30 datasets found
  1. Great Recession: unemployment rate in the G7 countries 2007-2011

    • statista.com
    Updated Sep 2, 2024
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    Statista (2024). Great Recession: unemployment rate in the G7 countries 2007-2011 [Dataset]. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1346779/unemployment-rate-g7-great-recession/
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    Dataset updated
    Sep 2, 2024
    Dataset authored and provided by
    Statistahttp://statista.com/
    Time period covered
    2007 - 2011
    Area covered
    Worldwide
    Description

    With the collapse of the U.S. housing market and the subsequent financial crisis on Wall Street in 2007 and 2008, economies across the globe began to enter into deep recessions. What had started out as a crisis centered on the United States quickly became global in nature, as it became apparent that not only had the economies of other advanced countries (grouped together as the G7) become intimately tied to the U.S. financial system, but that many of them had experienced housing and asset price bubbles similar to that in the U.S.. The United Kingdom had experienced a huge inflation of housing prices since the 1990s, while Eurozone members (such as Germany, France and Italy) had financial sectors which had become involved in reckless lending to economies on the periphery of the EU, such as Greece, Ireland and Portugal. Other countries, such as Japan, were hit heavily due their export-led growth models which suffered from the decline in international trade. Unemployment during the Great Recession As business and consumer confidence crashed, credit markets froze, and international trade contracted, the unemployment rate in the most advanced economies shot up. While four to five percent is generally considered to be a healthy unemployment rate, nearing full employment in the economy (when any remaining unemployment is not related to a lack of consumer demand), many of these countries experienced rates at least double that, with unemployment in the United States peaking at almost 10 percent in 2010. In large countries, unemployment rates of this level meant millions or tens of millions of people being out of work, which led to political pressures to stimulate economies and create jobs. By 2012, many of these countries were seeing declining unemployment rates, however, in France and Italy rates of joblessness continued to increase as the Euro crisis took hold. These countries suffered from having a monetary policy which was too tight for their economies (due to the ECB controlling interest rates) and fiscal policy which was constrained by EU debt rules. Left with the option of deregulating their labor markets and pursuing austerity policies, their unemployment rates remained over 10 percent well into the 2010s. Differences in labor markets The differences in unemployment rates at the peak of the crisis (2009-2010) reflect not only the differences in how economies were affected by the downturn, but also the differing labor market institutions and programs in the various countries. Countries with more 'liberalized' labor markets, such as the United States and United Kingdom experienced sharp jumps in their unemployment rate due to the ease at which employers can lay off workers in these countries. When the crisis subsided in these countries, however, their unemployment rates quickly began to drop below those of the other countries, due to their more dynamic labor markets which make it easier to hire workers when the economy is doing well. On the other hand, countries with more 'coordinated' labor market institutions, such as Germany and Japan, experiences lower rates of unemployment during the crisis, as programs such as short-time work, job sharing, and wage restraint agreements were used to keep workers in their jobs. While these countries are less likely to experience spikes in unemployment during crises, the highly regulated nature of their labor markets mean that they are slower to add jobs during periods of economic prosperity.

  2. Great recession performance decline of chemical and specialty materials by...

    • statista.com
    Updated Jul 7, 2025
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    Statista (2025). Great recession performance decline of chemical and specialty materials by end market [Dataset]. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1119692/peak-to-trough-performance-decline-chemicals-specialty-materials-great-recession-by-end-market/
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    Dataset updated
    Jul 7, 2025
    Dataset authored and provided by
    Statistahttp://statista.com/
    Time period covered
    2007 - 2009
    Area covered
    Worldwide
    Description

    During the great recession period (2007 to 2009), the automotive industry was the most impacted chemical end market, with a peak-to-trough performance decline of ** percent. The construction, and metals and mining chemical end markets also saw their performance decrease by ** percent and ** percent, respectively, during the great recession.

  3. c

    AI Sensor Market with Recession Market will grow at a CAGR of 38.6% from...

    • cognitivemarketresearch.com
    pdf,excel,csv,ppt
    Updated May 24, 2024
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    Cognitive Market Research (2024). AI Sensor Market with Recession Market will grow at a CAGR of 38.6% from 2024 to 2031. [Dataset]. https://www.cognitivemarketresearch.com/ai-sensor-market-with-recession-market-report
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    pdf,excel,csv,pptAvailable download formats
    Dataset updated
    May 24, 2024
    Dataset authored and provided by
    Cognitive Market Research
    License

    https://www.cognitivemarketresearch.com/privacy-policyhttps://www.cognitivemarketresearch.com/privacy-policy

    Time period covered
    2021 - 2033
    Area covered
    Global
    Description

    According to Cognitive Market Research, the global AI Sensor Market with Recession Market size is USD 2.8 billion in 2024 and will expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 38.6% from 2024 to 2031. Market Dynamics of AI Sensor Market with Recession Market

    Key Drivers for AI Sensor Market with Recession Market

    Advancements in AI and Machine Learning: Rapid advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning are boosting the use of Al sensors. Algorithms are getting increasingly sophisticated and capable of handling complicated data from sensors, enabling real-time decision-making and predictive analytics. These developments allow Al sensors to detect patterns, anomalies, and trends in data streams, making them useful in applications such as picture recognition, natural language processing, and predictive maintenance. For instance, in manufacturing, Al sensors may detect faults in real time, improving quality control and lowering waste. Al sensors also improve the capability of autonomous systems and robots. They can perceive their surroundings, adjust to changing circumstances, and make sound decisions. This is especially crucial in industries like agriculture, where autonomous drones equipped with Al sensors can check crop health, detect pest infestations, and optimize pesticide use. Security and Surveillance applications

    Key Restraints for AI Sensor Market with Recession Market

    Capital Spending Delays in Price-Sensitive Sectors: Businesses in a variety of sectors, including retail, consumer electronics, and the automobile industry, frequently postpone or abandon capital-intensive initiatives and technological advancements during recessions. This has a direct impact on the use of AI sensors in consumer electronics, smart factories, and new goods, momentarily reducing market expansion.

