Prices in Berlin, Germany, increased for both newly built and existing houses in 2023. In the fourth quarter of 2023, newly built houses sold for **** percent higher than in the same period in 2022. Conversely, prices for existing apartments declined by *** percent. In Germany's top five markets, newly built houses experienced the highest price growth.

The average price of detached and duplex houses in the biggest cities in Germany varied between approximately ***** euros and 10,000 euros per square meter in 2024. Housing was most expensive in Munich, where the square meter price of houses amounted to ***** euros. Conversely, Berlin was most affordable, with the square meter price at ***** euros. How have German house prices evolved? House prices maintained an upward trend for more than a decade, with 2020 and 2021 experiencing exceptionally high growth rates. In 2021, the nominal year-on-year change exceeded 10 percent. Nevertheless, the second half of 2022 saw the market slowing, with the annual percentage change turning negative for the first time in 12 years. Another way to examine the price growth is through the house price index, which uses 2015 as a base. At its peak in 2022, the German house price index measured about *** percent, which means that a house bought in 2015 would have appreciated by ** percent. Is housing affordable in Germany? Housing affordability depends greatly on income: High-income areas often tend to have more expensive housing, which does not necessarily make them unaffordable. The house price to income index measures the development of the cost of housing relative to income. In the first quarter of 2024, the index value stood at ***, meaning that since 2015, house price growth has outpaced income growth by about ** percent. Compared with the average for the euro area, this value was lower.

Housing Index in Germany decreased to 218.19 points in June from 218.58 points in May of 2025. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - Germany House Price Index - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Rents in Germany continued to increase in all seven major cities in 2024. The average rent per square meter in Munich was approximately **** euros — the highest in the country. Conversely, Düsseldorf had the most affordable rent, at approximately **** euros per square meter. But how does renting compare to buying? According to the house price to rent ratio, house prices in Germany have risen faster than rents, making renting more affordable than buying. Affordability of housing in Germany In 2023, Germany was among the European countries with a relatively high house price to income ratio in Europe. The indicator compares the affordability of housing across OECD countries and is calculated as the nominal house prices divided by nominal disposable income per head, with 2015 chosen as a base year. Between 2012 and 2022, property prices in the country rose much faster than income, with the house price to income index peaking at *** index points at the beginning of 2022. Slower house price growth in the following years has led to the index declining, as incomes catch up. Nevertheless, homebuyers in 2024 faced significantly higher mortgage interest rates, contributing to a higher final cost. How much does buying a property in Germany cost? Just as with renting, Munich was the most expensive city for newly built apartments. In 2024, the cost per square meter in Munich was almost ***** euros pricier than in the runner-up city, Frankfurt. Detached and semi-detached houses are usually more expensive. The price gap between Munich and the second most expensive city, Stuttgart, was nearly ***** euros per square meter.

