A daily city-level dataset of fossil fuel and cement CO2 emissions. It provides daily, city-level estimates of emissions from January 2019 through December 2021 for 1500 cities in 46 countries, and disaggregates five sectors: power generation, residential (buildings), industry, ground transportation, and aviation. The goal of this dataset is to improve the timeliness and temporal resolution of city-level emission inventories and includes estimates for both functional urban areas and city administrative areas that are consistent with global and regional totals. It also provides the first estimates for many cities in low-income countries. Such near-real-time CO2 dataset would be of great advantage to further monitoring the human activities and to capture the impacts of COVID-19 for long term.Latest Dataset for:Carbon Monitor Cities, near-real-time daily estimates of CO2 emissions from 1500 cities worldwide

Trends of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide measurements from the Mauna Loa Baseline Observatory, Hawaii, United States.

We present a new near-real-time dataset of fossil fuel and cement emissions to monitor daily, country-level emissions from January 2019 through December 2021 for 27 European Union countries and the United Kingdom. This dataset is called Carbon Monitor Europe. The data are calculated separately for six sectors: power, industry (incl. cement production), ground transportation, domestic aviation, international aviation, residential emissions which includes the built environment. Latest updates and related information are available for view and download on our website https://eu.carbonmonitor.org/. The power sector emissions for Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Romania, and Sweden, in addition to the ground transport emissions for Croatia, Cyprus, and Malta, have been estimated by assuming a linear relationship with the daily emissions totals from the remaining countries in their respective sectors.

We presented the near-real-time global gridded daily CO2 emissions dataset (GRACED) throughout 2021. GRACED provides gridded CO2 emissions at a 0.1° × 0.1° spatial resolution and 1-day temporal resolution from cement production and fossil fuel combustion over seven sectors, including industry, power, residential consumption, ground transportation, international aviation, domestic aviation, and international shipping sector. The emission data are stored in netCDF files per sector with the unit of kg carbon per hour (kgC/h) for each grid. For each sector, all daily files of the same month are merged into monthly *.zip files. The monthly *.zip file size is from 6 MB to 239 MB, respectively. The GRACED2021 products are also downloadable from our official website - https://carbonmonitor-graced.com.

Carbon Dioxide Pocket Monitor Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global carbon dioxide pocket monitor market size reached USD 1.14 billion in 2024, fueled by growing concerns about air quality and workplace safety. The market is experiencing robust expansion, registering a CAGR of 8.2% from 2025 to 2033. By the end of 2033, the market is forecasted to attain a value of USD 2.23 billion. The primary growth driver for this market is the increasing adoption of portable environmental monitoring devices across industrial, healthcare, and residential sectors, as organizations and individuals become more vigilant about real-time CO2 monitoring to ensure safety and regulatory compliance.

The rapid proliferation of industrial activities worldwide has significantly contributed to the surging demand for carbon dioxide pocket monitors. Industries such as manufacturing, food and beverage, and pharmaceuticals are under stringent regulatory frameworks to monitor and control indoor air quality, particularly concerning CO2 concentrations. The adoption of these portable monitors is further augmented by the need for compliance with occupational health and safety standards, which mandate regular monitoring of CO2 levels to prevent exposure-related health risks. Additionally, the integration of advanced sensor technologies, such as NDIR (Non-Dispersive Infrared) and chemical sensors, has enhanced the accuracy, reliability, and user-friendliness of these devices, making them indispensable tools in industrial operations.

The healthcare sector is emerging as a pivotal growth avenue for the carbon dioxide pocket monitor market. Hospitals, clinics, and laboratories are increasingly utilizing these monitors to ensure optimal air quality for both patients and medical staff, particularly in critical care and isolation units. The COVID-19 pandemic has further intensified the focus on indoor air quality monitoring, as proper ventilation and controlled CO2 levels are now recognized as essential factors in minimizing airborne transmission risks. Moreover, the rising prevalence of respiratory illnesses and the growing emphasis on preventive healthcare practices are propelling the adoption of pocket-sized CO2 monitors in healthcare settings, as well as among individual consumers concerned about personal health and wellness.