    Semiconductor shortages and supply chain disruptions: Complex semiconductor components are necessary for AI sensors, and supply chain bottlenecks are frequently made worse by global economic downturns. Delays in shipping, reduced manufacturing capacity, and geopolitical unrest can all affect sensor production and lengthen lead times, making it more difficult for industries to deploy sensors on time.

    Key Trends for AI Sensor Market with Recession Market

    Transition to Low-Cost Advanced AI Sensors: Industries are turning to edge AI sensors that analyze data locally in order to deal with financial restrictions. This eliminates the need for expensive cloud infrastructure and latency problems. Due to their simplicity of deployment and reduced total cost of ownership, small, energy-efficient sensors with on-chip AI are becoming more and more popular. Growing Utilization in Energy Efficiency and Predictive Maintenance: Operational efficiency is a top priority for financially stressed organizations, and AI sensors are essential for energy optimization and predictive maintenance. Industrial equipment with sensors built in can anticipate malfunctions, prolong the life of machinery, and use less electricity, all of which can result in quantifiable cost savings during recessions. Introduction of the AI Sensor Market with Recession Market

    Al sensors are also improving the capabilities of autonomous systems and robots. They can perceive their surroundings, adjust to changing conditions, and make sound decisions. This is especially crucial in industries like agriculture, where autonomous drones equipped with Al sensors can check crop health, detect pest infestations, and optimize pesticide use. Also, increased demand for life-saving healthcare equipment and self-driving capabilities in new electric vehicles are expected to fuel growth. The global shift towards digitization is expected to boost growth even further.

  4. State Recessions

    • kaggle.com
    Updated Dec 16, 2018
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    Iain Kirsch (2018). State Recessions [Dataset]. https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/kirschil/state-recessions
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    CroissantCroissant is a format for machine-learning datasets. Learn more about this at mlcommons.org/croissant.
    Dataset updated
    Dec 16, 2018
    Dataset provided by
    Kagglehttp://kaggle.com/
    Authors
    Iain Kirsch
    License

    https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/

    Description

    Context

    This dataset was built using the Philadelphia Federal Reserve's State Coincident Indices and the Bry-Boschan Method for business cycle dating. In the tradition of Owyang, Piger, et al. business cycles are calculated on the state level which provides interesting analysis opportunities for looking at recession timing for different regions or sectors present in different states. The MSA level data utilizes the Economic Coincident Indices available on the St. Louis FRED website and uses a variant of the non-parametric algorithm described in Metro Business Cycles (Arias et al. 2016) to date MSA level recessions.

    Content

    This data is from 1982 through 2018 and includes whether the economy is in a recession or not, with forward looking and backward looking data available for observations as well. Additionally, various FRED St. Louis series were joined, like the University of Michigan Consumer Sentiment Index and the Global Price of Brent Crude. The 2012 value added as a percent for different NAICS groups is included as well for sectoral analysis, although better data over time for this would prove beneficial. The industries file attempts to correct this, but has fewer years available.

    Acknowledgements

    Special thanks to the researchers at the Federal Reserve Banks of Philadelphia and St. Louis for collecting and making available much of the data that went into this dataset.

    Inspiration

    I was inspired by researchers that have attempted to take business cycle dating to the state and MSA level. Local business cycle dating methodologies allow for a more robust understanding of what goes into a recession and how sectoral composition can affect a state or MSA's "resilience" to recessions. This could have applications for weighting business cycle risk for companies based on geographic dispersion of customers, as well as local policymakers if local forecasting could be done successfully.

  5. f

    Heterogeneous firm responses to the economic downturn.

    • plos.figshare.com
    xls
    Updated Jun 13, 2023
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    Daniel Auer (2023). Heterogeneous firm responses to the economic downturn. [Dataset]. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262337.t001
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    xlsAvailable download formats
    Dataset updated
    Jun 13, 2023
    Dataset provided by
    PLOS ONE
    Authors
    Daniel Auer
    License

    Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    License information was derived automatically

    Description

    Heterogeneous firm responses to the economic downturn.

  6. Lingerie, Swimwear & Bridal Stores in the US - Market Research Report...

    • ibisworld.com
    Updated Jun 13, 2025
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    IBISWorld (2025). Lingerie, Swimwear & Bridal Stores in the US - Market Research Report (2015-2030) [Dataset]. https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/industry/lingerie-swimwear-bridal-stores/1071/
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    Dataset updated
    Jun 13, 2025
    Dataset authored and provided by
    IBISWorld
    License

    https://www.ibisworld.com/about/termsofuse/https://www.ibisworld.com/about/termsofuse/

    Time period covered
    2015 - 2030
    Area covered
    United States
    Description

    The market dynamics for the Lingerie, Swimwear and Bridal Stores industry have been largely shaped by a pivot in consumer preferences and purchasing behavior, primarily driven by evolving fashion trends and extensive lifestyle changes. Despite lingering recession fears that gripped 2022 and 2023, causing a spike in living costs and affecting disposable income levels, the industry revenue has hiked at a CAGR of 9.2% over the past five years and is expected to total $38.1 billion in 2025, when revenue will hike by an estimated 5.8%. The industry has proved resilient, demonstrating considerable adaptability to changes in consumer behavior. A pivotal evolution has been the embrace of e-commerce, with traditional retailers leveraging online platforms to extend their reach and improve customer experience. Luxury and specialty lingerie have gained traction, catering to a niche yet expanding market segment seeking exclusivity and personalized experiences. Demand for swimwear, especially women’s, has seen an uptick, driven by evolving fashion trends, body positivity movements and inclusive marketing strategies. On the downside, bridal stores have witnessed a slowdown, faced with rising competition from online retailers, bridal collections by high-street brands and changes in wedding trends with couples opting for more casual and less expensive alternatives. The continued expansion of e-commerce and advanced technologies like virtual fitting and AI-enhanced shopping experiences will further reshape the retail landscape. A disposable income boost would likely buoy demand for luxury and specialty lingerie. However, the swimwear segment might witness subdued growth because of the cycle of fashion trends and potential market saturation. For bridal stores, reimagining business strategies to align with changing wedding norms and expanding online presence to cater to millennials and Gen Z shoppers is critical for sustained growth. Over the next five years, revenue is expected to inch up at a CAGR of 2.8% to reach an estimated $43.8 billion in 2030.

