Between January 2018 and July 2022, global recession fear went through periods of sharp increases three times. First, in the summer of 2019, due to an escalation in U.S.-China relations and a recession signal being flashed by the bond market. The second peak of worldwide recession fear took place in March 2020, as a result of the alarming jump in the rate of COVID-19 cases. The fear of recession started to increase sharply again in February 2022, as the conflict between Russia and Ukraine escalated.

By November 2025, it is projected that there is a probability of 33.56 percent that the United States will fall into another economic recession. This reflects a significant decrease from the projection of the preceding month.

The Federal National Mortgage Association, commonly known as Fannie Mae, was created by the U.S. congress in 1938, in order to maintain liquidity and stability in the domestic mortgage market. The company is a government-sponsored enterprise (GSE), meaning that while it was a publicly traded company for most of its history, it was still supported by the federal government. While there is no legally binding guarantee of shares in GSEs or their securities, it is generally acknowledged that the U.S. government is highly unlikely to let these enterprises fail. Due to these implicit guarantees, GSEs are able to access financing at a reduced cost of interest. Fannie Mae's main activity is the purchasing of mortgage loans from their originators (banks, mortgage brokers etc.) and packaging them into mortgage-backed securities (MBS) in order to ease the access of U.S. homebuyers to housing credit. The early 2000s U.S. mortgage finance boom During the early 2000s, Fannie Mae was swept up in the U.S. housing boom which eventually led to the financial crisis of 2007-2008. The association's stated goal of increasing access of lower income families to housing finance coalesced with the interests of private mortgage lenders and Wall Street investment banks, who had become heavily reliant on the housing market to drive profits. Private lenders had begun to offer riskier mortgage loans in the early 2000s due to low interest rates in the wake of the "Dot Com" crash and their need to maintain profits through increasing the volume of loans on their books. The securitized products created by these private lenders did not maintain the standards which had traditionally been upheld by GSEs. Due to their market share being eaten into by private firms, however, the GSEs involved in the mortgage markets began to also lower their standards, resulting in a 'race to the bottom'. The fall of Fannie Mae The lowering of lending standards was a key factor in creating the housing bubble, as mortgages were now being offered to borrowers with little or no ability to repay the loans. Combined with fraudulent practices from credit ratings agencies, who rated the junk securities created from these mortgage loans as being of the highest standard, this led directly to the financial panic that erupted on Wall Street beginning in 2007. As the U.S. economy slowed down in 2006, mortgage delinquency rates began to spike. Fannie Mae's losses in the mortgage security market in 2006 and 2007, along with the losses of the related GSE 'Freddie Mac', had caused its share value to plummet, stoking fears that it may collapse. On September 7th 2008, Fannie Mae was taken into government conservatorship along with Freddie Mac, with their stocks being delisted from stock exchanges in 2010. This act was seen as an unprecedented direct intervention into the economy by the U.S. government, and a symbol of how far the U.S. housing market had fallen.

Eu Glucose Market 2019: the glucose market size in the European Union amounted to $2.7B in 2018, declining by -2.9%.

As of January 29, 2025, the FTSE index stood at 8,557.81 points - well above its average value of around 7,500 points in the past few years.On the 12th of March 2020, amid the escalating crisis surrounding the coronavirus and fears of a global recession, the FTSE 100 suffered the second largest one day crash in its history and the biggest since the 1987 market crash. On the 23rd of March, the FTSE index saw its lowest value this year to date at 4,993.89 but has since began a tentative recovery. With the continuation of the pandemic, the FTSE 100 index was making a tentative recovery between late March 2020 and early June 2020. Since then the FSTE 100 index had plateaued towards the end of July, before starting a tentative upward trend in November. FTSE 100 The Financial Times Stock Exchange 100 Index, otherwise known as the FTSE 100 Index is a share index of the 100 largest companies trading on the London Stock Exchange in terms of market capitalization. At the end of March 2024, the largest company trading on the LSE was Shell. The largest ever initial public offering (IPO) on the LSE was Glencore International plc. European stock exchanges While nearly every country in Europe has a stock exchange, only five are considered major, and have a market capital of over one trillion U.S dollars. European stock exchanges make up two of the top ten major stock markets in the world. Europe’s biggest stock exchange is the Euronext which combines seven markets based in Belgium, France, England, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway, and Portugal.