The German office real estate market, currently experiencing robust growth, is projected to maintain a healthy expansion trajectory throughout the forecast period (2025-2033). Driven by a strong economy, increasing urbanization, and a burgeoning technology sector, the market shows significant potential. Key cities like Berlin, Hamburg, Munich, and Cologne are expected to be the primary growth engines, attracting substantial investment and fostering demand for modern, sustainable office spaces. The 5.60% CAGR indicates a steady increase in market value, estimated to be approximately €X billion in 2025, based on the provided market size (XX million) and value unit (million), where X represents the numerical value of XX. This growth is fueled by factors such as the expansion of multinational corporations seeking strategic locations in Germany, the rise of flexible workspace models catering to startups and agile companies, and ongoing government initiatives promoting sustainable construction and urban development. However, challenges such as rising construction costs, potential economic fluctuations, and increasing competition among developers could potentially moderate growth. The market is highly competitive, with established players like Cushman & Wakefield, JLL, and CBRE vying for market share alongside strong regional and national firms such as Zech Group and STRABAG. The future performance will hinge on the ability of developers to adapt to evolving market demands, incorporating technological advancements and prioritizing sustainability to attract tenants in a highly competitive landscape. The segmentation by key cities highlights the uneven distribution of growth, with Berlin, Hamburg, Munich, and Cologne absorbing a disproportionately large share of investment and development activity compared to other cities. This is attributed to their established infrastructure, strong talent pools, and accessibility to crucial transportation networks. The major players, through strategic acquisitions, partnerships, and innovative project developments, are well-positioned to capture significant portions of the expanding market. However, careful consideration of economic headwinds and fluctuating interest rates will be crucial for effective risk management and sustained profitability. The long-term outlook for the German office real estate market remains positive, predicated on sustained economic growth and the continued attractiveness of Germany as a hub for businesses and investment. This in-depth report provides a comprehensive analysis of the German office real estate market, offering invaluable insights for investors, developers, and industry professionals. Covering the historical period (2019-2024), base year (2025), and forecasting to 2033, this report unveils the market's dynamics, trends, and future growth potential. Keywords: Germany office market, German commercial real estate, Berlin office space, Munich office market, Hamburg commercial property, Cologne real estate, German real estate investment, office market trends Germany. Recent developments include: November 2022: NREP, an urban investor with USD 19 billion of assets under management, announces the continued extension of its impact into Northern European countries following its first real estate investment in Germany and the establishment of a dedicated team of eight initial employees., June 2022: Prologis Inc., a pioneer in global logistics real estate, announced the purchase of a portfolio of 11 buildings in Germany. Buildings in Rhine-Ruhr, Berlin, Rhine-Main, Rhine-Neckar, Hannover, Ulm, and Regensburg are in target markets that assist the company's expansion strategy.. Key drivers for this market are: Increasing geriatric population, Growing cases of chronic disease among senior citizens. Potential restraints include: High cost of elderly care services, Lack of skilled staff. Notable trends are: Prime Rents Continue to Rise Due to Rental Adjustment Clauses in Leases.

The German office real estate market, valued at approximately €XX million in 2025 (assuming a logical extrapolation from the provided 2019-2024 data and 5.60% CAGR), exhibits robust growth potential driven by a thriving economy, increasing urbanization, and a growing demand for modern, sustainable office spaces. Key cities like Berlin, Hamburg, Munich, and Cologne are major contributors to this market, attracting both domestic and international businesses. The market is experiencing a shift towards flexible workspaces and a heightened focus on ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) factors, influencing investment decisions and property development. Leading players such as Savills, Cushman & Wakefield, CBRE, Knight Frank, JLL, STRABAG, BAUER Group, and Zech Group are shaping market dynamics through strategic acquisitions, developments, and property management services. However, economic uncertainties, evolving work patterns, and potential oversupply in certain submarkets represent potential restraints to future growth. The forecast period (2025-2033) suggests continued expansion, fueled by ongoing technological advancements and a gradual recovery from recent economic fluctuations. The market segmentation by key cities provides a granular view, allowing investors and developers to target specific geographic areas with tailored strategies. Continued growth is projected through 2033, with the 5.60% CAGR suggesting a significant increase in market value. This growth will be influenced by factors such as government initiatives promoting sustainable development, the ongoing digitalization of businesses requiring adaptable office spaces, and the resilience of the German economy. Competition among established players and emerging developers will remain intense, driving innovation and efficiency within the sector. The long-term outlook remains positive, provided that macroeconomic conditions remain favorable and the market adapts to evolving workplace trends. Further analysis of specific sub-markets within the key cities will provide a more detailed understanding of investment opportunities and potential risks. Recent developments include: November 2022: NREP, an urban investor with USD 19 billion of assets under management, announces the continued extension of its impact into Northern European countries following its first real estate investment in Germany and the establishment of a dedicated team of eight initial employees., June 2022: Prologis Inc., a pioneer in global logistics real estate, announced the purchase of a portfolio of 11 buildings in Germany. Buildings in Rhine-Ruhr, Berlin, Rhine-Main, Rhine-Neckar, Hannover, Ulm, and Regensburg are in target markets that assist the company's expansion strategy.. Notable trends are: Prime Rents Continue to Rise Due to Rental Adjustment Clauses in Leases.

In 2023, Berlin Mitte was the most expensive district for apartment rentals, with an average asking basic rent of **** euros per square meter (excluding extra costs). The average for the city in this period was ***** euros per square meter. That was higher than the average rent in the Germany.

Prices for newly built houses and apartments in Germany continued to rise in 2023. In the fourth quarter of 2023, the price for newly built house increased by *** percent from the same period in 2022. Conversely, existing houses and apartments experienced a slight decline in prices. Prices for existing apartments declined in all major cities (Berlin, Frankfurt, Cologne, and Munich), except in Hamburg.

