This feature layer is part of SDGs Today. Please see sdgstoday.org.Armed conflicts arise from many sources, including border disputes, civil war, and religious and tribal clashes. Increasingly, these conflicts are originating due to poor environmental conditions, such as lack of access to water resources and arable land, drought, and famine. The Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED), a disaggregated data collection, analysis, and crisis mapping project, maintains a database of all forms of human conflict from over 50 developing countries.ACLED is the most widely used real-time data and analysis source on political violence and protest around the world. It collects the dates, actors, locations, fatalities, and modalities of all reported political violence and protest events across major regions, including Africa, South and Southeast Asia, Central Asia and the Caucasus, the Middle East, Latin America, the Caribbean, Southeastern and Eastern Europe, and the Balkans. ACLED uses four types of data sources for its analysis: traditional media, reports from NGOs/governments, local partner data, and social media. Each week, ACLED researchers analyze thousands of sources in multiple languages to provide the most comprehensive database on political violence and demonstrations.

The Compass Series of Indexes is comprised of three unique and complementary Indexes that gauge the extent of global political, macroeconomic, and geopolitical risk: A Military Conflict Risk Index in five key geopolitical conflict regions, a Cold War Two Index in Russia, the US, and China, and a Polarization Risk Index in the G7 economies. Collectively, they provide investors, policymakers, and other decision makers with otherwise unavailable and comprehensive datafeeds that allow them to confirm and refute hypotheses and confidently navigate these risks.

The Cold War Index The Cold War II Index tracks – in Russia, the US, and China – six public sentiment indicators related to the geopolitical conflict and five current and future economic conditions indicators. The Index runs 24/7 and, unlike typical polls in these countries, draws on broad-based, anonymous, non-incented opinion.

The Military Conflict Risk Index The Military Conflict Risk Index measures, on a continuous, real-time basis, the perceptions of military conflict intensification from citizens in five major geopolitical conflicts: Russia-Ukraine, China-Taiwan, India-Pakistan, Iran-Israel, and South Korea-North Korea.

The Polarization Risk Index The Polarization Risk Index measures, on a quarterly basis, polarization within each G7 country as a key indicator of political stability. The Index uniquely draws on broad-based, anonymous opinion, minimizing biases associated with conventional polling.

Social media can be mirrors of human interaction, society, and world events. Their reach enables the global dissemination of information in the shortest possible time and thus the individual participation of people all over the world in global events in almost real-time. However, equally efficient, these platforms can be misused in the context of information warfare in order to manipulate human perception and opinion formation. The outbreak of war between Russia and Ukraine on February 24, 2022, demonstrated this in a striking manner.

Here we publish a dataset of raw tweets collected by using the Twitter Streaming API in the context of the onset of the war which Russia started on Ukraine on February 24, 2022. A distinctive feature of the dataset is that it covers the period from one week before to one week after Russia's invasion of Ukraine. We publish the IDs of all tweets we streamed during that time, the time we rehydrated them using Twitter's API as well as the result of the rehydration. If you use this dataset, please cite our related Paper:

Pohl, Janina Susanne and Seiler, Moritz Vinzent and Assenmacher, Dennis and Grimme, Christian, A Twitter Streaming Dataset collected before and after the Onset of the War between Russia and Ukraine in 2022 (March 25, 2022). Available at SSRN: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4066543

This feature layer is part of SDGs Today. Please see sdgstoday.org.Armed conflicts arise from many sources, including border disputes, civil war, and religious and tribal clashes. Increasingly, these conflicts are originating due to poor environmental conditions, such as lack of access to water resources and arable land, drought, and famine. The Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED), a disaggregated data collection, analysis, and crisis mapping project, maintains a database of all forms of human conflict from over 50 developing countries.ACLED is the most widely used real-time data and analysis source on political violence and protest around the world. It collects the dates, actors, locations, fatalities, and modalities of all reported political violence and protest events across major regions, including Africa, South and Southeast Asia, Central Asia and the Caucasus, the Middle East, Latin America, the Caribbean, Southeastern and Eastern Europe, and the Balkans. ACLED uses four types of data sources for its analysis: traditional media, reports from NGOs/governments, local partner data, and social media. Each week, ACLED researchers analyze thousands of sources in multiple languages to provide the most comprehensive database on political violence and demonstrations.

