The recycling rate of municipal solid waste (MSW) in the United States stood at 32.1 percent in 2018. Although recycling rates in the North American country have increased considerably since the 1990s, it has slowed down in recent years, experiencing little change since 2010.

The recycling rate of paper and paperboard in the United States stood at nearly 67 percent in 2023. Paper recycling in the North American country has improved significantly over the past three decades, and now accounts for the largest share of municipal solid waste recycled.

Forecast: Municipal Waste Recycling Rate in the US 2024 - 2028 Discover more data with ReportLinker!

The recycling rate of lead-acid batteries in the U.S. municipal waste stream stood at about 99 percent in 2018. By contrast, only some 27 percent of the PET bottles and jars generated in the North American country were recycled that year.

In 2018, some *** percent of plastic waste generated in the United States municipal solid waste stream was recycled. The amount of plastic waste recycled in the North American country has remained low since the 1960s, despite the volume of plastic waste generated having increased massively since then. With some *** million tons of plastic waste generated in 1970, the United States now produces more than ** million tons of plastic each year. And while the recycling rate of plastic waste has increased from less than *** percent in 1980 to about *** percent in 2018, the United States still has a long way to go to improve their part in the global plastic waste crisis.

Curbside recycling is the most popular recycling program in the United States. In 2021, over ** percent of the U.S. population had access to curbside recycling services only, while an additional ** percent had access to both curbside and drop-off recycling. When compared to other developed countries around the world, the recycling rate in the United States is rather low, especially in contrast to European countries such as Germany, Slovenia or Austria.

For each Community District, its Recycling Diversion rate (percentage of total municipal solid waste collected by the Department of Sanitation that is disposed of by recycling) and Capture Rate (percentage of total Paper or Metal/Glass/Plastic in the waste stream that is disposed of by recycling). For more information about DSNY's recycling programs, see: https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/dsny/site/services/recycling. Capture rate is the amount of materials set out for residential recycling collection as a percentage of designated recyclable materials in both recycling and refuse streams. This ratio measures how much of the targeted materials are actually being recycled, which is a measure of how successfully such materials are recycled. Please note that since 2013, DSNY no longer uses capture rate information. For information on what is in NYC's waste, see: http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/dsny/site/resources/reports/waste-characterization.

The global waste recycling services market was valued at an estimated 58 billion U.S. dollars in 2022. The market is expected to grow considerably in the coming years as consumer awareness about the environmental impacts of waste increases. By 2032, the global waste recycling services market is forecast to have surpassed a value of 90 billion U.S. dollars, registering a CAGR of 4.7 percent during the forecast period 2023 to 2032.

Recycling rates worldwide

Recycling rates vary greatly around the world. Germany has one of the highest recycling rates of municipal waste at almost 50 percent. In comparison, the recycling rate in the U.S. is below 25 percent and has seen little progress over the past decade. Price is often a factor in low recycling rates, as it is often cheaper to produce new products from raw materials than recycled materials.

The rising plastics waste issue

While many materials can be recycled, it is plastic waste that has come into significant media attention in recent years. The images of plastic waste polluting marine environments have increased consumer demand for improved recycling worldwide. Since the 1950s, annual plastic production across the globe has increased dramatically. However, just a small amount of this has ever been recycled.

On America Recycles Day, 2020, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced a National Recycling Goal to increase the U.S. recycling rate of materials generated in municipal solid waste (MSW) to 50 percent by 2030. To further this goal and support the building of new recycling infrastructure through the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (BIL), EPA developed a map displaying estimated generation of recyclable materials, estimated recycled quantities, existing recycling infrastructure, potential recycling end markets, and other MSW infrastructure such as landfills and transfer stations. The map can be used to identify infrastructure gaps, facilitate a needs analysis, and better understand where funding could be allocated to enhance markets. This dataset provides locations of potential recycling end markets in the U.S. Potential secondary end markets are industries that can potentially purchase and use the outputs, made with recycled content, of primary end markets. The dataset includes end markets for 7 different materials: glass, paper, organics, plastics, metals, textiles, and wood. The data provide facility name, facility address, phone, website, NAICS code, NAICS description, relevant material type(s), and whether they use multiple material types. The layer relies on data from D&B Hoovers 2021. To identify the industries associated with potential secondary end markets, EPA relied on industry reports (e.g., IBISWorld) that define the secondary end markets for recyclable materials. EPA identified the NAICS codes for relevant industries, categorized them by material type, and compiled the list of facilities associated with those NAICS codes from Hoovers. Finally, EPA pulled information from Hoovers for each facility and geocoded facilities using their addresses. The map provides estimated U.S. recycling quantities, infrastructure, materials markets, and supporting market factors using the best available data at the time the map was developed (2021-2022). While data sources range from 2011 to 2021, most data are from 2018-2021. The map was created and by Industrial Economics, Inc. (IEc), a consultancy supporting EPA to develop the Recycling Infrastructure and Market Opportunities Map. The map is managed by EPA’s Office of Land and Emergency Management. This project was supported in part by an appointment to the Research Participation Program at the Office of Land and Emergency Management, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, administered by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education through an interagency agreement between the U.S. Department of Energy and EPA.