  7. GDP loss due to COVID-19, by economy 2020

    • statista.com
    • ai-chatbox.pro
    Updated May 30, 2025
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    Jose Sanchez (2025). GDP loss due to COVID-19, by economy 2020 [Dataset]. https://www.statista.com/topics/6139/covid-19-impact-on-the-global-economy/
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    Dataset updated
    May 30, 2025
    Dataset provided by
    Statistahttp://statista.com/
    Authors
    Jose Sanchez
    Description

    In 2020, global gross domestic product declined by 6.7 percent as a result of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic outbreak. In Latin America, overall GDP loss amounted to 8.5 percent.

  8. US Residential Construction Market Analysis, Size, and Forecast 2025-2029

    • technavio.com
    Updated Jan 15, 2025
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    Technavio (2025). US Residential Construction Market Analysis, Size, and Forecast 2025-2029 [Dataset]. https://www.technavio.com/report/residential-construction-market-industry-analysis
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    Dataset updated
    Jan 15, 2025
    Dataset provided by
    TechNavio
    Authors
    Technavio
    Time period covered
    2021 - 2025
    Area covered
    United States
    Description

    Snapshot img

    US Residential Construction Market Size 2025-2029

    The US residential construction market size is forecast to increase by USD 242.9 million at a CAGR of 4.5% between 2024 and 2029.

    The Residential Construction Market in the US is experiencing significant growth driven by increasing household formation rates and a rising focus on sustainability in new projects. According to the latest data, household formation is projected to continue growing at a steady pace, fueling the demand for new residential units. This trend is particularly evident in urban areas, where population growth and limited space for new development are driving up demand. Meanwhile, the emphasis on sustainability in residential construction is transforming the market landscape. With consumers increasingly prioritizing energy efficiency and eco-friendly features in their homes, builders and developers are responding by incorporating green technologies and sustainable materials into their projects.
    This shift not only appeals to environmentally-conscious consumers but also offers long-term cost savings and regulatory compliance benefits. However, the market is not without challenges. Skilled labor shortages continue to pose a significant hurdle for large-scale residential real estate projects. The ongoing shortage of skilled laborers, including carpenters, electricians, and plumbers, is driving up labor costs and delaying project timelines. To mitigate this challenge, some builders are exploring alternative solutions, such as modular construction and automation, to streamline their operations and reduce their reliance on traditional labor sources. The Residential Construction Market in the US presents significant opportunities for companies seeking to capitalize on the growing demand for new housing units and the shift towards sustainability.
    However, navigating the challenges of labor shortages and rising costs will require innovative solutions and strategic planning. By staying informed of market trends and adapting to evolving consumer preferences, companies can effectively position themselves for success in this dynamic market.
    

    What will be the size of the US Residential Construction Market during the forecast period?

    Request Free Sample

    The residential construction market in the United States continues to exhibit dynamic activity, driven by various economic factors. Housing supply remains a key focus, with ongoing discussions surrounding the affordable housing trend and efforts to increase inventory, particularly for single-family homes and new constructions. Mortgage and federal funds rates have an impact on residential investment, with fluctuations influencing buyer decisions and construction costs. The labor market plays a crucial role, as workforce availability and wages affect both housing starts and cancellation rates. Inflation and interest rates, monitored closely by the Federal Reserve, also shape the market's direction. Recession risks and economic conditions influence construction spending across various sectors, including multifamily and single-family homes.
    Federal programs, such as housing choice vouchers and fair housing initiatives, continue to support home buyers and promote equitable housing opportunities. Building permits and housing starts serve as essential indicators of market health and future growth, with some sectors experiencing double-digit growth. Overall, the residential construction market in the US remains a significant economic driver, shaped by a complex interplay of economic, demographic, and policy factors.
    

    How is this market segmented?

    The market research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD million' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

    Product
    
      Apartments and condominiums
      Luxury Homes
      Other types
    
    
    Type
    
      New construction
      Renovation
    
    
    Application
    
      Single family
      Multi-family
    
    
    Construction Material
    
      Wood-framed
      Concrete
      Steel
      Modular/Prefabricated
    
    
    Geography
    
      US
    

    By Product Insights

    The apartments and condominiums segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

    The residential construction market in the US is experiencing growth in both the apartment and condominium sectors, driven by the increasing trend toward urbanization and changing lifestyle preferences. Apartments, typically owned by property management companies, and condominiums, with individually owned units within a larger complex, contribute significantly to the market. The Federal Reserve's influence on the economy through the federal funds rate and mortgage rates impacts borrowing rates and home construction activity. The affordability of housing, particularly for younger generations, is a concern due to factors such as inflation, labor market conditions, and savings

  9. f

    Organizational Downsizing and Depressive Symptoms in the European Recession:...

    • plos.figshare.com
    doc
    Updated Jun 1, 2023
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    M. Harvey Brenner; Elena Andreeva; Töres Theorell; Marcel Goldberg; Hugo Westerlund; Constanze Leineweber; Linda L. Magnusson. Hanson; Ellen Imbernon; Sophie Bonnaud (2023). Organizational Downsizing and Depressive Symptoms in the European Recession: The Experience of Workers in France, Hungary, Sweden and the United Kingdom [Dataset]. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0097063
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    docAvailable download formats
    Dataset updated
    Jun 1, 2023
    Dataset provided by
    PLOS ONE
    Authors
    M. Harvey Brenner; Elena Andreeva; Töres Theorell; Marcel Goldberg; Hugo Westerlund; Constanze Leineweber; Linda L. Magnusson. Hanson; Ellen Imbernon; Sophie Bonnaud
    License

    Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    License information was derived automatically