Streaming platforms have spent millions of dollars to win rights for sports events.

This map is part of SDGs Today. Please see sdgstoday.org.Armed conflicts arise from many sources, including border disputes, civil war, and religious and tribal clashes. Increasingly, these conflicts are originating due to poor environmental conditions, such as lack of access to water resources and arable land, drought, and famine. The Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED), a disaggregated data collection, analysis, and crisis mapping project, maintains a database of all forms of human conflict from over 50 developing countries.ACLED is the most widely used real-time data and analysis source on political violence and protest around the world. It collects the dates, actors, locations, fatalities, and modalities of all reported political violence and protest events across major regions, including Africa, South and Southeast Asia, Central Asia and the Caucasus, the Middle East, Latin America, the Caribbean, Southeastern and Eastern Europe, and the Balkans. ACLED uses four types of data sources for its analysis: traditional media, reports from NGOs/governments, local partner data, and social media. Each week, ACLED researchers analyze thousands of sources in multiple languages to provide the most comprehensive database on political violence and demonstrations.

Network Centric Warfare (NCW) Market size is growing at a moderate pace with substantial growth rates over the last few years and is estimated that the market will grow significantly in the forecasted period i.e. 2024 to 2030.

Global Network Centric Warfare (NCW) Market Drivers

The market drivers for the Network Centric Warfare (NCW) Market can be influenced by various factors. These may include:

Information Technology breakthroughs: The adoption of NCW solutions is being driven by ongoing information technology breakthroughs, such as those in data analytics, artificial intelligence, communication systems, and cybersecurity. These developments allow military to create network-centric systems that are more robust and efficient. Growing Threats and Security Challenges: Military forces are investing in NCW capabilities to improve their situational awareness, decision-making, and response skills due to the ever-evolving nature of security threats, such as cyberattacks, terrorism, and hybrid warfare tactics. Emphasis on Cooperation and Interoperability: NCW places a strong emphasis on cooperation amongst various armed forces, coalition partners, and allies. The need for NCW solutions that enable smooth communication and coordination is being driven by the growing emphasis on joint operations and collaboration across various military units and governments. Real-Time Information is Necessary: Gaining a tactical advantage in contemporary conflict scenarios depends on having access to real-time information and intelligence. Military forces can now quickly gather, examine, and share information across dispersed networks thanks to NCW technology, which improves their capacity for prompt and well-informed decision-making. Force Modernization Programs: To improve their military prowess and keep a competitive edge in the battlefield, numerous nations are funding force modernization initiatives. Since NCW technologies allow militaries to use cutting-edge information and communication systems to improve their operational performance, they are frequently a crucial part of these initiatives. Emphasis on Cost-Efficiency: Although defense spending are rising in many nations, there is a growing focus on resource allocation and cost-efficiency. Through network-enabled capabilities, NCW solutions provide chances to enhance operational efficiency, lessen dependency on physical infrastructure, and maximize resource utilization. Quick Technical Innovation: New NCW capabilities, such as sophisticated data analytics algorithms, network management tools, and secure communication protocols, are being developed at a rapid rate due to the quick speed of technical innovation. In order to keep a technological advantage over future opponents, militaries are eager to take advantage of these advancements. Geopolitical Dynamics: Investments in military modernization and NCW capabilities are still motivated by geopolitical tensions and regional wars. The development and implementation of NCW solutions will probably be given top priority by nations dealing with security concerns or entangled in territorial conflicts in order to strengthen their military capabilities.

Network Centric Warfare (NCW) Market Outlook

The global Network Centric Warfare (NCW) market size is projected to expand from USD 50 billion in 2023 to USD 95 billion by 2032, reflecting a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 7.8%. A major growth factor propelling this market is the increasing need for advanced communication and information systems in military operations to enhance strategic and tactical decision-making.

