Turkey, in particular, stood out with a nominal increase in house prices of over ** percent in the first quarter of 2024. Other countries that recorded a two-digit growth include Russia and the United Arab Emirates. When accounting for inflation, the three countries with the fastest growing residential prices in early 2024 were the United Arab Emirates, Poland, and Bulgaria.

Companies operating in the third-party real estate industry have had to navigate numerous economic headwinds in recent years, ranging from rising interest rates, spiralling inflation and muted economic growth. Revenue is projected to sink at a compound annual rate of 3.7% over the five years through 2024, including an estimated slump of 2.1% in 2024 to €196.2 billion, while the average industry profit margin is forecast to reach 34.6%. Amid spiralling inflation, central banks across Europe ratcheted up interest rates, resulting in borrowing costs skyrocketing in the two years through 2023. In residential markets, elevated mortgage rates combined with tightening credit conditions eventually ate into demand, inciting a drop in house prices. Rental markets performed well when house prices were elevated, being the cheaper alternative for cash-strapped buyers. However, even lessors felt the pinch of rising mortgage rates, forcing them to hoist rent to cover costs and pricing out potential buyers. This led to a slowdown in rental markets in 2023, weighing on revenue growth. Revenue is forecast to swell at a compound annual rate of 4% over the five years through 2029 to €238.7 billion. Following a correction during 2024, housing prices are set to being recovering in 2025 as fixed-rate mortgages begin to drop and economic uncertainty subsides, aiding revenue growth in the short term. Over the coming years, Proptech, which has been heavily invested in, will force estate agents to adapt, shaking up the traditional real estate industry. A notable application of Proptech is the use of AI and data analytics to predict a home’s future value.

This dataset represents residential real estate listings with the following features:

ZIP: The ZIP code where the property is located || SOLDPRICE: The listing price of the property in USD || SQFT: The square footage (living area) of the property || LOTSIZE: The size of the lot (in square feet) on which the property is located || BED: The number of bedrooms in the property || BATH: The number of bathrooms (some may include half baths as "0.5") || AGE: The year the property was built (older properties have lower numbers, indicating their age) || DOM: The number of days the property has been on the market (a negative value might indicate a correction or pending listing) ||

Each row represents an individual property, and the values provide various characteristics of that listing, such as size, price, and how long it's been available for purchase.

The real estate market reports of the regional expert committees provide insights into the events on the real estate markets of the past year in the respective district or in the district-free city and in the state of Brandenburg as a whole. They contain sales figures and developments, detailed analyses of the individual submarkets and statements on the price level of residential building land, commercial building land, agricultural and forestry land, single-family houses and condominiums. The publication of "other data necessary for valuation", such as market adjustment factors, conversion coefficients, index series, provides information on value relationships and increases the transparency of the land market in the respective local authorities. These annual reports are based on the evaluations of the real estate purchase contracts registered with the appraisal committees. They are delivered free of charge as a pdf file. The land market reports of the regional expert committees in analogue form or for previous years can be obtained from the respective district or in the district-free city.

The global commercial real estate (CRE) market, valued at $1694.59 billion in 2025, is projected to experience robust growth, driven by a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.6% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is fueled by several key factors. Increased urbanization and population growth in developing economies like those in APAC (Asia-Pacific) are creating a surge in demand for office spaces, retail outlets, and other commercial properties. Furthermore, the ongoing shift towards e-commerce is boosting demand for warehouse and logistics facilities, particularly in North America and Europe. Technological advancements, such as smart building technologies and property management software, are also contributing to market growth by enhancing operational efficiency and attracting investors. However, economic fluctuations, interest rate hikes, and geopolitical uncertainties pose potential restraints to market growth. The market is segmented by end-user (offices, retail, leisure, others) and channel (rental, lease, sales), each exhibiting varying growth trajectories influenced by specific market dynamics. For instance, the office segment is experiencing a period of adjustment due to remote work trends, while the retail sector continues its transition towards omnichannel strategies. The competitive landscape is characterized by a mix of large international players and regional firms. Key players, such as CBRE Group Inc., Prologis Inc., and Dalian Wanda Group, leverage their extensive networks, technological expertise, and diversified portfolios to maintain market leadership. Their competitive strategies focus on strategic acquisitions, technological innovation, and the expansion into emerging markets. However, the CRE market also faces significant risks, including regulatory changes, environmental concerns, and the ongoing impact of global economic uncertainties. Understanding these drivers, trends, and challenges is crucial for investors and businesses navigating the complex dynamics of the commercial real estate sector. Analyzing regional variations, particularly the strong growth anticipated in APAC driven by robust economic expansion, is vital for effective market positioning.