The residential and environmental monitoring segments are also witnessing accelerated adoption of carbon dioxide pocket monitors, driven by heightened public awareness about indoor air pollution and its adverse health effects. Urbanization, coupled with increased time spent indoors, has led to a surge in consumer demand for portable air quality monitoring solutions. Environmental agencies and research institutions are leveraging these devices for field studies and real-time data collection, contributing to a broader understanding of air quality trends and pollution sources. The availability of these monitors through online and offline distribution channels has further democratized access, enabling a wide array of end-users to benefit from real-time CO2 monitoring capabilities.

Regionally, North America and Europe account for the largest market shares, underpinned by advanced regulatory frameworks, high public awareness, and significant investments in air quality monitoring infrastructure. The Asia Pacific region, however, is poised for the fastest growth, with a projected CAGR exceeding 9%, driven by rapid industrialization, urbanization, and increasing governmental initiatives to combat air pollution. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also witnessing gradual market penetration, supported by rising health consciousness and the adoption of international air quality standards.

Product Type Analysis

The carbon dioxide pocket monitor market is segmented by product type into NDIR CO2 pocket monitors, chemical sensor CO2 pocket monitors, infrared CO2 pocket monitors, and others. NDIR CO2 pocket monitors dominate the market, accounting for a significant share due to

Carbon Dioxide Gas Transmitter Market Outlook

The global carbon dioxide gas transmitter market is expected to witness substantial growth, with a market size anticipated to expand from USD 1.5 billion in 2023 to USD 2.7 billion by 2032, reflecting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.8%. This growth is primarily driven by increasing awareness of the critical need for air quality monitoring and stringent government regulations on carbon emissions.

One of the primary factors propelling the growth of the carbon dioxide gas transmitter market is the increasing focus on environmental sustainability and the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. As global warming and climate change continue to pose significant challenges, governments and organizations worldwide are adopting various measures to monitor and control CO2 emissions. This has led to a surge in demand for advanced CO2 monitoring systems across various sectors, such as industrial, commercial, and residential, thereby driving the market growth.

Additionally, technological advancements in sensor and transmitter technologies are further catalyzing the market expansion. Innovations such as Non-Dispersive Infrared (NDIR) technology, which offers high accuracy and reliability in CO2 detection, are gaining traction. These advanced technologies not only enhance the performance of CO2 transmitters but also reduce operational costs, making them more attractive to end-users. Furthermore, the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) and smart sensor technologies is creating new opportunities for real-time monitoring and data analytics, which are crucial for effective CO2 management.

The increasing adoption of carbon dioxide gas transmitters in HVAC systems is another significant growth driver. HVAC systems play a crucial role in maintaining indoor air quality in residential, commercial, and industrial buildings. With the growing awareness of the adverse health effects of poor indoor air quality, there is a rising demand for advanced CO2 monitoring solutions in HVAC systems. This trend is further supported by stringent building codes and standards that mandate the use of CO2 monitors to ensure optimal indoor air quality.

The role of Carbon Dioxide Testers in this market cannot be overstated. These devices are essential for ensuring the accuracy and reliability of CO2 measurements in various applications. As the demand for precise air quality monitoring increases, the need for robust and efficient Carbon Dioxide Testers becomes more critical. These testers are particularly important in environments where maintaining specific CO2 levels is crucial, such as in laboratories, greenhouses, and industrial settings. Their ability to provide real-time data and integrate with larger monitoring systems makes them invaluable tools for both compliance and operational efficiency.

From a regional perspective, North America and Europe are currently leading the market, driven by stringent environmental regulations and high awareness levels regarding air quality monitoring. However, Asia Pacific is expected to witness the highest growth rate over the forecast period, attributed to rapid industrialization and urbanization, along with increasing government initiatives to curb air pollution in countries such as China and India. The growing focus on smart city projects and sustainable development initiatives in the region also contributes to the market expansion.