The primary growth drivers for the NCW market include the escalating demand for real-time data sharing and enhanced situational awareness among defense forces. The rapid advancements in information technology and data analytics have significantly benefited military and defense operations, enabling more precise and coordinated actions. This enhanced capability is crucial for modern warfare, where information superiority can provide a decisive advantage. Investments in NCW technologies are, therefore, expected to keep rising as nations strive to upgrade their existing military infrastructures.

Another factor contributing to the growth of the NCW market is the continuous increase in defense budgets worldwide. Governments are prioritizing defense modernization programs that incorporate NCW systems to counter advanced threats. As nations perceive growing cybersecurity threats, the integration of robust NCW systems becomes essential for maintaining national security. Additionally, the growing geopolitical tensions and the need for tactical superiority are prompting countries to adopt NCW technologies, thereby pushing market growth.

Technological advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and the Internet of Things (IoT) are also pivotal in driving the NCW market. These technologies facilitate the integration and analysis of vast amounts of data from various sensors and communication systems, enhancing decision-making processes. The convergence of these technologies with NCW frameworks allows for more efficient and autonomous operations, which is increasingly becoming a focal point for defense strategies globally. Consequently, ongoing R&D investments in these areas are likely to further augment market expansion.

Regionally, North America holds a significant share of the NCW market, driven by substantial defense spending and technological advancements in the United States. The Asia Pacific region is also expected to witness robust growth due to increasing defense expenditures by countries like China and India, who are focusing on modernizing their military capabilities. Europe, Latin America, and the Middle East & Africa are also experiencing growing investments in defense technologies, contributing to the overall market dynamics.

Component Analysis

Within the NCW market, components can be broadly categorized into hardware, software, and services. Each of these components plays a crucial role in the effective functioning of NCW systems. Hardware components include sensors, communication devices, and data processing units, which are integral for capturing and transmitting battlefield data. The growing demand for advanced and miniaturized sensors, capable of providing accurate and real-time data, is significantly pushing the hardware segment’s growth.

Software is another vital component, encompassing various applications and systems that facilitate data analysis, information sharing, and decision-making. Advanced software solutions enable seamless communication and coordination among different units, enhancing operational efficiency. As military operations become increasingly complex, the need for sophisticated software that can process large volumes of data and provide actionable insights is becoming more pronounced. AI and ML integrated software solutions are particularly gaining traction, offering enhanced predictive analytics capabilities.

Services form the third critical component, including maintenance, training, and support services essential for the smooth functioning of NCW systems. As NCW technologies become more advanced, the complexity of maintaining and operating these systems also increases, thereby driving the demand for specialized services. Training services are particularly crucial to ensure that defense personnel are proficient in using these advanced systems. Moreover, ongoing support services are essential to address any technical issues promptly, ensuring optimal performance of NCW systems.

Overall, the synergistic interaction between hardware, software, and services is essential for the successful implementation of

On October 29, 1929, the U.S. experienced the most devastating stock market crash in it's history. The Wall Street Crash of 1929 set in motion the Great Depression, which lasted for twelve years and affected virtually all industrialized countries. In the United States, GDP fell to it's lowest recorded level of just 57 billion U.S dollars in 1933, before rising again shortly before the Second World War. After the war, GDP fluctuated, but it increased gradually until the Great Recession in 2008. Real GDP Real GDP allows us to compare GDP over time, by adjusting all figures for inflation. In this case, all numbers have been adjusted to the value of the US dollar in FY2012. While GDP rose every year between 1946 and 2008, when this is adjusted for inflation it can see that the real GDP dropped at least once in every decade except the 1960s and 2010s. The Great Recession Apart from the Great Depression, and immediately after WWII, there have been two times where both GDP and real GDP dropped together. The first was during the Great Recession, which lasted from December 2007 until June 2009 in the US, although its impact was felt for years after this. After the collapse of the financial sector in the US, the government famously bailed out some of the country's largest banking and lending institutions. Since recovery began in late 2009, US GDP has grown year-on-year, and reached 21.4 trillion dollars in 2019. The coronavirus pandemic and the associated lockdowns then saw GDP fall again, for the first time in a decade. As economic recovery from the pandemic has been compounded by supply chain issues, inflation, and rising global geopolitical instability, it remains to be seen what the future holds for the U.S. economy.