Companies operating in the third-party real estate industry have had to navigate numerous economic headwinds in recent years, ranging from rising interest rates, spiralling inflation and muted economic growth. Revenue is projected to sink at a compound annual rate of 3.7% over the five years through 2024, including an estimated slump of 2.1% in 2024 to €196.2 billion, while the average industry profit margin is forecast to reach 34.6%. Amid spiralling inflation, central banks across Europe ratcheted up interest rates, resulting in borrowing costs skyrocketing in the two years through 2023. In residential markets, elevated mortgage rates combined with tightening credit conditions eventually ate into demand, inciting a drop in house prices. Rental markets performed well when house prices were elevated, being the cheaper alternative for cash-strapped buyers. However, even lessors felt the pinch of rising mortgage rates, forcing them to hoist rent to cover costs and pricing out potential buyers. This led to a slowdown in rental markets in 2023, weighing on revenue growth. Revenue is forecast to swell at a compound annual rate of 4% over the five years through 2029 to €238.7 billion. Following a correction during 2024, housing prices are set to being recovering in 2025 as fixed-rate mortgages begin to drop and economic uncertainty subsides, aiding revenue growth in the short term. Over the coming years, Proptech, which has been heavily invested in, will force estate agents to adapt, shaking up the traditional real estate industry. A notable application of Proptech is the use of AI and data analytics to predict a home’s future value.

The UK real estate services industry, valued at approximately £32.45 billion in 2025, is projected to experience steady growth, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.00% from 2025 to 2033. This growth is driven by several factors. Increasing urbanization and population growth in key UK cities fuel demand for both residential and commercial properties, stimulating the need for property management, valuation, and other related services. Furthermore, the ongoing development of innovative technologies, such as proptech solutions improving efficiency and transparency in property transactions, contributes to market expansion. Government initiatives aimed at boosting housing supply and infrastructure development also play a significant role in shaping industry growth. However, economic uncertainties, including interest rate fluctuations and potential market corrections, could pose challenges to the industry’s trajectory. The segmentation within the UK market reflects this diversity, with residential property services likely holding the largest share, followed by commercial properties. The "Other Services" segment encompasses a variety of specialized offerings, likely experiencing growth proportional to the overall market expansion. Competition among established players like Hammerson, British Land, and Rightmove, alongside smaller firms and niche players, remains intense, driving innovation and efficiency within the sector. The regional distribution of market share within the UK is likely skewed towards London and the South East, given their high property values and transaction volumes. However, significant growth potential exists in other regions fueled by infrastructure projects and investment in new housing developments. The presence of large housing associations like Bridgewater and Sanctuary indicates a substantial social housing component influencing the overall market dynamics. The forecast period (2025-2033) suggests continued, albeit moderate, expansion, indicative of a maturing but still dynamic market. The industry's long-term outlook hinges on effective adaptation to technological advancements, economic stability, and consistent government policy support for housing and infrastructure projects. Recent developments include: January 2023: United Kingdom Sotheby's Property Business Acquired by the Dubai Branch of Sotheby's. UK Sotheby International Realty was previously owned by Robin Paterson, who sold the business to his business partner and affiliate, George Azar. George Azar currently holds and operates Sotheby's Dubai and the MENA region., November 2022: JLL identified a shortage of quality rental homes as a long-term problem for the UK, which the recent boom in rentals has accentuated. This unmet need for quality rental homes has led to continued investor interest in purpose-built rental properties in UK city centers. JLL reported that annual investment in UK living real estate reached £10bn (USD 12.73 bn) in Q3 2022, setting living on track for another record year.. Key drivers for this market are: Improvements in Infrastructure and New Development, Population Growth and Demographic Changes. Potential restraints include: Improvements in Infrastructure and New Development, Population Growth and Demographic Changes. Notable trends are: Increasing in the United Kingdom House Prices.