Product Type Analysis

The carbon dioxide gas transmitter market is segmented into various product types, including Non-Dispersive Infrared (NDIR) CO2 transmitters, electrochemical CO2 transmitters, and photoacoustic CO2 transmitters. NDIR CO2 transmitters hold a dominant share in the market due to their high accuracy, stability, and low maintenance requirements. These transmitters use infrared light to detect CO2 levels, making them highly effective for continuous monitoring in various applications such as HVAC systems, industrial processes, and environmental monitoring.

Electrochemical CO2 transmitters are also gaining traction, especially in applications that require compact and cost-effective solutions. These transmitters utilize electrochemical sensors to measure CO2 concentration and are known for their simplicity and ease of installation. They are particularly popular in residential and commercial buildings where space constraints and budget considerations are critical factors. Despite their lower accuracy c

Dataset for Carbon Monitor Cities-China (CMCC), a near-real-time dataset of daily CO2 emissions from fossil fuel and cement production for major high-emission cities in China. This dataset provides territory-based emission estimates from 2020-01-01 to 2021-12-31 for five sectors: power generation, residential (buildings and services), industry, ground transportation, and aviation. CMCC is developed based on an innovative framework that integrates bottom-up inventory construction and daily emission estimates from sectoral activities and models.

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Monitor Market Outlook

The global carbon dioxide (CO2) monitor market size was valued at USD 540 million in 2023 and is expected to reach an estimated USD 850 million by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.5% during the forecast period. This growth is primarily driven by increasing awareness of indoor air quality, stringent government regulations, and advancements in sensor technology.

Growth Factors

One of the most significant growth factors in the CO2 monitor market is the rising awareness of indoor air quality. Poor air quality has been linked to various health issues, including respiratory problems, allergies, and even cardiovascular diseases. As a result, consumers and businesses alike are becoming more conscious of the need to monitor CO2 levels in their environments. Schools, offices, and homes are increasingly integrating CO2 monitors to ensure that air quality remains within safe limits, thereby fostering a healthier living and working environment.

Another crucial factor contributing to the market growth is the implementation of stringent government regulations. Various countries have enacted laws and guidelines to maintain acceptable indoor air quality standards in public spaces. For example, the European Union has set specific CO2 concentration limits for different types of buildings, including schools and workplaces. Compliance with these regulations necessitates the use of CO2 monitors, thereby driving market demand. Additionally, the increasing focus on sustainable building practices, such as green buildings and smart homes, is further amplifying the need for reliable air quality monitoring systems.

Advancements in technology also play a significant role in bolstering the CO2 monitor market. The development of more accurate, reliable, and cost-effective sensors has made it easier for consumers and businesses to adopt these devices. Innovations such as infrared gas sensors and advanced chemical sensors have significantly improved the performance and durability of CO2 monitors. These technological advancements not only enhance the accuracy of readings but also extend the lifespan of the devices, providing long-term value to users. Additionally, the integration of IoT and smart technologies has enabled real-time monitoring and data analytics, making CO2 monitors more user-friendly and efficient.

Regionally, North America leads the market, driven by high awareness levels and stringent regulatory frameworks. However, Asia Pacific is expected to witness the fastest growth during the forecast period. The rapid urbanization, increasing industrial activities, and growing awareness about health and safety in countries like China and India are key factors contributing to this growth. The region is also seeing significant investments in smart city projects, which include the implementation of advanced air quality monitoring systems.