    Area covered
    France, United Kingdom, Hungary, Sweden, Europe
    Description

    BackgroundOrganizational downsizing has become highly common during the global recession of the late 2000s with severe repercussions on employment. We examine whether the severity of the downsizing process is associated with a greater likelihood of depressive symptoms among displaced workers, internally redeployed workers and lay-off survivors.MethodsA cross-sectional survey involving telephone interviews was carried out in France, Hungary, Sweden and the United Kingdom. The study analyzes data from 758 workers affected by medium- and large-scale downsizing, using multiple logistic regression.Main ResultsBoth unemployment and surviving layoffs were significantly associated with depressive symptoms, as compared to reemployment, but the perceived procedural justice of a socially responsible downsizing process considerably mitigated the odds of symptoms. Perception of high versus low justice was assessed along several downsizing dimensions. In the overall sample, chances to have depressive symptoms were significantly reduced if respondents perceived the process as transparent and understandable, fair and unbiased, well planned and democratic; if they trusted the employer’s veracity and agreed with the necessity for downsizing. The burden of symptoms was significantly greater if the process was perceived to be chaotic. We further tested whether perceived justice differently affects the likelihood of depressive symptoms among distinct groups of workers. Findings were that the odds of symptoms largely followed the same patterns of effects across all groups of workers. Redeploying and supporting surplus employees through the career change process–rather than forcing them to become unemployed–makes a substantial difference as to whether they will suffer from depressive symptoms.ConclusionsWhile depressive symptoms affect both unemployed and survivors, a just and socially responsible downsizing process is important for the emotional health of workers.

  10. W

    Waffle Maker Market Report

    • datainsightsmarket.com
    doc, pdf, ppt
    Updated Jun 2, 2025
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    Data Insights Market (2025). Waffle Maker Market Report [Dataset]. https://www.datainsightsmarket.com/reports/waffle-maker-market-6993
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    ppt, pdf, docAvailable download formats
    Dataset updated
    Jun 2, 2025
    Dataset authored and provided by
    Data Insights Market
    License

    https://www.datainsightsmarket.com/privacy-policyhttps://www.datainsightsmarket.com/privacy-policy

    Time period covered
    2025 - 2033
    Area covered
    Global
    Variables measured
    Market Size
    Description

    The size of the Waffle Maker Market was valued at USD 234 Million in 2023 and is projected to reach USD XXX Million by 2032, with an expected CAGR of > 5.50% during the forecast period. A waffle maker is an electric cooking machine designed to cook waffles, a batter food that is actually cooked between two patterned grids. These grids imprint the square or honeycomb patterns on the waffles people are accustomed to if they ever did eat waffles. Waffle makers are normally coated with a non-stick surface to avoid their waffles from sticking. Electricity is used to heat them up.Waffles can be prepared so many ways. It could be served steaming hot with butter and syrup but it can also be used as a base of other savory dishes like chicken and waffles or fruits on top because it is quite versatile. Because of this, waffle makers can create various kinds of treats including Belgian waffles, bubble waffles and even mini waffles. In the past few years, the demand for waffle makers has been pretty steady. Many people have sought out recipes that are pretty easy and really quite tasty to try to make at home. Taking such demands into account, waffle makers have become an extremely popular appliance that folks look for in the kitchen. The number of recipes one can prepare with the help of these versatile makers really gave waffle makers a lot of appeal. Recent developments include: September 2023: Small appliance maker Conair LLC acquired The Fulham Group, the exclusive maker of Cuisinart Outdoor Products and a long-term business partner, for an undisclosed sum. The Fulham Group, which makes grills, smokers, griddles, pizza ovens, heaters, and fire pits, will be renamed Cuisinart Outdoors. All employees will be retained in the transition and will remain in their current location in Newton, Mass., March 2023: Hamilton Beach Brands Holding Company entered into an exclusive multiyear agreement with Numilk to manufacture and sell commercial and consumer appliances for use with Numilk ingredient pouches. The companies are in the product design and engineering phase of a next-generation line of appliances that are expected to launch in early 2024.. Key drivers for this market are: Growing popularity of waffles as a breakfast option all over the world, As consumer spending power and knowledge of the food and service industries increases, the waffle maker market is expanding. Potential restraints include: Economic recession may affect customers purchasing ability. Notable trends are: Rising Consumer Spending Power is Driving the Market.

  11. Other General-Purpose Machinery Manufacturing in Germany - Market Research...

    • ibisworld.com
    Updated Aug 26, 2024
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    IBISWorld (2024). Other General-Purpose Machinery Manufacturing in Germany - Market Research Report (2015-2030) [Dataset]. https://www.ibisworld.com/germany/industry/other-general-purpose-machinery-manufacturing/1503/
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    Dataset updated
    Aug 26, 2024
    Dataset authored and provided by
    IBISWorld
    License

    https://www.ibisworld.com/about/termsofuse/https://www.ibisworld.com/about/termsofuse/

    Time period covered
    2015 - 2030
    Area covered
    Germany
    Description

    The sector, which manufactures a range of special machines and components for various consumer and industrial goods industries, is dominated by companies that produce packaging and filling machines for the international food and beverage industry. Prior to the outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic, these manufacturers benefited from a stable and slightly expansive economic trend in Europe and other parts of the world, but this positive sales trend was severely impacted in 2020 by the global recession that began with the coronavirus pandemic. Over the entire period of the last five years, however, the industry's turnover has increased by an average of 1.5% per year, as the industry has recovered well overall from the past crises due to its competitiveness in international exports.Both the order situation and machine sales in the industry developed negatively during the economic slump triggered by the coronavirus pandemic, but in the years that followed, the order situation and sales of many industry players improved more strongly than expected. However, the upturn in mechanical engineering was accompanied by supply bottlenecks for raw materials and other preliminary products, which were exacerbated by the war in Ukraine and prevented a stronger recovery. One important reason for this is the positive trend in consumer spending on food, which is of great importance to the industry. It can be assumed that the positive trend in the industry will continue in the current year, as many of the leading industry players have very high order backlogs. The industry's annual turnover is expected to improve by 1.2% compared to the previous year, totalling 42 billion euros in the current year. The profit margin is stable. It is at a solid level.The industry is expected to grow by an average of 0.6% per year over the next five years. This is due to fundamental growth factors such as the increase in the world's population and its prosperity as well as a trend towards rising demand for high-quality capital goods, which will continue in the coming years. However, the shortage of skilled labour and the associated problems with high wages and unfilled vacancies are likely to limit the industry's potential, as are the global trend towards protectionism, which is hampering foreign trade, and weak domestic growth. By 2030, manufacturers of special machinery and equipment are expected to generate a total turnover of 43.4 billion euros.

  12. c

    catalyst carriers Market will grow at a CAGR of 4.1 % from 2023 to 2030!