The nominal price of residential properties in Germany in the fourth quarter of 2024 showed a modest increase of **** percent. This marks a recovery from previous declines, as the annual house price growth had turned negative in the earlier quarters of 2023, where house prices fell by over ** percent. Adjusted for inflation, the decrease was also noted at ***** percent in the fourth quarter of 2024. This trend could be observed across the major German cities.

The China home mortgage finance market, while experiencing a period of adjustment following recent regulatory changes, presents a compelling long-term investment opportunity. The market's size in 2025 is estimated at $4 trillion USD, reflecting a significant contribution from a large and growing population, ongoing urbanization, and government initiatives aimed at affordable housing. The historical period (2019-2024) likely saw robust growth, though fluctuating due to factors such as macroeconomic conditions and policy shifts. While precise figures for this period are unavailable, industry analysis suggests a CAGR in the high single digits to low double digits, considering the sustained growth in the overall real estate sector before the recent regulatory tightening. The forecast period (2025-2033) anticipates a more moderate, yet still positive, CAGR, influenced by government efforts to curb excessive speculation and promote sustainable growth in the housing market. This moderation reflects a shift towards a more balanced and controlled expansion of the mortgage finance sector. Despite recent regulatory interventions aimed at managing risk within the financial system, the underlying demand for housing in China remains substantial. Continued urbanization, a growing middle class seeking improved living standards, and government policies supporting affordable housing will contribute to the market's long-term resilience. The focus is now shifting towards a more sustainable model of growth, prioritizing responsible lending practices and minimizing systemic risks. This necessitates adaptation within the mortgage finance sector, leading to innovative lending models, enhanced risk management strategies, and increased technological adoption. The market’s future will depend on successfully navigating these challenges while continuing to meet the housing needs of a large and dynamic population. Recent developments include: October 2022: HSBC expands China's private banking network and launches in two new cities., September 2022: China Construction Bank Corp., one of the country's four largest state-owned lenders, will set up a 30-billion-yuan (USD 4.2 billion) fund to buy properties from developers. The move comes even as policymakers take steps to contain a real estate crisis weighing on the economy.. Notable trends are: Favorable Mortgage Rates is Expected to Drive the Market.

Companies operating in the third-party real estate industry have had to navigate numerous economic headwinds in recent years, ranging from rising interest rates, spiralling inflation and muted economic growth. Revenue is projected to sink at a compound annual rate of 3.7% over the five years through 2024, including an estimated slump of 2.1% in 2024 to €196.2 billion, while the average industry profit margin is forecast to reach 34.6%. Amid spiralling inflation, central banks across Europe ratcheted up interest rates, resulting in borrowing costs skyrocketing in the two years through 2023. In residential markets, elevated mortgage rates combined with tightening credit conditions eventually ate into demand, inciting a drop in house prices. Rental markets performed well when house prices were elevated, being the cheaper alternative for cash-strapped buyers. However, even lessors felt the pinch of rising mortgage rates, forcing them to hoist rent to cover costs and pricing out potential buyers. This led to a slowdown in rental markets in 2023, weighing on revenue growth. Revenue is forecast to swell at a compound annual rate of 4% over the five years through 2029 to €238.7 billion. Following a correction during 2024, housing prices are set to being recovering in 2025 as fixed-rate mortgages begin to drop and economic uncertainty subsides, aiding revenue growth in the short term. Over the coming years, Proptech, which has been heavily invested in, will force estate agents to adapt, shaking up the traditional real estate industry. A notable application of Proptech is the use of AI and data analytics to predict a home’s future value.

EnhancedHousingMarketData.csv is an auxiliary dataset for the "Housing Prices" competition, containing key economic and demographic indicators vital for real estate market analysis. It includes data on non-farm employment, housing price index, per capita income, total quarterly wages, quantitative indexes of real GDP, total GDP, real GDP, stable population, employed individuals, and the average weekly wage in the private sector, along with the unemployment rate. This dataset aids in better understanding the factors influencing housing prices and allows for a more in-depth analysis of the real estate market.