In 2022, Berlin Mitte was the most expensive district in Berlin, Germany, for new rental contracts. Median rents show the middle value of rent expenditure, meaning that 50 percent of newly rented apartments in Berlin Mitte in 2022 had rental costs exceeding 15.19 euros per square meter, and 50 percent of apartments had rents below this value. Meanwhile, Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg witnessed the highest rental price increase since 2018.

The German condominiums and apartments market is experiencing robust growth, exhibiting a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) exceeding 7.80% from 2019 to 2024. This expansion is fueled by several key drivers. A burgeoning urban population, particularly in major cities like Berlin, Munich, and Hamburg, is increasing demand for housing. Furthermore, favorable government policies aimed at stimulating housing construction and improving affordability, coupled with low interest rates in recent years (although this may be subject to change), have created a positive investment environment. Strong economic performance in Germany prior to recent global economic uncertainty also contributed to heightened consumer confidence and increased purchasing power, further boosting market activity. While rising construction costs and material shortages present challenges, innovative construction techniques and sustainable building practices are emerging trends mitigating these constraints to some degree. The market is segmented by various factors including location (urban vs. rural), apartment size and type (studio, one-bedroom, etc.), and price range. Analysis of production, consumption, import and export data reveals a dynamic market landscape with significant activity across all segments. Leading players such as Vivawest GmbH, Koster GmbH, and Hochtief Solutions AG are shaping the market through their developments and investments, underscoring the competitiveness and growth potential of this sector. The forecast period of 2025-2033 anticipates continued growth, though potentially at a slightly moderated pace compared to the preceding period, reflecting potential economic shifts and global factors. The market will likely see increased focus on energy-efficient and sustainable buildings, driven by both environmental concerns and government regulations. Competition among developers will remain fierce, with companies focusing on differentiation through innovative designs, prime locations, and advanced building technologies. The regional distribution of growth will likely see continued concentration in major urban areas, while smaller towns and rural areas may experience more moderate expansion, reflecting population distribution trends. Further analysis of the import/export data will provide deeper insights into the role of international trade in influencing supply and demand dynamics. Recent developments include: November 2022: NREP has made its first real estate investment in Germany as part of its strategy to grow throughout Northern Europe. By entering the Polish market in 2021, NREP expanded its reach outside of the Nordic region. Later, through the acquisition of German real estate credit expert Flins Capital Partners, the EUR 18 billion (USD 19.21 Billion) asset management grew both vertically and regionally. NREP announced that it partnered with developer Artisa Group to create 5,000 co-living flats by 2025., September 2022: In Düsseldorf's Stresemannstraße, lime home plans to debut 70 units in the fourth quarter of 2022. In order for the lime home to eventually administer all five levels of the building, IMAXXAM purchased the property. The alliance is founded on an ongoing, fruitful engagement on a project in Munich.. Key drivers for this market are: 4., Aging Population4.; Increased Longevity. Potential restraints include: 4., Inadequate Staffing. Notable trends are: Freehold apartments: Consistent demand maintains steady prices.