In the past four centuries, the population of the United States has grown from a recorded 350 people around the Jamestown colony of Virginia in 1610, to an estimated 331 million people in 2020. The pre-colonization populations of the indigenous peoples of the Americas have proven difficult for historians to estimate, as their numbers decreased rapidly following the introduction of European diseases (namely smallpox, plague and influenza). Native Americans were also omitted from most censuses conducted before the twentieth century, therefore the actual population of what we now know as the United States would have been much higher than the official census data from before 1800, but it is unclear by how much. Population growth in the colonies throughout the eighteenth century has primarily been attributed to migration from the British Isles and the Transatlantic slave trade; however it is also difficult to assert the ethnic-makeup of the population in these years as accurate migration records were not kept until after the 1820s, at which point the importation of slaves had also been illegalized. Nineteenth century In the year 1800, it is estimated that the population across the present-day United States was around six million people, with the population in the 16 admitted states numbering at 5.3 million. Migration to the United States began to happen on a large scale in the mid-nineteenth century, with the first major waves coming from Ireland, Britain and Germany. In some aspects, this wave of mass migration balanced out the demographic impacts of the American Civil War, which was the deadliest war in U.S. history with approximately 620 thousand fatalities between 1861 and 1865. The civil war also resulted in the emancipation of around four million slaves across the south; many of whose ancestors would take part in the Great Northern Migration in the early 1900s, which saw around six million black Americans migrate away from the south in one of the largest demographic shifts in U.S. history. By the end of the nineteenth century, improvements in transport technology and increasing economic opportunities saw migration to the United States increase further, particularly from southern and Eastern Europe, and in the first decade of the 1900s the number of migrants to the U.S. exceeded one million people in some years. Twentieth and twenty-first century The U.S. population has grown steadily throughout the past 120 years, reaching one hundred million in the 1910s, two hundred million in the 1960s, and three hundred million in 2007. In the past century, the U.S. established itself as a global superpower, with the world's largest economy (by nominal GDP) and most powerful military. Involvement in foreign wars has resulted in over 620,000 further U.S. fatalities since the Civil War, and migration fell drastically during the World Wars and Great Depression; however the population continuously grew in these years as the total fertility rate remained above two births per woman, and life expectancy increased (except during the Spanish Flu pandemic of 1918).

Since the Second World War, Latin America has replaced Europe as the most common point of origin for migrants, with Hispanic populations growing rapidly across the south and border states. Because of this, the proportion of non-Hispanic whites, which has been the most dominant ethnicity in the U.S. since records began, has dropped more rapidly in recent decades. Ethnic minorities also have a much higher birth rate than non-Hispanic whites, further contributing to this decline, and the share of non-Hispanic whites is expected to fall below fifty percent of the U.S. population by the mid-2000s. In 2020, the United States has the third-largest population in the world (after China and India), and the population is expected to reach four hundred million in the 2050s.

In the United States, the crude birth rate in 1800 was 48.3 live births per thousand people, meaning that 4.8 percent of the population had been born in that year. Between 1815 and 1825 the crude birth rate jumped from 46.5 to 54.7 (possibly due to Florida becoming a part of the US, but this is unclear), but from this point until the Second World War the crude birth rate dropped gradually, reaching 19.2 in 1935. Through the 1940s, 50s and 60s the US experienced it's baby boom, and the birth rate reached 24.1 in 1955, before dropping again until 1980. From the 1980s until today the birth rate's decline has slowed, and is expected to reach twelve in 2020, meaning that just over 1 percent of the population will be born in 2020.