Report Scope

The global carbon dioxide transmitters market is projected to reach a valuation of USD 1,122.8 million by 2033, expanding at a CAGR of 5.4% during the forecast period from 2025 to 2033. The rising demand for accurate measurement and monitoring of carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in various industries, including oil, chemical, metallurgical, and biological, is driving the market growth. Moreover, increasing investments in carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions further contribute to the market expansion. The market is segmented based on application, type, and region. In terms of application, the oil segment is expected to dominate the market due to the critical need for real-time monitoring of CO2 levels in oil extraction and refining processes. The infrared segment, under the type category, is projected to hold a significant market share due to its high accuracy and response time, making it suitable for various industrial applications. Geographically, the North America region is expected to maintain its leading position, driven by the presence of key players and stringent environmental regulations in the region.

Description:

GRACED2021-Near-real-time global gridded daily CO₂ emissions 2021

The website: https://carbonmonitor-graced.com

• In an era of rapid upheavals, global near-real-time and fine-grid carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions data are essential to monitoring the distribution of emissions in space and time and achieving carbon neutrality worldwide. To address this need, we presented the near-real-time Global Gridded Daily CO₂ Emissions Dataset (GRACED) throughout 2021.
• GRACED provides gridded CO₂ emissions at a 0.1° × 0.1° spatial resolution and 1-day temporal resolution from cement production, and from fossil fuel combustion over seven sectors (power; industry; residential consumption; ground transportation; international aviation; international shipping; domestic aviation).
• GRACED data are made freely available to the public and the scientific community in the belief that their wide dissemination will lead to greater understanding and new scientific insights. The availability of these data does not constitute publication of the data. The data providers rely on the ethics and integrity of the user to ensure that they receive fair credit for their work. If the data are obtained for potential use in a publication or presentation, we kindly ask you to inform us at the outset of the nature of this work. If the GRACED data are essential to the work, or if an important result or conclusion depends on the GRACED data, co-authorship may be appropriate. This should be discussed at an early stage in the work. Manuscripts using the GRACED data should be sent for review before they are submitted for publication so we can ensure that the quality and limitations of the data are accurately represented.
• Because GRACED2021 has a large amount of data and the Zenodo platform has a limit on the total amount of uploaded data, we recommend that data users download GRACED2021 data for free through the cloud disk link- https://cloud.tsinghua.edu.cn/d/24d9ed6e225d455a834e/.
• For more detailed display and introduction of data, as well as download of more GRACED data, please refer to our official website of GRACED - https://carbonmonitor-graced.com.
• Please check the README.txt file for more details.

and an extended effective optical path length of 50 m and 37.6 m was achieved.

CO2 Emission Sensors Market Outlook

In 2023, the global CO2 emission sensors market size was valued at approximately USD 2.1 billion and is projected to reach USD 4.8 billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 9.5% during the forecast period. This impressive growth can be attributed to increasing regulatory norms aimed at reducing carbon emissions, advancements in sensor technology, and the rising awareness of environmental pollution and its impacts on human health.

The primary growth factor for the CO2 emission sensors market is the stringent regulatory requirements imposed by governments worldwide to curb greenhouse gas emissions. Developed countries, in particular, have established rigorous standards that necessitate the deployment of advanced CO2 emission sensors in various industries. These regulations are pivotal in driving the adoption of CO2 emission sensors across diverse application areas, including industrial, automotive, and building automation sectors. Additionally, the adoption of international agreements like the Paris Agreement emphasizes the need for accurate monitoring and reduction of CO2 emissions, further fueling the market's growth.

Technological advancements in sensor technologies have also significantly contributed to the market's expansion. Innovations such as Non-Dispersive Infrared (NDIR) sensors and electrochemical sensors offer higher accuracy, reliability, and cost-effectiveness, making them increasingly popular in various applications. These advanced sensors are capable of real-time monitoring and provide precise data, which is crucial for industries to comply with emissions standards and for governments to implement effective environmental policies.

Another critical factor boosting the CO2 emission sensors market is the growing environmental awareness among the global population. There is an increasing demand from consumers and businesses alike for greener technologies and sustainable practices. This shift in mindset is pushing industries to adopt CO2 emission sensors as part of their environmental responsibility initiatives. Organizations are increasingly investing in these technologies to monitor and minimize their carbon footprint, driven by both regulatory pressures and a commitment to corporate social responsibility.