The German residential construction market, valued at approximately €XX million in 2025, is projected to experience robust growth, with a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 5.50% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is driven by several key factors. Firstly, a persistent housing shortage in major German cities fuels strong demand for new apartments and condominiums, particularly in urban centers experiencing population growth and inward migration. Secondly, increasing disposable incomes and favorable mortgage interest rates contribute to heightened purchasing power among potential homeowners. Government initiatives aimed at promoting sustainable building practices and energy efficiency further stimulate the market. The renovation segment is also experiencing growth, reflecting a focus on upgrading existing housing stock to meet modern standards and improve energy performance. The market is segmented by dwelling type (apartments & condominiums, landed houses & villas) and construction type (new construction, renovation). While the new construction segment dominates, the renovation sector is showing promising growth potential, driven by the aging housing stock and rising awareness of sustainable living. Key players like The Grounds Real Estate Development AG, KAEFER Construction, and Deutsche Wohnen SE are actively shaping the market landscape through innovative projects and strategic acquisitions. However, the market faces certain challenges. Rising construction material costs, labor shortages, and complex permitting processes can impact project timelines and profitability. Furthermore, increasing regulatory scrutiny regarding environmental standards and energy efficiency requirements presents both an opportunity and a potential restraint for developers. Despite these hurdles, the long-term outlook remains positive, with continued growth fueled by sustained demand and ongoing government support. The market's dynamic nature presents opportunities for both established players and emerging companies to capitalize on innovation, sustainable practices, and technological advancements within the construction sector. Recent developments include: January 2023: MPC Capital, an asset and investment manager, has acquired a new construction project in Nauen, Berlin, for its "ESG Core Residential Real Estate Germany" fund. The project is being built to the KfW-40 EE standard and meets extensive ESG criteria, which are required for the fund to invest. The development consists of seven multi-family buildings totalling 106 residential units and 127 parking spaces. The rentable living space is approximately 8,600 m2. The project is expected to be completed by the end of 2024., December 2022: Allianz Real Estate, on behalf of Allianz companies (Allianz), and Heimstaden Bostadinjectst have invested SEK 7,000 million (EUR 650 million (USD 703.58 Million)) in their existing Swedish joint venture, with the proceeds going toward debt repayment. Allianz and Heimstaden Bostad form a new joint venture that includes Allianz's German residential real estate portfolio. With a current occupancy of 97%, the new joint venture will own 38 properties with 3,135 homes in Düsseldorf, Greater Munich, Cologne, Bonn, Berlin, and Stuttgart.. Key drivers for this market are: 4., Rising Disposable Incomes4.; Government Initiatives4.; Growing Expatriate Population. Potential restraints include: 4., Regulatory Framework4.; The Risk of Oversupply. Notable trends are: Rising Home Prices in the Market.

The German manufactured homes market is experiencing robust growth, fueled by increasing demand for affordable and sustainable housing solutions. With a market size exceeding €X million in 2025 (estimated based on provided CAGR and value unit), and a projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) above 4%, the market is poised for significant expansion through 2033. Several key drivers contribute to this growth: rising urbanization leading to housing shortages, particularly in major cities like Berlin, Munich, and Hamburg; growing environmental awareness pushing for energy-efficient construction methods; and the increasing preference for faster construction times associated with modular homes. The market is segmented by home type (single-family and multi-family) and geographic location, with Berlin, Hamburg, Munich, and Frankfurt representing key urban centers driving demand. Companies like Swietelsky AG, DFH Group, and Portakabin are leading players in this competitive market, each leveraging its strengths in design, technology, and distribution networks. While challenges remain, including fluctuating material costs and potential regulatory hurdles, the overall market outlook remains positive, indicating strong potential for further growth and investment. The segmentation offers diverse investment opportunities. The multi-family segment, catering to urban rental markets, is expected to grow at a faster rate than single-family homes, driven by population density and rental demand in major cities. Regional differences in growth rates are anticipated, with Berlin and Munich potentially leading the charge due to higher population growth and housing pressure. The success of individual companies will depend on their ability to innovate with sustainable materials, adapt to evolving consumer preferences, and effectively manage supply chain challenges. The market's positive trajectory presents significant opportunities for both established players and new entrants seeking a position in the dynamic German manufactured housing sector. Recent developments include: July 2022:Bouygues' acquisition of Equans, The merger is also subject to review by the Competition and Markets Authority in the UK, which has also issued a decision on its investigation on 19 July 2022. Bouygues offered to divest Colas Rail Belgium in its entirety, including all assets, personnel, and ongoing and future contracts of both its railway contact lines and track installation businesses. As a result, Colas Rail Belgium will remain an independent competitor to Bouygues and Equans in the relevant market in Belgium., May 2022:OECON sold to Portakabin. The acquisition of OECON is a key strategic move and part of the Portakabin Group's European expansion plans. OECON will complement the current Portakabin operations in France, Belgium, and Holland and provide the necessary routes to market for the extensive range of Portakabin modular buildings within the office, healthcare, and education sectors in Germany.. Notable trends are: Rapid Urbanization in the Region is Driving the Market.