In 2023, Uber Eats generated approximately 12.2 billion U.S. dollars in global revenue, surpassing food delivery competitors Delivery Hero and DoorDash, whose worldwide revenue amounted to about 11 billion and 8.6 billion U.S. dollars, respectively. Online food delivery boom The tremendous popularity that online food delivery garnered among consumers during the pandemic made many eager to invest in the booming sector. In 2021, the value of online food delivery funding worldwide reached a record-breaking 19.1 billion U.S. dollars. That is nearly double the amount of funding the sector received in the previous year. As of January 2023, Delivery Hero had received the largest amount of funding among the leading food delivery companies at nearly ten billion dollars. In comparison, Just Eat Takeaway and DoorDash received 2.8 billion and 2.5 billion U.S. dollars in funding, respectively. Recession fears As global markets battled an impending recession in 2022, investment and growth in the online food delivery sector came to a grinding halt. In Europe, venture capital investment in food delivery experienced a dramatic decline: nearing seven billion U.S. dollars at the height of the pandemic in 2021, funding dropped to less than 2.5 billion in the following year. The food delivery sector’s recession woes also included several waves of mass layoffs that affected even the biggest players in the industry. As of January 2023, more than 2,300 Gopuff employees lost their jobs. DoorDash announced 1,250 layoffs in November 2022.

The data are part of the Jyväskylä Longitudinal Study of Personality and Social Development (JYLS), in which the same individuals have been followed over 30 years. The research stage also included a life situation questionnaire, two personality tests, and self-ratings based on various tests and methods. First, the respondents were asked to tell about their regular day and the most central things in their everyday lives. Some questions pertained to health, family welfare, work and hobbies, religion and views of life, lifestyle, and political perception. The respondents' hopes and fears were charted, as well as how much they believed to be able to influence them. Significant life events were also queried. In addition, the respondents were asked whether someone in their family had got caught for a crime. The respondents estimated possible changes in their self-image. Further questions pertained to their current health, past illnesses or injuries, emotional life, alcohol and drug use, and gambling. The alcohol use of the respondents' parents and spouse was also canvassed. Some questions charted the respondents' current and past couple relationships, ways of expressing emotions, and leisure time. The respondents were also asked whether their parents and grandparents were still alive, whether they had had a stepfather or a stepmother, how far away their parents lived, and how many siblings they had. Further questions probed different aspects of the respondents' relationship with their parents, grandparents, children, and other family members. The significance and pace of work and the number of workplaces was charted, as well as work-life balance and the effects of the economic recession and unemployment. Some questions charted life control and the future Background variables included the respondent's gender.

The main stock market index in Brazil (IBOVESPA) increased 12104 or 10.06% since the beginning of 2025, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks this benchmark index from Brazil. Brazil Stock Market (BOVESPA) - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on March of 2025.

As of June 2020, a survey found that 79 percent of Canadian adults were concerned about future financial recession due to the coronavirus outbreak. This was a large increase from the 55 percent that expressed a fear of economic downturn in December 2019.

The main stock market index in the United States (US500) decreased 176 points or 2.99% since the beginning of 2025, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks this benchmark index from United States. United States Stock Market Index - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on March of 2025.

Revenue for the Open-End Investment Funds industry has been increasing over the five years to 2024. Open-end investment funds revenue has been growing at a CAGR of 0.6% to $176.7 billion over the past five years, including an expected decline of 0.4% in 2024 alone. In the same year, profit is set to fall to 29.4%. Industry revenue has been increasing alongside overall asset growth, despite operators being forced to lower fees to meet shifting consumer preferences. The greatest shift in the industry has been an evolving investor preference for exchange-traded funds (ETFs). While mutual funds account for the majority of industry assets, growth in ETF assets has significantly outpaced that of mutual funds. Expenses that mutual fund investors incur have fallen from 0.5% of assets in 2018 to 0.4% in 2023, as industry operators have cut fees to attract new capital due to pressure from new funds (latest data available). Also, in 2020, the financial stimulus and lowered interest rates in response to the pandemic helped increase asset prices in the latter half of the current period. Open-end investment funds' revenue is expected to grow at a CAGR of 3.3% to $207.5 billion over the five years to 2029. The fears over inflation and a possible recession are expected to dominate the beginning of the outlook period. The Federal Reserve is expected to continue cutting interest rates as inflationary pressures ease. Investment companies' importance will continue to grow, with mutual funds and ETFs representing key channels for individual and institutional investors to access financial markets.