The Industrial Grade CO2 Sensor is a critical component in the industrial sector, where precise monitoring of carbon dioxide levels is essential for maintaining compliance with environmental regulations. These sensors are designed to withstand harsh industrial environments and provide accurate, real-time data on CO2 emissions. By integrating Industrial Grade CO2 Sensors into their operations, industries can not only meet regulatory requirements but also enhance their operational efficiency. These sensors help in identifying emission hotspots and enable industries to implement targeted measures to reduce their carbon footprint. The demand for such robust sensors is increasing as industries strive to balance productivity with environmental responsibility.

From a regional perspective, the Asia Pacific region is expected to witness substantial growth in the CO2 emission sensors market. Rapid industrialization, urbanization, and stringent environmental regulations in countries like China, India, and Japan are key drivers for market growth in this region. Additionally, government initiatives promoting green technologies and sustainable development are expected to boost the adoption of CO2 emission sensors. North America and Europe are also significant markets due to robust environmental policies and the presence of major automotive and industrial players who are early adopters of advanced emission monitoring technologies.

Product Type Analysis

Non-Dispersive Infrared (NDIR) CO2 sensors hold a significant share in the CO2 emission sensors market owing to their high accuracy, reliability, and cost-effectiveness. These sensors are extensively used across various applications, including industrial and automotive sectors, due to their ability to provide precise real-time data. NDIR sensors operate by measuring the absorption of infrared light, making them highly effective for continuous monitoring of CO2 levels. The consistent demand for accurate and reliable emissions data is driving the growth of the NDIR CO2 sensors segment.

Chemical CO2 sensors are another crucial segment within the market. These sensors employ chemical reactions to detect the

The global market for carbon dioxide (CO2) monitoring equipment is experiencing robust growth, driven by the increasing prevalence of chronic respiratory diseases, rising demand for minimally invasive surgical procedures, and the growing adoption of advanced monitoring technologies in healthcare settings. The market's expansion is fueled by technological advancements leading to smaller, more portable, and user-friendly devices, as well as the development of integrated monitoring systems that provide comprehensive patient data. Factors such as improved accuracy, wireless connectivity, and real-time data analysis contribute to increased demand. While the market is competitive, with major players like Medtronic, Philips Healthcare, and Masimo leading the way, smaller companies are also making inroads by focusing on niche applications and innovative technologies. The market is segmented by product type (e.g., invasive and non-invasive monitors), end-user (hospitals, clinics, home care), and region. Growth is expected to be particularly strong in developing economies as healthcare infrastructure improves and awareness of respiratory health increases. However, factors like high equipment costs and the need for skilled personnel can restrain market growth to some extent. We estimate that the market size in 2025 is approximately $2.5 billion, with a CAGR of around 7% projected from 2025-2033. This projection considers the aforementioned drivers and restraints, along with observed historical growth rates in the medical device sector. The forecast period of 2025-2033 presents significant opportunities for market expansion. The increasing adoption of telehealth and remote patient monitoring is likely to drive demand for portable and wireless CO2 monitoring devices. Furthermore, the growing focus on preventative healthcare and early disease detection is expected to fuel demand for accurate and reliable CO2 monitoring systems. Continued technological innovations, such as the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in CO2 monitoring systems, will further enhance the accuracy and efficiency of these devices. Regulatory approvals and reimbursement policies in different regions will also play a significant role in shaping the market landscape. The competitive landscape will likely witness mergers, acquisitions, and strategic partnerships as companies strive to strengthen their market position. Overall, the market for CO2 monitoring equipment is poised for significant growth, driven by a confluence of technological, economic, and demographic factors.

According to Cognitive Market Research, the global Carbon Dioxide Monitoring Equipment Market size will be USD XX million in 2024. It will expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.00% from 2024 to 2031.