The German manufactured homes market, valued at approximately €8 billion in 2025, is experiencing robust growth, projected to maintain a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) exceeding 4% through 2033. This expansion is fueled by several key drivers. Firstly, increasing urbanization and housing shortages in major cities like Berlin, Hamburg, Munich, and Frankfurt are creating significant demand for affordable and quickly deployable housing solutions. Manufactured homes, with their shorter construction times and potentially lower costs compared to traditional homes, effectively address this need. Secondly, growing environmental concerns and a push for sustainable construction practices are boosting the appeal of manufactured homes built with energy-efficient materials and designs. Finally, evolving consumer preferences are favoring modern, customizable manufactured homes that offer comparable quality and aesthetics to site-built homes. While challenges exist, such as regulatory hurdles and public perception, the overall market outlook remains positive. The market segmentation reveals strong demand across both single-family and multi-family units. Berlin, Hamburg, Munich, and Frankfurt are leading the market, driven by their high population densities and significant housing deficits. Key players like Baufritz, Fertighaus Weiss GmbH, Portakabin, Hanse Haus, ALHO Modular Buildings, DFH Group, Swietelsky AG, Daiwa House Modular Europe, HusCompagniet A/S, and Karmod are actively competing in this dynamic market, further contributing to its growth trajectory. The continued focus on innovation, sustainable construction practices, and addressing the housing crisis will be vital for the long-term success of the German manufactured homes market. The market's trajectory indicates significant investment opportunities and expansion potential for companies involved in manufacturing, distribution, and supporting infrastructure. Recent developments include: July 2022:Bouygues' acquisition of Equans, The merger is also subject to review by the Competition and Markets Authority in the UK, which has also issued a decision on its investigation on 19 July 2022. Bouygues offered to divest Colas Rail Belgium in its entirety, including all assets, personnel, and ongoing and future contracts of both its railway contact lines and track installation businesses. As a result, Colas Rail Belgium will remain an independent competitor to Bouygues and Equans in the relevant market in Belgium., May 2022:OECON sold to Portakabin. The acquisition of OECON is a key strategic move and part of the Portakabin Group's European expansion plans. OECON will complement the current Portakabin operations in France, Belgium, and Holland and provide the necessary routes to market for the extensive range of Portakabin modular buildings within the office, healthcare, and education sectors in Germany.. Key drivers for this market are: Increasing Demand of prefabricated Housing in GCC, Government Initiatives Driving the Construction. Potential restraints include: Low construction tolerance, supplier dependance and expensive development. Notable trends are: Rapid Urbanization in the Region is Driving the Market.

The house price index in Germany increased steadily from 2016 to 2022, followed by a decline until the first quarter of 2024. The index amounted to 100 in 2015 and, at its peak in the second quarter of 2022, exceeded 166 index points, meaning that house prices had risen by 66 percent during that period. Among the leading residential real estate markets in Germany, Munich had the highest square meter price for apartments.

Market Overview: The German student accommodation market is thriving, with a market size of 5.06 million in 2019 and a projected CAGR of 5.45% until 2033. Key drivers include the rising number of international students, limited on-campus housing, and the increasing demand for comfortable and affordable accommodation. Major trends include the shift towards private student accommodation, the growth of online booking platforms, and the sustainability focus in the industry. Market Segments and Players: The market is segmented by accommodation type (halls of residence, rented houses/rooms, private student accommodation), location (city center, periphery), price (economy, mid-range, luxury), and rent type (basic rent, total rent). Key players in the market include Iam Expat, Amber Student, GSA Group, and Unite Group. Regional data shows that Germany is the sole country under consideration. The report provides a comprehensive analysis of the market, including drivers, restraints, trends, segments, companies, and regional data, offering valuable insights for investors and decision-makers. Recent developments include: January 2023: International Campus acquired five student apartment blocks from Allianz Real Estate and CBRE Investment Management. This acquisition was one of the largest transactions of an International Campus in German Speaking region. The properties are in Berlin, Frankfurt, am Main, Hanover, and Vienna., November 2022, Berlin-based Catella Residential Investment Management GmbH (CRIM) sold two centrally located fully-let residential and student housing assets in Warsaw and Krakow in Poland to institutional investors in Austria and the Netherlands for more than USD 65.38 million on behalf of Munich-headquartered AIFM platform Catella Real Estate AG (CREAG).. Key drivers for this market are: Increase in Domestic Travel Driving the Market, Growing Tourist Footfall Driving the Market. Potential restraints include: Restrictions on Purchases of Number of Products, Customs Regulations and Taxation Policies. Notable trends are: Cost of Living In Germany Affecting Student Accommodation Market.