Worldwide car sales grew to around 78 million automobiles in 2024, up from around 75.3 million units in 2023. Throughout 2020 and 2021, the sector experienced a downward trend on the back of a slowing global economy, while COVID-19 and the Russian war on Ukraine contributed to shortages in the automotive semiconductor industry and further supply chain disruptions in 2022. Despite these challenges, 2023 and 2024 sales surpassed pre-pandemic levels and are forecast to keep rising through 2025. Covid-19 hits car demand It had been estimated pre-pandemic that international car sales were on track to reach 80 million. While 2023 sales are still far away from that goal, this was the first year were car sales exceeded pre-pandemic values. The automotive market faced various challenges in 2023, including supply shortages, automotive layoffs, and strikes in North America. However, despite these hurdles, the North American market was among the fastest-growing regions in 2024, along with Eastern Europe and Asia, as auto sales in these regions increased year-on-year. Chinese market recovers After years of double-digit growth, China's economy began to lose steam in 2022, and recovery has been slow through 2023. China was the largest automobile market based on sales with around 25.8 million units in 2023. However, monthly car sales in China were in free-fall in April 2022 partly due to shortages, fears over a looming recession, and the country grappling with the COVID-19 pandemic. By June of that same year, monthly sales in China were closer to those recorded in 2021.

PayPal's intention in 2022 to lay off some of its workforce means the end of a significant increase in employees in previous years. The company reported to have "approximately" 30,900 employees as of December 31, 2021 - although it does not mention whether these were full-time or part-time employees. Economic downturns - including fears over a new U.S. recession in 2022 - as well as a growing savings interest rate impacted several companies that were growing at a fast pace in the wake of COVID-19 and when many people started exploring fintech solutions and cryptocurrency investments during the lockdowns. Paypal user numbers reflect this changing environment: Whilst the number of active accounts on PayPal did still increase in 2022, the growth slowed down compared to previous years.

In March 2020, 41 percent of respondents to a survey of Australians, on specific concerns relating to the novel Coronavirus, indicated that the overall economic impact of the virus was of extreme concern to them. Economic issues appeared to be the primary concern for the survey respondents, with nearly 40 percent being extremely concerned about entering into a recession. This was followed by concerns for the availability of health services.

At the end of February 2025, the FTSE 100 index stood at 8,809.7, marking its highest level since January 2015. This was a significant recovery compared to the 12th of March 2020, amid the escalating crisis surrounding the coronavirus and fears of a global recession, when the FTSE 100 suffered the second-largest one-day crash in its history and the biggest since the 1987 market crash.

The pandemic decimated the International Airlines industry, but the industry rebounded rapidly over the two years through 2022-23 after international and state borders reopened. Notwithstanding airfreight transport, the industry's services were essentially non-existent while international borders were shut. Weakening global economic conditions and a cost-of-living crisis domestically disrupted the industry’s recovery in 2023-24. Overall, the industry has seen mild growth off a low base year in 2019-20, with revenue set to climb by an annualised 1.1% over the five years through 2024-25, to reach $33.8 billion. Industry revenue growth is expected to be weak in the current year, at 0.4%, as high interest rates and weak consumer sentiment limit growth in domestic travel while recession fears overseas limit growth in international arrivals. Like revenue, the pandemic also caused a sharp decline in average profit margins, with international airlines making significant losses while heavy restrictions on international air travel were in place. International airlines incur high fixed costs, which surged as a share of revenue amid dismal demand conditions. Margins have recovered over the three years through 2024-25 as international borders have reopened, and are expected to have returned to pre-pandemic levels. Revenue for the International Airlines industry is set to rise at an annualised 2.5% through the end of 2029-30 to reach $38.3 billion. International travel has strong underlying demand and has traditionally recovered quickly after periods of shock-driven decline. Nonetheless, persistent weakness in global and domestic consumer sentiment and economic conditions is forecast to limit growth. A steady recovery in demand is projected to see fixed depreciation costs and labour costs drop as a share of revenue over the next five years, supporting a rise in industry margins.

In the event of a global recession and in the wake of the coronavirus outbreak, forecasts indicate that the growth of Luxembourg's economy would slow by over two percent in 2020. During this time, GDP in the Grand Duchy showed a 2.8 percent growth relative to 2018. In March 2020, however, stock markets suffered heavy losses as governments worldwide tried to contain the pandemic and fears grew on the economic consequences of this virus.