"**TotalNonfarmEmployees**" - reflects the total number of employees working outside the agricultural sector. This figure includes workers in industries such as manufacturing, construction, trade, transportation, education, healthcare, and other non-agricultural sectors, making it a key indicator of economic activity and employment in the region.

"**HousingPriceIndex**" - represents a housing price index, reflecting changes in real estate prices in a specific region for a given month. This index can be used to analyze trends in the real estate market and assess the overall economic conditions.

"**AnnualPerCapitaIncome**" - represents the annual per capita income, measured yearly. This indicator reflects the average income per resident in a specific region over a year, serving as an important measure of the population's economic well-being.

"**QuarterlyTotalWages**" - represents the total quarterly wages, measured in dollars and adjusted for seasonal variations. This metric reflects the sum of wages paid by employers insured for unemployment insurance over a calendar quarter. It includes components such as vacation pay, bonuses, and tips.

"**TotalRealGDPChainIndex**" - represents the total annual quantitative index of real GDP, encompassing data from all private sectors and the government. It is based on the Fisher chain-weighted method, tracking changes in production volume or expenditures while eliminating the effects of price changes. This index is useful for comparing the volumes of production or expenditures across different time periods.

"**TotalGDP**" - describes the total Gross Domestic Product (GDP), measured in millions of dollars and calculated annually without seasonal adjustments. This metric encompasses all private sectors and the government, reflecting the market value of all final goods and services produced within an agglomeration. The agglomeration GDP represents the gross output minus intermediate costs, serving as a key indicator of economic activity and production volume.

"**TotalRealGDP**" - represents the total real Gross Domestic Product, measured in millions of chained 2012 dollars and calculated annually without seasonal adjustments. This metric includes data from all private sectors and the government. The real GDP for agglomerations is a measure of the gross product of each agglomeration, adjusted for inflation, and based on national prices for goods and services produced in the agglomeration.

"**StablePopulation**" - reflects the stable population, measured in thousands of people and calculated annually without seasonal adjustments. This metric represents population estimates as of July 1st each year, providing reliable data for analyzing demographic trends and planning purposes.

"**EmployedIndividuals**" - represents the number of employed individuals, measured in persons without seasonal adjustment and updated monthly. The data are derived from the Current Population Survey (CPS). Employed individuals include those who did any paid work, owned a business or farm, worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in a family business, or were temporarily absent from their job for various reasons. This metric is important for analyzing employment levels and the economic activity of the population.

"**AverageWeeklyWagePrivate**" - denotes the average weekly wage of private enterprise employees, measured in dollars per week and calculated quarterly without seasonal adjustment. It includes payments made by employers insured against unemployment over the quarter, encompassing vacation pay, bonuses, stock options, tips, and other components. This metric is important for assessing the level of wages in the private sector.

"**UnemploymentRate**" - represents the unemployment rate, measured in percentages and calculated monthly without seasonal adjustments. This metric indicates the proportion of the unemployed within the total labor force, providing key information about the labor market's condition and the population's economic activity.

Graph and download economic data for Commercial Real Estate Prices for United States (COMREPUSQ159N) from Q1 2005 to Q3 2024 about real estate, commercial, rate, and USA.

The median house price of residential real estate in California has increased notably since 2012. After a brief correction in property prices in 2022, the median price reached ******* U.S. dollars in December 2023.