The recycling rate of municipal plastic packaging and container products in the U.S. has increased significantly since plastic recycling first started in the 1970s. PET bottles are one of the most widely recycled plastic products in the U.S., and between 1980 and 1990 the recycling rate of these products increased from 3.8 percent to 32.6 percent. However, in recent years the recycling rate of PET bottles and jars has slowed down, staying at around 29 percent since 2010.

Recycling facilities continue to benefit from stabilization of macroeconomic conditions and higher commodity prices, which have resulted in higher demand for processed products such as plastic bottles and paper towels. Greater consumer activity and the return-to-office trend continued boosting commercial activity and generated larger quantities of waste that required input from recycling facilities. Online purchases require more cardboard to deliver, leading to a surge in waste generation for the industry's largest recyclable. Although higher commodity costs amid an inflationary spike, which peaked at 9.1% in 2022, created sharper price fluctuations for paper and plastic products, it also generated larger rates of return for recycling facilities involved with recyclable goods sales directly to manufacturers. Revenue inched upward an annualized 1.5% to an estimated $9.1 billion through the end of 2025, including an anticipated 0.8% boost in 2025 alone. Speaking long-term, recycling facility output is growing alongside consumer spending and the packaging that it produces. Consumer spending drives demand for recycling services, as it generates wider economic activity that results in waste products such as plastic bottles and paperboard packages being used. Surging corporate profit is expanding demand for recycling and collection since strong business activity creates more waste and enables companies to invest in higher-priced, sustainable materials sold by recycling facilities. Despite education initiatives, many consumers are still sending nonrecyclable materials to recycling facilities, leading to growing wage expenditures as recycling companies are forced to sort through larger and larger piles of waste. These costs haven't been easily passed downstream, causing profit to stagnate over the past five years. Moving forward, recycling facilities will continue to benefit from steady demand and favorable regulatory trends at the state level. The distribution of demand for recycling services isn't set to change over the next five years, while steady E-commerce sales growth and upward trends in consumer spending and industrial production will keep waste generation on the rise. The price of paper, which makes up over two-thirds of all recycled materials, is anticipated to continue rising, boosting demand for recycled paper as it becomes more price-competitive with external competitors. Statewide initiatives to adopt Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) will continue generating larger statewide demand for recycling facilities and a higher recycling rate, particularly as 11 new states already implemented legislation to adopt EPR in 2024. Mounting concerns regarding pollution and sustainability will keep pressure on companies to use recycled materials, with recycling facilities' revenue expected to rise an annualized 1.9% to an estimated $10.0 billion over the next five years.

On America Recycles Day, 2020, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced a National Recycling Goal to increase the U.S. recycling rate of materials generated in municipal solid waste (MSW) to 50 percent by 2030. To further this goal and support the building of new recycling infrastructure through the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (BIL), EPA developed a map displaying estimated generation of recyclable materials, estimated recycled quantities, existing recycling infrastructure, potential recycling end markets, and other MSW infrastructure such as landfills and transfer stations. The map can be used to identify infrastructure gaps, facilitate a needs analysis, and better understand where funding could be allocated to enhance markets. This dataset provides estimated tons generated and recycled by U.S. ZIP code and material. It relies on materials management reports and surveys from various states and regions, State Measurement Program (SMP) data, the Ball Corporation's Fifty States of Recycling, EPA's EPA’s Excess Food Opportunities Map, and the U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey dataset. EPA estimated the quantities generated and recycled by ZIP code by dividing state reported generation and recycled quantities by the population for each state and for each material to arrive at state-specific per capita rates. Those per capita rates were then applied to the population of each ZIP code in each corresponding state. By clicking on the map, the user can see the estimated tons generated per capita and recycled per capita. Estimated recycling potential for each material is the difference between estimated tons generated and estimated tons recycled. The ZIP codes with the greatest difference in generated and recycled tons have higher estimated recycling potential.The data were then integrated with a U.S. Census Bureau Tiger Database ZIP code shapefile to create the resulting data layer. The ZIP code shapefile was simplified to remove vertices. This dataset includes 16 recyclable material types: aluminum, cardboard, electronics, food waste, glass, HDPE bottles #2, PET bottles #1, PET other #1, PP (polypropylene) containers #5, rigid plastics #3 to #7, steel cans, tires, paper, textiles, yard trimmings, and wood. Note that there are certain materials for which data are not available for every state. In these cases, the layer will only display ZIP codes where data are available.The map provides estimated U.S. recycling quantities, infrastructure, materials markets, and supporting market factors using the best available data at the time the map was developed (2021-2022). While data sources range from 2011 to 2021, most data are from 2018-2021. The map was created and by Industrial Economics, Inc. (IEc), a consultancy supporting EPA to develop the Recycling Infrastructure and Market Opportunities Map. The map is managed by EPA’s Office of Land and Emergency Management. This project was supported in part by an appointment to the Research Participation Program at the Office of Land and Emergency Management, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, administered by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education through an interagency agreement between the U.S. Department of Energy and EPA.