Commercial real estate lenders in the United States identified the rising interest rates as the biggest threat in the sector, according to a December 2022 survey. Approximately 27 percent of the survey respondents chose the higher cost of borrowing as one of the top three challenges, followed by the fear of recession and uncertainty surrounding property valuations pointed out by 19 percent, respectively.

One of the major duties the Bank of England (BoE) is tasked with is keeping inflation rates low and stable. The usual tactic for keeping inflation rates down, and therefore the price of goods and services stable by the Bank of England is through lowering the Bank Rate. Such a measure was used in 2008 during the global recession when the BoE lowered the bank base rate from 5 percent to 0.5 percent. Due to the economic fears surrounding the COVID-19 virus, as of the 19th of March 2020, the bank base rate was set to its lowest ever standing. The issue with lowering interest rates is that there is an end limit as to how low they can go.

Quantitative easing

Quantitative easing is a measure that central banks can use to inject money into the economy to hopefully boost spending and investment. Quantitative easing is the creation of digital money in order to purchase government bonds. By purchasing large amounts of government bonds, the interest rates on those bonds lower. This in turn means that the interest rates offered on loans for the purchasing of mortgages or business loans also lowers, encouraging spending and stimulating the economy.

Large enterprises jump at the opportunity

After the initial stimulus of 200 billion British pounds through quantitative easing in March 2020, the Bank of England announced in June that they would increase the amount by a further one hundred billion British pounds. In March of 2020, the headline flow of borrowing by non-financial industries including construction, transport, real estate and the manufacturing sectors increased significantly.

In addition to providing an ongoing evaluation of the Bush presidency, this survey polled respondents on a variety of social and political topics including political parties, economics, racism, the Persian Gulf War, patriotism, Mikhail Gorbachev and the Soviet Union, China, and health care policy. Respondents were asked whether they approved of George Bush's handling of the presidency, foreign policy, and the economy. Detailed queries on political topics included items on the most important problem facing the country and the party that could best handle it, and the party best able to control unemployment, reduce the federal deficit, keep the United States out of war, deal with foreign economic competition, and insure the prosperity of the country. Respondents were also asked which party was more concerned with the needs of people like themselves, which was more likely to make sure that United States military defenses are strong and that children get a better education in the public schools, which was more likely to improve the health care system, which party favored the rich, the middle class, and the poor, which party cared more about the needs and problems of women, men, Blacks, and Whites, and which was more likely to waste tax money. Economic questions focused on whether trade restrictions were necessary to protect domestic industries, what the condition of the national economy was, whether the United States was in an economic recession, and whether the economy was getting better. Questions concerning racism asked whether preference should be given to hiring Blacks where there had been discrimination in the past, whether preferential hiring or promotion of Blacks hurts Whites, and whether the respondent had ever been discriminated against. Questions focusing on the Persian Gulf War included whether the war to defeat Iraq was worth the cost, whether the results of the war would make the chance for peace in the Middle East more likely, whether the United States should have stopped fighting when Iraqi troops left Kuwait or continued fighting Iraq until Saddam Hussein was removed from power, if the respondent felt proud about what the United States had done in the Persian Gulf, and whether the United States made a mistake by getting involved in the war against Iraq. Other questions examined how patriotic the respondent felt, whether people were more patriotic, and whether politicians talk about patriotism as a means of winning votes. Respondents were also asked whether their opinion of Mikhail Gorbachev was favorable, whether they favored helping the Soviet Union reform its economy by providing economic aid, whether it was more important to criticize China's suppression of human rights or to maintain good relations with China, and whether China should receive the same trading privileges as other friendly nations. Questions regarding specific health policies included whether abortion should be available to all or be available with stricter limits, whether the government should require employers to make health insurance available, and whether the respondent favored or opposed national health insurance. Respondents were asked how much they thought they knew about AIDS, whether the United States should keep people who have tested positive for AIDS from entering the country, whether there had been a lot of discrimination against people with AIDS, whether they had sympathy for those who have the disease, what age children should be told about AIDS and the specific ways to prevent transmitting it, if the government should require health care workers to be tested for AIDS, whether the respondent had changed his/her sexual habits due to fear of getting AIDS, and whether the respondent knew someone who had the disease or who had died from it. Background information includes the respondent's voting behavior in the 1988 presidential election, party affiliation, political orientation, voter registration status, age, race, religion, education, marital status, parental status, employment, and family income.