    • cognitivemarketresearch.com
    pdf,excel,csv,ppt
    Updated Aug 5, 2023
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    Cognitive Market Research (2023). catalyst carriers Market will grow at a CAGR of 4.1 % from 2023 to 2030! [Dataset]. https://www.cognitivemarketresearch.com/catalyst-carriers-market-report
    Explore at:
    pdf,excel,csv,pptAvailable download formats
    Dataset updated
    Aug 5, 2023
    Dataset authored and provided by
    Cognitive Market Research
    License

    https://www.cognitivemarketresearch.com/privacy-policyhttps://www.cognitivemarketresearch.com/privacy-policy

    Time period covered
    2021 - 2033
    Area covered
    Global
    Description

    The global catalyst carriers market was valued at USD 420.9 million in 2022 and will reach USD 580.4 million by 2030, registering a CAGR of 4.1 % for the forecast period 2023-2030. Drivers:

    The rising adoption of catalyst carriers in chemical manufacturing industries drives the market
    

    Various chemical companies have created a variety of catalyst carriers that offer a large internal surface area, no interface with activity, and stable inertness in challenging conditions like alkaline and acidic solutions. These characteristics are expected to drive the growth of the catalyst carriers' market, which is expected to be driven by the increasing adoption of catalyst carriers in the chemical industry and the growing number of chemical industries around the world. As these catalyst carriers are frequently employed to successfully complete chemical processes, thus the rising adoption of catalyst carriers in chemical industries has led to a boost in the demand for the market.

    Restraints:

    Price fluctuation of raw materials is hampering the catalyst carriers market
    

    Various metal and non-metal oxides are the main starting materials for the synthesis of catalyst carriers. The price of the raw materials needed to make catalyst carriers changed throughout time. The market for catalyst carriers has been considerably impacted by this. Additionally, some of them are created using rare earth elements, whose limited supply drives up the price of making catalyst carriers overall. The price of raw materials is anticipated to fluctuate even more in the near future, having a substantial impact on the market for catalyst carriers. Additionally, the cost of the metals used to produce catalyst carriers has changed recently. Producers of catalyst carriers are expected to be significantly impacted by this because they will be compelled to pass the cost along to catalyst carrier buyers.

    Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the catalyst carriers market:

    National and international transportation have been affected as a result of restrictions put in place by several countries in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, there have been alterations in the global market for catalyst carriers' demand and supply. The COVID-19 pandemic has potentially caused a global recession, which has reduced capital resources and slowed the growth of the catalyst carrier industry among new market competitors. Because catalyst carriers are readily available and rely less on synthetic manufacturing techniques, the market for them is predicted to experience a neutral response during the novel coronavirus pandemic. As soon as these sectors resume post-recession operations, the use of catalysts in a range of end-use industries, including the pharmaceutical, textile, personal care, and food & beverage sectors, is anticipated to lead to a recovery in the market's economy. Catalyst carriers are certain chemical materials that are used for supporting catalyst manufacturing during catalytic reactions. These catalysts are generally solids, requiring a large surface area so that the catalysts can be attached to them. These products are generally ceramics, activated carbon, and various others. Ceramic, alumina, copper, silica, zirconium, and other metal and non-metal oxides are used as catalyst carriers. In addition, several catalyst types like carbon, zirconium, oxides, and others are heated under prescribed circumstances. Catalyst carriers also have a number of other qualities, including stability, chemical inertness, mechanical strength, and the capacity to preserve homogeneity in the bulk material. They are also an important tool in chemical processing because they can help to reduce the amount of energy required for a reaction, reduce the amount of waste produced, and increase the yield of the desired product.

  13. Business Analytics & Enterprise Software Publishing in the US - Market...

    • ibisworld.com
    Updated May 15, 2025
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    IBISWorld (2025). Business Analytics & Enterprise Software Publishing in the US - Market Research Report (2015-2030) [Dataset]. https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/business-analytics-enterprise-software-publishing-industry/
    Explore at:
    Dataset updated
    May 15, 2025
    Dataset authored and provided by
    IBISWorld
    License

    https://www.ibisworld.com/about/termsofuse/https://www.ibisworld.com/about/termsofuse/

    Time period covered
    2015 - 2030
    Area covered
    United States
    Description

    Technological progress has fueled online business activity and companies’ resulting demand for new software tools to enhance operations and customer interactions. Their increased investment in technology has fostered considerable revenue growth over recent years for business analytics and enterprise software publishers. However, macroeconomic factors have also induced volatility in revenue. The e-commerce surge and solid GDP growth amid the pandemic recovery raised corporate profit and, in turn, spending on software from various businesses. Many software providers have also been able to keep prices elevated since the need for software has consistently been very high, pushing profit upward since 2022. At the same time, the Federal Reserve's interest rate hikes between 2021 and 2023 to battle inflation led to fears of a recession. This prompted businesses to limit software investments and slowed revenue growth in 2023 and 2024. In late 2024, many economists reached the consensus that the US had achieved the desired soft landing. The industry has also been impacted by various long-term trends. The shift to cloud-based solutions, accelerated by the need to boost IT security during pandemic-induced lockdowns, has facilitated the use of advanced analytics and AI that allow companies to harness large data efficiently. Major players have incorporated AI features into their platforms to enhance functionality, driving demand for enterprise software providers’ services. Smaller software publishers, lacking the resources to invest heavily in new technologies, have increasingly focused on niche markets. Acquisition activity has also expanded, with companies like Salesforce and Microsoft expanding capabilities by acquiring specialized firms. Overall, revenue for business analytics and enterprise software publishing businesses has surged at a CAGR of 12.8% over the past five years, and is estimated to reach $253.0 billion in 2025. This includes a projected 5.1% rise in revenue in 2025. Moving forward, demand for business analytics and enterprise software across various sectors is expected to remain strong. However, the market is likely to become saturated, slowing revenue growth. Economic uncertainty, marked by the potential for a recession due to tariffs imposed in early 2025, might constrain software demand from the manufacturing and tech sectors. Cybersecurity investment will rise, with big players like Salesforce and Oracle enhancing defenses. AI integration will present new challenges, necessitating advanced infrastructure and skilled workers, which could increase operating costs for software publishers. Overall, revenue for business analytics and enterprise software publishers is anticipated to soar at a CAGR of 7.5% over the next five years, reaching an estimated $363.0 billion in 2030.