North America held the major market share for more than 40% of the global revenue with a market size of USD XX million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.2% from 2024 to 2031.
Europe accounted for a market share of over 30% of the global revenue with a market size of USD XX million.
Asia Pacific held a market share of around 23% of the global revenue with a market size of USD XX million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 10.0% from 2024 to 2031.
Latin America had a market share of more than 5% of the global revenue with a market size of USD XX million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.4% from 2024 to 2031.
Middle East and Africa had a market share of around 2% of the global revenue and was estimated at a market size of USD XX million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.7% from 2024 to 2031.
The hunting held the highest Carbon Dioxide Monitoring Equipment Market revenue share in 2024.

Market Dynamics of Carbon Dioxide Monitoring Equipment Market

Key Drivers for Carbon Dioxide Monitoring Equipment Market

Rising Incidence of Respiratory Disorders Boosts Demand for CO2 Monitoring Equipment

The increasing prevalence of respiratory disorders, such as COPD, asthma, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), is driving the demand for CO2 monitoring equipment. These devices are essential for accurately measuring and managing patients' carbon dioxide levels in various clinical settings, especially in critical care. With respiratory diseases becoming more common due to factors like aging populations, pollution, and lifestyle changes, the need for effective monitoring solutions is growing. This trend is further supported by advancements in CO2 monitoring technology, making the equipment more reliable and user-friendly.

Expansion of Emergency Medical Services Increases Adoption of Portable CO2 Monitors

The global expansion of Emergency Medical Services (EMS) is leading to greater adoption of portable CO2 monitors. As EMS systems evolve to provide advanced care during transportation and in pre-hospital settings, the need for efficient and reliable CO2 monitoring becomes critical. Portable CO2 monitors, especially sidestream and microstream types, are increasingly used by EMS providers to assess patients' respiratory status in real-time. This ensures better management of respiratory conditions and improves patient outcomes during emergencies, driving market growth as EMS capabilities continue to expand worldwide.

Restraint Factor for the Carbon Dioxide Monitoring Equipment Market

High Cost of CO2 Monitoring Equipment Limits Adoption in Low-Resource Settings

The high cost of carbon dioxide monitoring equipment poses a significant barrier to widespread adoption, particularly in low-resource settings. Advanced CO2 monitors, especially those used in critical care and EMS, are often expensive, requiring substantial investment in both the devices and associated consumables. This financial burden can be challenging for healthcare providers in developing regions, where budget constraints limit the procurement of such equipment. As a result, the adoption of CO2 monitoring technology may be slower in these areas, hindering overall market growth despite the increasing demand for respiratory care solutions.

Impact of Covid-19 on the Carbon Dioxide Monitoring Equipment Market

The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted the Carbon Dioxide Monitoring Equipment Market by increasing demand for advanced respiratory monitoring solutions. The surge in COVID-19 cases, particularly among patients requiring mechanical ventilation, highlighted the need for precise CO2 monitoring to manage and treat severe respiratory conditions. This led to accelerated adoption of CO2 monitoring technologies in critical care settings. Additionally, the pandemic prompted advancements in remote monitoring and telemedicine, expanding the market. Supply chain disruptions and heightened focus on healthcare infrastructure also influenced market dynamics, driving innovation and investment in respiratory care technologies. Introduction of the Carbon Dioxide Monitoring Equ...

2022 update for the Carbon Monitor Cities dataset:

Near-real-time daily estimates of CO2 emissions from 1500 cities worldwide

Huo, D., Huang, X., Dou, X. et al. Carbon Monitor Cities near-real-time daily estimates of CO2 emissions from 1500 cities worldwide. Sci Data 9, 533 (2022).