Click here to download these data in a file geodatabase. Log into ArcGIS Online to download data directly from this feature service. Create an ArcGIS Online account.On America Recycles Day, 2020, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced a National Recycling Goal to increase the U.S. recycling rate of materials generated in municipal solid waste (MSW) to 50 percent by 2030. To further this goal and support the building of new recycling infrastructure through the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (BIL), EPA developed a map displaying estimated generation of recyclable materials, estimated recycled quantities, existing recycling infrastructure, potential recycling end markets, and other MSW infrastructure such as landfills and transfer stations. The map can be used to identify infrastructure gaps, facilitate a needs analysis, and better understand where funding could be allocated to enhance markets. The bottle bill layer is sourced from the Container Recycling Institute’s Bottle Bill Resource Guide. For each state, EPA provides information on whether the state has a bottle bill, the deposit prices for aluminum, glass, and PET, and notes on the materials accepted. States that do not have bottle bills are grayed out in the layer. Landfill tipping fees are sourced from the annual Environmental Research & Education Foundation (EREF) Analysis of MSW Landfill Tipping Fees 2020 report. A single tipping fee is reported for each state. Note that the information included in this map is a snapshot of landfill tipping fees in 2020, and tipping fees are expected to fluctuate over time. The map provides estimated U.S. recycling quantities, infrastructure, materials markets, and supporting market factors using the best available data at the time the map was developed (2021-2022). While data sources range from 2011 to 2021, the most data are from 2018-2021. Refer to the technical methodology document for the specific years of data used to create each data layer. The map was created by Industrial Economics, Inc. (IEc), a consultancy supporting EPA to develop the Recycling Infrastructure and Market Opportunities Map. The map is managed by EPA’s Office of Land and Emergency Management. This project was supported in part by an appointment to the Research Participation Program at the Office of Land and Emergency Management, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, administered by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education through an interagency agreement between the U.S. Department of Energy and EPA.

The North American industrial waste management market, valued at $30.33 billion in 2025, is projected to experience robust growth, driven by increasing industrial activity and stringent environmental regulations. A Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 6.35% from 2025 to 2033 indicates a significant expansion of this market. Key drivers include the rising volume of industrial waste generated across various sectors like construction and demolition, manufacturing, and oil and gas. Growing awareness of environmental sustainability and the increasing adoption of waste-to-energy technologies are further fueling market expansion. The market is segmented by waste type (construction & demolition, manufacturing, oil & gas, and other) and service type (recycling, landfill, incineration, and other services). Recycling services are gaining traction due to their environmental benefits and cost-effectiveness compared to landfilling or incineration. While landfill remains a significant segment, its share is likely to decrease gradually due to the growing preference for sustainable waste management practices. Major players like Waste Connections, Republic Services, and Veolia are consolidating their market positions through acquisitions and technological advancements, fostering competition and innovation. Geographic concentration is significant, with the United States dominating the North American market due to its large industrial base and higher waste generation. The forecast period (2025-2033) suggests continued growth, potentially influenced by government policies promoting sustainable waste management and circular economy initiatives. However, challenges remain, including fluctuating commodity prices for recycled materials, the high capital investment required for advanced waste treatment facilities, and the need for effective waste segregation at the source to optimize recycling rates. The market's evolution will be shaped by technological advancements in waste processing, improved infrastructure development, and stronger regulatory frameworks that incentivize sustainable waste management practices. Future growth is anticipated to be driven by innovative solutions such as advanced recycling technologies, enhanced waste-to-energy conversion, and the development of sustainable waste management strategies tailored to specific industrial sectors. Recent developments include: October 2023: Veolia North America, one of the leading integrated providers of environmental services in the U.S. and Canada, announced that it completed the acquisition of U.S. Industrial Technologies, a Michigan-based provider of total waste and recycling services that managed industrial waste streams for automakers as well as other large manufacturers, medium and small businesses and governments and municipalities since 1996. The acquisition was likely to expand the U.S. market share for Veolia’s Environmental Solutions and Services (ESS) division, which is already recognized for its ability to provide customized integrated services for the management and treatment of hazardous, non-hazardous and recyclable waste for thousands of U.S. industrial, commercial and government customers., June 2023: Casella Waste Systems, Inc., a solid waste, recycling, and resource management services company, announced the signing of an asset purchase agreement on June 9, 2023, to acquire the assets of Consolidated Waste Services, LLC and its affiliates (Twin Bridges) for a purchase price of approximately USD 219 million in cash.. Key drivers for this market are: Stringent Government Regulations, Increasing Number of Industries. Potential restraints include: Stringent Government Regulations, Increasing Number of Industries. Notable trends are: Oil and gas Production is Expected to Dominated the Market.