Companies operating in the third-party real estate industry have had to navigate numerous economic headwinds in recent years, ranging from rising interest rates, spiralling inflation and muted economic growth. Revenue is projected to sink at a compound annual rate of 3.7% over the five years through 2024, including an estimated slump of 2.1% in 2024 to €196.2 billion, while the average industry profit margin is forecast to reach 34.6%. Amid spiralling inflation, central banks across Europe ratcheted up interest rates, resulting in borrowing costs skyrocketing in the two years through 2023. In residential markets, elevated mortgage rates combined with tightening credit conditions eventually ate into demand, inciting a drop in house prices. Rental markets performed well when house prices were elevated, being the cheaper alternative for cash-strapped buyers. However, even lessors felt the pinch of rising mortgage rates, forcing them to hoist rent to cover costs and pricing out potential buyers. This led to a slowdown in rental markets in 2023, weighing on revenue growth. Revenue is forecast to swell at a compound annual rate of 4% over the five years through 2029 to €238.7 billion. Following a correction during 2024, housing prices are set to being recovering in 2025 as fixed-rate mortgages begin to drop and economic uncertainty subsides, aiding revenue growth in the short term. Over the coming years, Proptech, which has been heavily invested in, will force estate agents to adapt, shaking up the traditional real estate industry. A notable application of Proptech is the use of AI and data analytics to predict a home’s future value.

Companies operating in the third-party real estate industry have had to navigate numerous economic headwinds in recent years, ranging from rising interest rates, spiralling inflation and muted economic growth. Revenue is projected to sink at a compound annual rate of 3.7% over the five years through 2024, including an estimated slump of 2.1% in 2024 to €196.2 billion, while the average industry profit margin is forecast to reach 34.6%. Amid spiralling inflation, central banks across Europe ratcheted up interest rates, resulting in borrowing costs skyrocketing in the two years through 2023. In residential markets, elevated mortgage rates combined with tightening credit conditions eventually ate into demand, inciting a drop in house prices. Rental markets performed well when house prices were elevated, being the cheaper alternative for cash-strapped buyers. However, even lessors felt the pinch of rising mortgage rates, forcing them to hoist rent to cover costs and pricing out potential buyers. This led to a slowdown in rental markets in 2023, weighing on revenue growth. Revenue is forecast to swell at a compound annual rate of 4% over the five years through 2029 to €238.7 billion. Following a correction during 2024, housing prices are set to being recovering in 2025 as fixed-rate mortgages begin to drop and economic uncertainty subsides, aiding revenue growth in the short term. Over the coming years, Proptech, which has been heavily invested in, will force estate agents to adapt, shaking up the traditional real estate industry. A notable application of Proptech is the use of AI and data analytics to predict a home’s future value.

Graph and download economic data for Monthly Supply of New Houses in the United States (MSACSR) from Jan 1963 to May 2025 about supplies, new, housing, and USA.

Companies operating in the third-party real estate industry have had to navigate numerous economic headwinds in recent years, ranging from rising interest rates, spiralling inflation and muted economic growth. Typically, estate agents can earn income via fees and commissions charged to clients, which allows them to protect their operating profit margin from property price fluctuations. Revenue is projected to sink at a compound annual rate of 0.6% over the five years through 2025, including an estimated rise of 1.2% in 2025 to €207.6billion, while the average industry profit margin is forecast to reach 35.1%. Amid spiralling inflation, central banks across Europe ratcheted up interest rates, resulting in borrowing costs skyrocketing in the two years through 2023. In residential markets, elevated mortgage rates combined with tightening credit conditions eventually ate into demand, inciting a drop in house prices. Rental markets performed well when house prices were elevated, being the cheaper alternative for cash-strapped buyers. However, even lessors felt the pinch of rising mortgage rates, forcing them to hoist rent to cover costs and pricing out potential buyers. This led to a slowdown in rental markets in 2023, weighing on revenue growth. However, this have started to turn around in 2025 as interest rates have been falling across Europe in the two years through 2025, reducing borrowing costs for buyers and boosting property transactions. This has helped revenue to rebound slightly in 2025 as estate agents earn commission from property transactions. Revenue is forecast to swell at a compound annual rate of 3.7% over the five years through 2030 to €249.5 billion. Housing prices are recovering in 2025 as fixed-rate mortgages begin to drop and economic uncertainty subsides, aiding revenue growth in the short term. Over the coming years, Proptech, which has been heavily invested in, will force estate agents to adapt, shaking up the traditional real estate industry. A notable application of Proptech is the use of AI and data analytics to predict a home’s future value and speed up the process of retrofitting properties to become more sustainable.