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01657-z

This dataset contains key characteristics about the data described in the Data Descriptor Carbon Monitor,a near-real-time daily dataset of global CO2 emission from fossil fuel and cement production. Contents:

    1. human readable metadata summary table in CSV format


    2. machine readable metadata file in JSON format

This dataset provides observations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) amounts obtained from observations collected by several current and historical satellite instruments. Carbon dioxide is a naturally occurring Greenhouse Gas (GHG), but one whose abundance has been increased substantially above its pre-industrial value of some 280 ppm by human activities, primarily because of emissions from combustion of fossil fuels, deforestation and other land-use change. The annual cycle (especially in the northern hemisphere) is primarily due to seasonal uptake and release of atmospheric CO2 by terrestrial vegetation. Atmospheric carbon dioxide abundance is indirectly observed by various satellite instruments. These instruments measure spectrally resolved near-infrared and/or infrared radiation reflected or emitted by the Earth and its atmosphere. In the measured signal, molecular absorption signatures from carbon dioxide and other constituent gasses can be identified. It is through analysis of those absorption lines in these radiance observations that the averaged carbon dioxide abundance in the sampled atmospheric column can be determined. The software used to analyse the absorption lines and determine the carbon dioxide concentration in the sampled atmospheric column is referred to as the retrieval algorithm. For this dataset, carbon dioxide abundances have been determined by applying several algorithms to different satellite instruments. Typically, different algorithms have different strengths and weaknesses and therefore, which product to use for a given application typically depends on the application. The data set consists of 2 types of products:

column-averaged mixing ratios of CO2, denoted XCO2 mid-tropospheric CO2 columns.

The XCO2 products have been retrieved from SCIAMACHY/ENVISAT, TANSO-FTS/GOSAT, TANSO-FTS2/GOSAT2 and OCO-2. The mid-tropospheric CO2 product has been retrieved from the IASI instruments on-board the Metop satellite series and from AIRS. The XCO2 products are available as Level 2 (L2) products (satellite orbit tracks) and as Level 3 (L3) product (gridded). The L2 products are available as individual sensor products (SCIAMACHY: BESD and WFMD algorithms; GOSAT: OCFP and SRFP algorithms) and as a multi-sensor merged product (EMMA algorithm). The L3 XCO2 product is provided in OBS4MIPS format. The IASI and AIRS products are available as L2 products generated with the NLIS algorithm. This data set is updated on a yearly basis, with each update cycle adding (if required) a new data version for the entire period, up to one year behind real time. This dataset is produced on behalf of C3S with the exception of the SCIAMACHY and AIRS L2 products that were generated in the framework of the GHG-CCI project of the European Space Agency (ESA) Climate Change Initiative (CCI).

Here, we present the dataset associated with the article “Seasonal environmental controls on soil CO2 dynamics at a high CO2 flux sites (Piton de la Fournaise and Mayotte volcanoes)” submitted to the AGU journal “JGR Biogeosciences” by the same authors. The data are the soil CO2 concentrations, air temperatures and atmospheric pressures recorded by the five soil CO2 monitoring stations of the Observatoire Volcanologique du Piton de la Fournaise – Institut de physique du Globe de Paris (OVPF/IPGP) from the date of their respective installation up to February 23rd 2022. Data are acquired hourly and transmitted in real time at the Observatoire Volcanologique du Piton de la Fournaise (OVPF/IPGP). Stations PNRN, PCRN, BLEN and GITN are located on the island of La Réunion and station UDMN is located on the island of Mayotte. The stations were designed by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) Sezione di Palermo (Gurrieri et al., 2008). For the measurement of soil CO2 concentrations, a 50 cm long probe is inserted into the soil and connected by a Teflon pipe to a Gascard NG dual-wavelength nondispersive infrared gas analyzer (CO2 gas measurement range 0–10%). The molar fraction of CO2 is measured in a soil-air gas mixture pumped at 0.8 L/min and are automatically corrected for air temperature and atmospheric pressure effects on gas molecular density (Gurrieri and Valenza, 1988). Air temperature and atmospheric pressure are measure at each station a height of two meters. Temperature is measured by Mela® sensors PK-ME with a precision of ± 0.2K. Pressure is measured by STS® sensors ATM.ECO with a precision of ± 0.375 psi.