Among nations of the UK, Northern Ireland had the highest number of live births per 1,000 in 2021, at 11.6, followed by England at 10.5, Wales at 9.3, and Scotland at 8.7. The crude birth has fallen for all nations of the UK when compared with 1971, while Northern Ireland has consistently had the highest number of live births per 1,000 people. Long-term birth trends After reaching a postwar peak of 18.8 births per 1,000 people, the UK's crude birth rate has declined considerably, falling to a low of just 11 births per 1,000 people in 2020. In that year, there were just 681,560 live births, compared with over one million in 1964. Additionally, the average age of mothers in the UK has been steadily increasing since the mid-1970s. In 1975, for example, the average age at which mothers gave birth was 26.4 years, compared with 30.9 in 2021. Millennials overtake Boomers as largest generation Due to the large number of births that happened in the years following the Second World War, the generation born during this time were called Baby Boomers, and until 2020 were the largest generation in the UK. Since that year, the Millennial generation, born between 1981 and 1996 have been the largest generational cohort. In 2022, there were approximately 14.48 million Millennials, 14.14 million Generation X members (born between 1965 and 1980) and around 13.8 million Baby Boomers. Generation Z, the generation immediately after Millennials, numbered approximately 12.9 million in 2022.

The fertility rate of a country is the average number of children that women from that country will have throughout their reproductive years. In the United States in 1800, the average woman of childbearing age would have seven children over the course of their lifetime. As factors such as technology, hygiene, medicine and education improved, women were having fewer children than before, reaching just two children per woman in 1940. This changed quite dramatically in the aftermath of the Second World War, rising sharply to over 3.5 children per woman in 1960 (children born between 1946 and 1964 are nowadays known as the 'Baby Boomer' generation, and they make up roughly twenty percent of todays US population). Due to the end of the baby boom and increased access to contraception, fertility reached it's lowest point in the US in 1980, where it was just 1.77. It did however rise to over two children per woman between 1995 and 2010, although it is expected to drop again by 2020, to just 1.78.

In China, the crude birth rate in 1930 was just under 39 live births per thousand people, meaning that 3.9 percent of the population had been born in that year. The crude birth rate dropped gradually over the next fifteen years, however it then rose to it's highest recorded figure by 1955. Between 1945 and 1950, the Second World War ended and the Chinese Civil War was finally coming to an end, and during this time the crude birth rate rose to almost 47 births per thousand in individual years. The crude birth rate dropped again in the late 1950s, as Chairman Mao's 'Great Leap Forward' failed to industrialize the nation, and resulted in a famine which killed an estimated 45 million people. The 1960s saw some recovery, where the figures rose from 36.4 to 39.5 births per thousand in this decade, however two-child and one-child policies were introduced in the 1970s and 80s, in an attempt to slow China's rapidly growing population. These measures led to the decline of the birth rate, dropping below fifteen births per thousand at the turn of the millennium. From 2000 until now the decline of China's crude birth rate has slowed, falling by just 2.8 births per thousand over the past twenty years, and it is expected to be just below twelve in 2020.

In France, the crude birth rate in 1800 was 29.4 live births per thousand people, meaning that 2.9 percent of the population had been born in that year. In the first half of the nineteenth century France's crude birth rate dropped from it's highest recorded level of 29.4 in 1800, to 21.9 by 1850. In the second half of the 1800s the crude birth rate rose again, to 25.5 in 1875, as the Second Republic and Second Empire were established, which was a time of economic prosperity and the modernization of the country. From then until 1910 there was a gradual decline, until the First World War caused a huge decline, resulting in a record low crude birth rate of 13.3 by 1920 (the figures for individual years fell even lower than this). The figure then bounced back in the early 1920s, before then falling again until the Second World War. After the war, France experienced a baby boom, where the crude birth rate reached 22.2, before it dropped again until the 1980s, and since then it has declined slowly. The crude birth rate of France is expected to reach a new, record low of 11.2 in 2020.