  14. Global Specialty Alloys Market Size By Type, By Application, By Form, By...

    • verifiedmarketresearch.com
    Updated Nov 20, 2024
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    VERIFIED MARKET RESEARCH (2024). Global Specialty Alloys Market Size By Type, By Application, By Form, By Geographic Scope And Forecast [Dataset]. https://www.verifiedmarketresearch.com/product/specialty-alloys-market/
    Explore at:
    Dataset updated
    Nov 20, 2024
    Dataset provided by
    Verified Market Researchhttps://www.verifiedmarketresearch.com/
    Authors
    VERIFIED MARKET RESEARCH
    License

    https://www.verifiedmarketresearch.com/privacy-policy/https://www.verifiedmarketresearch.com/privacy-policy/

    Time period covered
    2024 - 2031
    Area covered
    Global
    Description

    Specialty Alloys Market size was valued at USD 24.6 Billion in 2023 and is expected to reach USD 28.9 Billion by 2031 with a CAGR of 4.3% from 2024-2031.

    Global Specialty Alloys Market Drivers

    Industrial Demand: The growing demand from industries such as aerospace, automotive, oil and gas, chemical processing, and electronics drives the need for specialty alloys. These industries require materials with specific properties like high strength, corrosion resistance, and heat resistance.

    Technological Advancements: Innovations in manufacturing processes and alloy formulations can lead to the development of new specialty alloys. Advancements in metallurgical techniques enable the production of higher-quality materials, which meets the evolving requirements of various industries.

    Global Specialty Alloys Market Restraints

    High Production Costs: The manufacturing of specialty alloys often involves complex processes and high-quality raw materials, leading to increased production costs. These costs can restrict market growth, especially in price-sensitive regions.

    Economic Fluctuations: Global economic conditions, such as recession, inflation, and changes in currency value, can affect demand for specialty alloys. Economic downturns may lead to reduced spending in industries that utilize these alloys.

  15. The global Industrial Furnace market size will be USD 9951.5 million in...

    • cognitivemarketresearch.com
    pdf,excel,csv,ppt
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    Cognitive Market Research, The global Industrial Furnace market size will be USD 9951.5 million in 2025. [Dataset]. https://www.cognitivemarketresearch.com/industrial-furnace-market-report
    Explore at:
    pdf,excel,csv,pptAvailable download formats
    Dataset authored and provided by
    Cognitive Market Research
    License

    https://www.cognitivemarketresearch.com/privacy-policyhttps://www.cognitivemarketresearch.com/privacy-policy

    Time period covered
    2021 - 2033
    Area covered
    Global
    Description

    According to Cognitive Market Research, the global Industrial Furnace market size will be USD 9951.5 million in 2025. It will expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.00% from 2025 to 2033.

    North America held the major market share for more than 40% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 3980.60 million in 2025 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.2% from 2025 to 2033.
    Europe accounted for a market share of over 30% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 2985.45 million.
    Asia Pacific held a market share of around 23% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 2288.85 million in 2025 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.0% from 2025 to 2033.
    Latin America had a market share of more than 5% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 497.58 million in 2025 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.4% from 2025 to 2033.
    Middle East and Africa had a market share of around 2% of the global revenue and was estimated at a market size of USD 199.03 million in 2025 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.7% from 2025 to 2033.
    The Above 1200°C category is the fastest growing segment of the Industrial Furnace industry
    

    Market Dynamics of Industrial Furnace Market

    Key Drivers for Industrial Furnace Market

    Increasing Demand for Heat Treatment Processes to Boost Market Growth

    The rising need for heat treatment procedures is a major catalyst for the industrial furnace industry. Heat treatment is crucial for improving the characteristics of metals and materials used in several sectors, including automotive, aerospace, and manufacturing. Processes such as annealing, hardening, tempering, and carburising are essential for enhancing the strength, durability, and performance of metallic components. As enterprises expand and develop, the need for high-quality and dependable heat treatment solutions increases, hence elevating the requirement for industrial furnaces. Furthermore, the advancement of sophisticated materials and the focus on lightweight, high-performance components intensify the need for specific heat treatment procedures. The increasing need for efficient and effective heat treatment solutions drives the growth of the industrial furnace market as manufacturers strive to fulfil the changing needs of diverse industries.

    Efficiency in Energy Use to Drive Market Growth

    The efficiency of energy use is a vital catalyst for the development of the industrial furnace market. As enterprises strive to minimise operating expenses and environmental repercussions, the demand for energy-efficient furnaces is increasing. Contemporary industrial furnaces are engineered to enhance fuel efficiency and reduce heat dissipation, yielding substantial financial benefits for producers. Moreover, energy-efficient furnaces diminish carbon emissions, assisting organisations in complying with rigorous environmental standards and sustainability objectives. The use of modern technology, including smart sensors and control systems, significantly improves energy efficiency via accurate temperature regulation and real-time monitoring. The advantages of energy-efficient furnaces render them a compelling investment for enterprises aiming to enhance their production processes while conforming to global initiatives to address climate change. The increasing focus on energy saving and sustainability is anticipated to propel market expansion for industrial furnaces in the forthcoming years.

    Restraint Factor for the Industrial Furnace Market

    Significant capital investment and economic fluctuations will constrain market development

    Substantial capital investment and economic volatility might hinder market growth in the industrial furnace sector. The substantial initial expenses related to the acquisition and installation of industrial furnaces might be a barrier for small and medium-sized firms. The need for significant financial resources to invest in modern furnace technology and infrastructure may restrict organizations' capacity to implement these systems. Moreover, economic swings and uncertainties, such recessions or declines in industrial output, might adversely affect the market for industrial furnaces. In times of economic recession, firms may postpone or decrease capital expenditures, especially investments in new industrial machinery. This may result in diminished market expansion...