CAMS produces global forecasts for the two main long-lived greenhouse gases once a day. This dataset consists of 5-day high-resolution forecasts of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4). Additionally, carbon monoxide (CO) and meteorological parameters relevant to the CAMS greenhouse gas forecast are included. The initial conditions of each forecast are obtained by combining a previous forecast with current satellite observations through a process called data assimilation. This best estimate of the state of the atmosphere at the initial forecast time step, called the analysis, provides a globally complete and consistent dataset allowing for estimates at locations where observation data coverage is low. The analysis has a resolution of approximately 25km and it is produced 4 days behind real-time due to the current latency of satellite retrievals of CO2 and CH4. As this analysis of greenhouse gases is not available close to real time, it is not provided. Instead, the high-resolution forecast with a resolution of approximately 9km is run a few hours behind real time, with initial conditions based on a 4-day forecast of the analysis experiment. Additionally, because some meteorological fields in the forecast do not fall within the general CAMS data licence, they are only available with a delay of 5 days. The forecast itself uses a model of the atmosphere based on the laws of physics and prescribed chemical loss rates or simplified chemistry to determine the evolution of the concentrations of all species over time for the next five days. Apart from the required initial state, it also uses inventory-based, observation-based and modelled emission estimates as a boundary condition at the surface. The CAMS global forecasting system is upgraded about once a year resulting in technical and scientific changes. The horizontal or vertical resolution can change, new species can be added, and more generally the accuracy of the forecasts can be improved. Details of these system changes can be found in the documentation. Users looking for a more consistent long term data set should consider using the CAMS greenhouse gas reanalysis instead, which is available through the Atmosphere Data Store (ADS) and spans the period from 2003 onwards, or the CAMS global inversion-optimised greenhouse gas fluxes and concentrations which provides a longer dataset that is suitable for trend analysis and also available through the ADS.

The infrared carbon dioxide (CO2) gas detector market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing environmental concerns, stringent emission regulations, and the rising adoption of industrial automation across diverse sectors. The market size in 2025 is estimated at $500 million, projecting a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 8% from 2025 to 2033. This growth is fueled by several key trends: the increasing demand for enhanced safety measures in hazardous environments like oil and gas facilities and mining operations; the proliferation of smart factories and Industry 4.0 initiatives which necessitate precise environmental monitoring; and the growing awareness of the impact of CO2 emissions on climate change, leading to stricter regulatory compliance. The market segmentation reveals that Point IR detectors currently hold the largest market share, primarily due to their cost-effectiveness and ease of implementation. However, Open Path IR detectors are witnessing rapid growth, driven by their suitability for large-scale monitoring applications. Geographically, North America and Europe currently dominate the market, but significant growth opportunities exist in the Asia-Pacific region due to rapid industrialization and economic development. Despite the promising outlook, challenges such as the high initial investment cost of advanced detector systems and the need for skilled personnel for operation and maintenance pose some restraints on market expansion. The competitive landscape is characterized by a mix of established players and emerging companies. Key players are focusing on strategic partnerships, product innovation, and geographical expansion to gain a competitive edge. The introduction of sophisticated technologies such as laser-based detectors, improved sensor accuracy, and wireless connectivity options are further shaping market dynamics. The increasing demand for real-time CO2 monitoring and data analytics capabilities are expected to stimulate further innovation and market growth in the coming years. The market's expansion is further propelled by government initiatives promoting clean energy and environmental protection, pushing industries to implement robust CO2 monitoring systems to ensure regulatory compliance and enhance operational safety. Continued technological advancements in sensor miniaturization, improved sensitivity, and lower power consumption will further accelerate the adoption of infrared CO2 gas detectors across various applications.