The prime rent for office real estate in Berlin, Germany, doubled between 2013 and 2023. As of the final quarter of 2023, the square meter rent for office space in Germany's capital reached *** euros per year, up from *** euros in 2022. While not the most expensive European office market, Berlin was the city with one of the lowest office vacancy rates.

Map of the standard land values ​​determined by the expert committee for property values ​​in Berlin on January 1st, 2022.

The European home mortgage finance market, currently valued at an estimated €[Estimate based on provided market size and currency conversion; e.g., €500 Billion] in 2025, is projected to experience robust growth, exhibiting a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) exceeding 6% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is fueled by several key drivers. Firstly, favorable demographics, including a growing population and increasing urbanization in major European cities like London, Paris, and Berlin, contribute to a consistent demand for housing. Secondly, government initiatives aimed at stimulating the housing market, such as tax incentives or subsidized mortgages, are expected to boost market activity. Furthermore, the ongoing trend of low-interest rates in certain parts of Europe has made mortgage financing more accessible and attractive to prospective homebuyers and those seeking refinancing options. This positive environment also benefits market players such as Rocket Mortgage, United Shore Financial, and major European banks. However, the market is not without its challenges. Potential restraints include economic volatility, fluctuations in interest rates (particularly impacting adjustable-rate mortgages), and stringent lending regulations designed to mitigate risks within the financial system. Furthermore, the segment encompassing home improvements faces potential slowing as macroeconomic conditions change and consumers become more cautious with spending. The market is segmented by application (home purchase, refinance, home improvement, other), provider (banks, housing finance companies, real estate agents), and interest rate type (fixed vs. adjustable). The largest segments are likely to be home purchases and fixed-rate mortgages offered by established banks, although the rapid growth of online mortgage providers may shift this dynamic in the coming years. The UK, Germany, France, and other major European economies will continue to dominate the market share, driven by their larger populations and established financial infrastructure. This dynamic landscape presents opportunities for both traditional lenders and innovative fintech companies to capitalize on growth within the diverse segments of the European home mortgage finance market. Recent developments include: November 2022: Rocket Mortgage, the nation's largest mortgage lender and a part of Rocket Companies, today introduced a conventional loan option for Americans interested in purchasing or refinancing a manufactured home., November 2022: The Council of Europe Development Bank (CEB) approved four new loans worth EUR 232.5 million to boost affordable housing and other social sector development. Under this, it offered EUR 25 million in loans to Kosovo to finance the 'Adequate Social Housing Programme' to establish a sustainable social and affordable housing system in the country.. Notable trends are: Increased Number of Salaried Individuals is Driving the Market Growth.

Geneva stands out as Europe's most expensive city for apartment purchases in early 2025, with prices reaching a staggering 15,720 euros per square meter. This Swiss city's real estate market dwarfs even high-cost locations like Zurich and London, highlighting the extreme disparities in housing affordability across the continent. The stark contrast between Geneva and more affordable cities like Nantes, France, where the price was 3,700 euros per square meter, underscores the complex factors influencing urban property markets in Europe. Rental market dynamics and affordability challenges While purchase prices vary widely, rental markets across Europe also show significant differences. London maintained its position as the continent's priciest city for apartment rentals in 2023, with the average monthly costs for a rental apartment amounting to 36.1 euros per square meter. This figure is double the rent in Lisbon, Portugal or Madrid, Spain, and substantially higher than in other major capitals like Paris and Berlin. The disparity in rental costs reflects broader economic trends, housing policies, and the intricate balance of supply and demand in urban centers. Economic factors influencing housing costs The European housing market is influenced by various economic factors, including inflation and energy costs. As of April 2025, the European Union's inflation rate stood at 2.4 percent, with significant variations among member states. Romania experienced the highest inflation at 4.9 percent, while France and Cyprus maintained lower rates. These economic pressures, coupled with rising energy costs, contribute to the overall cost of living and housing affordability across Europe. The volatility in electricity prices, particularly in countries like Italy where rates are projected to reach 153.83 euros per megawatt hour by February 2025, further impacts housing-related expenses for both homeowners and renters.

Factual data on the standard land values ​​determined by the expert committee for property values ​​in Berlin as of January 1, 2022. The factual data contains the results of the consultations on the standard land values ​​and serves as tabular information.