  16. Printing, Paper, Food, Textile & Other Machinery Manufacturing in Canada -...

    • ibisworld.com
    Updated Apr 15, 2025
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    IBISWorld (2025). Printing, Paper, Food, Textile & Other Machinery Manufacturing in Canada - Market Research Report (2015-2030) [Dataset]. https://www.ibisworld.com/canada/market-research-reports/printing-paper-food-textile-other-machinery-manufacturing-industry/
    Explore at:
    Dataset updated
    Apr 15, 2025
    Dataset authored and provided by
    IBISWorld
    License

    https://www.ibisworld.com/about/termsofuse/https://www.ibisworld.com/about/termsofuse/

    Time period covered
    2015 - 2030
    Area covered
    Canada
    Description

    Printing, paper, food, textile and other machinery manufacturers are critical in supplying equipment to Canada's broader manufacturing sector. Healthy economic and population growth has led the country's manufacturing sector to flourish in recent years, benefiting machinery manufacturers. The pandemic posed a major challenge for manufacturers, as disruptions to nearly every downstream market introduced unprecedented volatility. Diversification suppressed the overall impact on revenue, but some manufacturing companies were still hit harder than others, depending on their specialization. As manufacturing and industrial capacity recovered in 2021, supply chain disruptions and workforce shortages limited growth for machinery manufacturers. Manufacturers struggled to source critical inputs even at premium prices, while workforce shortages left companies with long lead times and depressed profit. Growth remains subdued as inflation, high interest rates, and recession concerns influence how and when direct downstream markets invest in new machinery. Revenue is expected to increase at a CAGR of 1.0% to $5.4 billion through the end of 2024, with 0.1% growth expected in the current year. More than three years past the pandemic, machinery manufacturers continue facing supply chain snags and bottlenecks that impact their production. An inability to source critical inputs leaves manufacturers unable to fulfill orders, putting current revenue and future growth at risk. While no single solution exists to resolve supply chain disruptions, some manufacturers are responding by deploying technology to manage costs or reconfiguring their supply chains to feature more local suppliers. The population and economic growth in Canada occurring pre-pandemic will continue, translating into a higher volume of industrial and manufacturing activities that benefit machinery manufacturers. Still, the industry's growth trajectory will depend on how and if recession concerns come to fruition. Prolonged high interest rates and a recession would cause many downstream buyers to curtail investment in new machinery – although some markets will be less affected than others. Revenue is expected to increase at a CAGR of 3.2% to $6.4 billion through the end of 2029.

  17. M

    The Impact of Tariffs on Global Semiconductor Trade: Key Actions to Consider...

    • scoop.market.us
    Updated May 7, 2025
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    Market.us Scoop (2025). The Impact of Tariffs on Global Semiconductor Trade: Key Actions to Consider [Dataset]. https://scoop.market.us/impact-of-tariffs-on-global-semiconductor-trade-news/
    Explore at:
    Dataset updated
    May 7, 2025
    Dataset authored and provided by
    Market.us Scoop
    License

    https://scoop.market.us/privacy-policyhttps://scoop.market.us/privacy-policy

    Time period covered
    2022 - 2032
    Area covered
    Global
    Description

    Introduction

    The global semiconductor industry is currently facing significant challenges due to the imposition of tariffs, which have disrupted supply chains and increased production costs. These tariffs, particularly those introduced by the U.S. administration, have led to a reevaluation of manufacturing strategies across the sector. In 2025, the United States imposed tariffs of up to 145% on Chinese semiconductor imports, prompting retaliatory tariffs of 125% from China. These measures have significantly strained the global semiconductor supply chain, leading to increased costs and uncertainties for manufacturers and consumers alike.

    For instance, Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) has projected a revenue impact of $1.5 billion in 2025 due to new U.S. export restrictions on advanced AI chip shipments to China, a market that accounts for over 24% of AMD's revenue. Similarly, the German chip-equipment maker Suss MicroTec has warned that new U.S. tariffs could severely disrupt global semiconductor supply chains and potentially trigger a worldwide recession. These developments underscore the far-reaching implications of trade policies on the semiconductor industry, affecting not only corporate revenues but also the broader global economy.

    https://scoop.market.us/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/%C3%B0%C2%9F%C2%94%C2%8D-The-Impact-of-Tariffs-on-Global-Semiconductor-Trade-2-840x473.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-54374">

    Around 30% of businesses are currently adopting a wait-and-watch approach toward the ongoing uncertainty surrounding semiconductor tariffs. This cautious stance reflects growing concerns over supply chain unpredictability. In contrast, before the introduction of the Trump-era tariffs, nearly 61% of companies had already started reshaping their procurement strategies, actively exploring alternative suppliers. This shift was largely driven by heightened geopolitical tensions, evolving global trade policies, and new market barriers, all of which increased the complexity of international semiconductor trade. Businesses now demand greater transparency to make informed decisions in this rapidly changing environment.

  18. T

    United States ISM Manufacturing PMI

    • tradingeconomics.com
    • pt.tradingeconomics.com
    • +13more
    csv, excel, json, xml
    Updated Jun 2, 2025
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    TRADING ECONOMICS (2025). United States ISM Manufacturing PMI [Dataset]. https://tradingeconomics.com/united-states/business-confidence
    Explore at:
    json, xml, csv, excelAvailable download formats
    Dataset updated
    Jun 2, 2025
    Dataset authored and provided by
    TRADING ECONOMICS
    License

    Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    License information was derived automatically

    Time period covered
    Jan 31, 1948 - Jun 30, 2025
    Area covered
    United States
    Description

    Business Confidence in the United States increased to 49 points in June from 48.50 points in May of 2025. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - United States ISM Purchasing Managers Index (PMI) - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

  19. Australia Outplacement Services Market Size By Product (Outplacement, Career...

    • verifiedmarketresearch.com
    Updated Mar 15, 2024
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    VERIFIED MARKET RESEARCH (2024). Australia Outplacement Services Market Size By Product (Outplacement, Career Development, Redeployment), By End-User (Personal, Enterprise), By Geographic Scope And Forecast [Dataset]. https://www.verifiedmarketresearch.com/product/australia-outplacement-services-market-size-and-forecast/
    Explore at:
    Dataset updated
    Mar 15, 2024
    Dataset provided by
    Verified Market Researchhttps://www.verifiedmarketresearch.com/
    Authors
    VERIFIED MARKET RESEARCH
    License

    https://www.verifiedmarketresearch.com/privacy-policy/https://www.verifiedmarketresearch.com/privacy-policy/

    Time period covered
    2024 - 2030
    Area covered
    Australia
    Description

    Australia Outplacement Services Market size was valued at USD 197.97 Million in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 280.60 Million by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 5.5% from 2024 to 2030.