The fertility rate of a country is the average number of children that women from that country will have throughout their reproductive years. From 1840 until 1910, Russia's fertility rate was relatively consistent, remaining between 6.7 and 7.4 children per woman during this time. Between 1910 and 1920, the fertility rate drops sharply as a result of the First World War and Russian Revolution (for individual years of WWI, the fertility rate dropped as low as 3.4). From 1920 to 1930 the fertility rate returns above 6 again, however a gradual decline then begins, and by the end of the Second World War, the Russian segment of the Soviet Union's fertility rate was below 2. The population experienced a relatively small 'baby boom' in the two decades following the war, but then the fertility rate dropped again, most sharply between 1990 and 1995 at the end of the Soviet Union's reign. Russia's fertility rate reached its lowest point in 2000 when it fell to just 1.25 children per woman, but in the past two decades it has risen again, and is expected to reach 1.8 in 2020.

In Italy, the crude birth rate in 1850 was 38.4 live births per thousand people, meaning that 3.8 percent of the population had been born in that year. Apart from some slight fluctuation in the 1860s, between 1850 and the Second World War, Italy's crude birth rate decreased very gradually. 38.9 was the highest recorded figure in 1865, and it decreased to 27.1 in 1930. Over the next 35 years (including the Second World War and Italian Civil War) the birth rate fluctuated, but overall it dropped to 18.6, and then the decline fell consistently to 10.9 in 1985, where it then plateaued. In the 2000s, the crude birth rate did increase in the first decade, to 9.7 in 2010, before dropping again, and it is expected to fall to it's lowest level of 7.6 in 2020.

The fertility rate of a country is the average number of children that women from that country would have throughout their reproductive years. In the United Kingdom in 1800, the average woman of childbearing age would have five children over the course of their lifetime. Over the next 35 years the fertility rate was quite sporadic, rising to over 5.5 in the 1810s and 1820s, then dropping to 4.9 by 1835. This was during and after the Napoleonic Wars and the War of 1812 with the US, which was a time of increased industrialization, economic depression and high unemployment after the war. As things became more stable, and the 'Pax Britannica' (a period of relative, international peace and economic prosperity for the British Empire) came into full effect, the fertility rate plateaued until 1880, before dropping gradually until the First World War. The fertility rate then jumped from 2.6 to 3.1 children per woman between 1915 and 1920, as many men returned from the war. It then resumed it's previous trajectory in the interwar years, before increasing yet again after the war (albeit, for a much longer time than after WWI), in what is known as the 'Baby Boom'. Like the US, the Baby Boom lasted until around 1980, where it then fell to 1.7 children per woman, and it has remained around this number (between 1.66 and 1.87) since then.

The fertility rate of a country is the average number of children that women from that country will have throughout their reproductive years. From 1800 until today, Poland's fertility rate has gradually declined, however it was very sporadic along the way. Poland's fertility rate reached it's highest point in the early 1860s, where it was 6.4 children per woman. Between 1795 and the end of the First World War there was no official country of Poland, and this is a tumultuous time in the area's history, and many different factors would have affected the fertility rate. In the Second World War, Poland's lost a higher percentage of people than any other nation in the world, and the fertility rate dropped to just over 3 children per woman during this time. Poland did experience a brief 'baby boom' during the two decades after the war, before the rate fell to it's lowest point ever in 2005, where it was below 1.3 children per woman, and this number is expected to rise slightly by 2020, to 1.4.

In the United Kingdom, the crude birth rate in 1800 was 37 live births per thousand people, meaning that 3.7 percent of the population had been born in that year. From 1800 until 1830, the crude birth rate jumped between 35 and 45, before plateauing between 35 and 37 until the 1880s. From 1880 until the Second World War, the crude birth rate dropped to just under fifteen births per one thousand people, with the only increase coming directly after World War One. After WWII, the United Kingdom experienced a baby boom, as many soldiers returned home and the economy recovered, however this boom stopped in the late 1960s and the crude birth rate went into decline again. From the late 1970s until today, the crude birth rate has remained between eleven and fourteen, and is expected to be 11.5 in 2020.