    Australia Outplacement Services Market Drivers

    Economic Conditions: The demand for outplacement services is directly impacted by economic factors such as unemployment rates, company closures, restructuring, and industry-specific issues. Organizations may need to reduce staff during times of economic recession or industry upheaval, which raises the need for outplacement services to help displaced workers find new jobs.

    Corporate Restructuring and Mergers & Acquisitions: These events frequently lead to workforce transformations, such as layoffs, job displacement, and redundancies. They also commonly result in organizational restructuring, mergers, acquisitions, and divestitures. Businesses that are restructuring may hire outplacement companies to help affected employees with their career transitions, help with their job searches, help drafting resumes, and interview coaching.

  20. Global Employment Agencies Market Size By Type Of Employment Agency, By...

    • verifiedmarketresearch.com
    Updated Aug 5, 2024
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    VERIFIED MARKET RESEARCH (2024). Global Employment Agencies Market Size By Type Of Employment Agency, By Service Type, By Industry Focus, By Geographic Scope And Forecast [Dataset]. https://www.verifiedmarketresearch.com/product/employment-agencies-market/
    Explore at:
    Dataset updated
    Aug 5, 2024
    Dataset provided by
    Verified Market Researchhttps://www.verifiedmarketresearch.com/
    Authors
    VERIFIED MARKET RESEARCH
    License

    https://www.verifiedmarketresearch.com/privacy-policy/https://www.verifiedmarketresearch.com/privacy-policy/

    Time period covered
    2024 - 2031
    Area covered
    Global
    Description

    Employment Agencies Market Size And Forecast

    Employment Agencies Market size was valued at USD 18.06 Billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 48.53 Billion by 2031, growing at a CAGR of 13.2 % during the forecast period 2024-2031.

    Global Employment Agencies Market Drivers

    The Employment Agencies Market is influenced by a variety of market drivers, which can significantly impact its growth and development. Some of the key drivers include:

    Labor Market Dynamics: The overall health of the labor market, including employment rates, job vacancies, and talent shortages, drives demand for employment agencies. In tight labor markets, companies may rely more on agencies to fill positions quickly. Economic Conditions: Economic growth usually leads to increased hiring, encouraging businesses to use employment agencies for efficient recruitment processes. Conversely, during economic downturns, agencies may experience reduced demand.

    Global Employment Agencies Market Restraints

    The Employment Agencies Market, while offering various opportunities, also faces several market restraints that can impact its growth and effectiveness. Here are some of the key constraints:

    Regulatory Challenges: Employment agencies must navigate a complex web of regulations, labor laws, and compliance requirements that can vary significantly by region. Noncompliance can lead to legal issues and fines. Economic Fluctuations: Economic downturns can lead to reduced hiring by companies, which directly affects the demand for employment agencies. In times of recession, businesses may rely more on internal hiring processes or cut back on staffing altogether.

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Statista (2024). Great Recession: unemployment rate in the G7 countries 2007-2011 [Dataset]. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1346779/unemployment-rate-g7-great-recession/
Organization logo

Great Recession: unemployment rate in the G7 countries 2007-2011

Explore at:
Dataset updated
Sep 2, 2024
Dataset authored and provided by
Statistahttp://statista.com/
Time period covered
2007 - 2011
Area covered
Worldwide
Description

With the collapse of the U.S. housing market and the subsequent financial crisis on Wall Street in 2007 and 2008, economies across the globe began to enter into deep recessions. What had started out as a crisis centered on the United States quickly became global in nature, as it became apparent that not only had the economies of other advanced countries (grouped together as the G7) become intimately tied to the U.S. financial system, but that many of them had experienced housing and asset price bubbles similar to that in the U.S.. The United Kingdom had experienced a huge inflation of housing prices since the 1990s, while Eurozone members (such as Germany, France and Italy) had financial sectors which had become involved in reckless lending to economies on the periphery of the EU, such as Greece, Ireland and Portugal. Other countries, such as Japan, were hit heavily due their export-led growth models which suffered from the decline in international trade. Unemployment during the Great Recession As business and consumer confidence crashed, credit markets froze, and international trade contracted, the unemployment rate in the most advanced economies shot up. While four to five percent is generally considered to be a healthy unemployment rate, nearing full employment in the economy (when any remaining unemployment is not related to a lack of consumer demand), many of these countries experienced rates at least double that, with unemployment in the United States peaking at almost 10 percent in 2010. In large countries, unemployment rates of this level meant millions or tens of millions of people being out of work, which led to political pressures to stimulate economies and create jobs. By 2012, many of these countries were seeing declining unemployment rates, however, in France and Italy rates of joblessness continued to increase as the Euro crisis took hold. These countries suffered from having a monetary policy which was too tight for their economies (due to the ECB controlling interest rates) and fiscal policy which was constrained by EU debt rules. Left with the option of deregulating their labor markets and pursuing austerity policies, their unemployment rates remained over 10 percent well into the 2010s. Differences in labor markets The differences in unemployment rates at the peak of the crisis (2009-2010) reflect not only the differences in how economies were affected by the downturn, but also the differing labor market institutions and programs in the various countries. Countries with more 'liberalized' labor markets, such as the United States and United Kingdom experienced sharp jumps in their unemployment rate due to the ease at which employers can lay off workers in these countries. When the crisis subsided in these countries, however, their unemployment rates quickly began to drop below those of the other countries, due to their more dynamic labor markets which make it easier to hire workers when the economy is doing well. On the other hand, countries with more 'coordinated' labor market institutions, such as Germany and Japan, experiences lower rates of unemployment during the crisis, as programs such as short-time work, job sharing, and wage restraint agreements were used to keep workers in their jobs. While these countries are less likely to experience spikes in unemployment during crises, the highly regulated nature of their labor markets mean that they are slower to add jobs during periods of economic prosperity.

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