The recycling rate of post-consumer polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles sourced in the United States was decreased in 2020 to **** percent. By weight, PET bottles accounted for some ** percent of U.S. sourced post-consumer bottles recovered for recycling in 2020. Plastic waste generation   The use of plastics began to gain popularity in the 1960’s as mass production costs fell. Since then, municipal plastic waste generation in the U.S. has increased dramatically. By 1990, the volume of plastic generated in the municipal solid waste stream amounted to ** million tons, and by 2018 this figure had risen above ** million tons. Plastic waste exports   The United States is one of the largest exporters of plastic waste worldwide. In 2021, U.S. scrap plastic exports totaled **** billion pounds. Nevertheless, U.S. exports of plastic waste have fallen substantially in recent years, mainly due to import countries, such as China, banning foreign shipments.

The North American Municipal Solid Waste Management market, valued at $49.96 billion in 2025, is projected to experience robust growth, driven by increasing urbanization, rising per capita waste generation, and stringent environmental regulations. The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.23% from 2025 to 2033 indicates a significant expansion of this market over the forecast period. Key drivers include the growing need for efficient waste disposal solutions, the increasing adoption of recycling and waste-to-energy technologies, and the rising awareness of environmental sustainability among both individuals and businesses. Significant segments within this market include paper and cardboard waste, e-waste, and plastic waste management, with residential and commercial sources contributing the largest volumes. The market also shows a shift towards more sustainable disposal methods, such as recycling and incineration with energy recovery, driven by government initiatives promoting circular economy principles and reducing landfill reliance. Major players such as Waste Management, Republic Services, and Waste Connections are actively shaping the market through technological advancements, mergers and acquisitions, and expansion into new service areas. The market's growth is expected to be influenced by several factors. Government regulations mandating recycling targets and landfill diversion strategies will stimulate market growth for recycling and waste-to-energy solutions. However, challenges such as high disposal costs and fluctuating commodity prices for recyclables may pose some constraints. Furthermore, the successful implementation of waste management infrastructure, especially in underserved areas, will also play a significant role in the market’s expansion. Geographic variations in waste generation rates and disposal methods also exist across North America, with densely populated urban areas experiencing greater demand for efficient and comprehensive waste management services compared to less populated rural regions. The continued focus on technological innovation, including smart waste management systems and advanced recycling techniques, will undoubtedly shape the future trajectory of this growing market. Recent developments include: April 2024: The Canadian government pledged more than USD 3.3 million to aid local organizations in the fight against plastic pollution. This initiative targets nine small- and medium-sized companies, offering grants of up to USD 150,000 each. The funds are specifically designated for projects that enhance plastic reusability or bolster the management of plastic film, commonly found in consumer packaging. This effort is part of the broader Canadian Plastics Innovation Challenges, which, to date, have allocated over USD 25 million to similar projects by small- and medium-sized businesses across the country., September 2023: The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) made a significant move by allocating over USD 100 million from President Biden's Investing in America initiative. These funds aim to bolster the nation's recycling infrastructure and waste management systems. Notably, this marks the EPA's most substantial investment in recycling in 30 years. The EPA has already identified 25 communities as grant recipients under the newly launched Solid Waste Infrastructure for Recycling program, with grants totaling over USD 73 million.. Key drivers for this market are: Heightened Public Awareness of Environmental Concerns, Rapid Urbanization and Growing Population. Potential restraints include: Heightened Public Awareness of Environmental Concerns, Rapid Urbanization and Growing Population. Notable trends are: The Primary Driver of Growth in Municipal Solid Waste is the Increasing Generation of Food Waste.

The Electronic Goods Recycling industry has performed well, with increased direct and indirect subsidization driving growth. Electronics recyclers earn most of their revenue from direct or indirect government subsidization. Over the past decade, both the average number of electronics owned by each consumer and the rate at which electronics are replaced have grown significantly. Purchases of recycled commodities remained strong even during recent turbulence, with the doubling of aluminum and copper prices driving downstream customers to less expensive, recycled metals. Consequently, industry revenue is forecast to increase at a CAGR of 8.0% to total $28.1 billion over the five years to 2024, including growth of 6.2% in 2024 alone. The harmful effects of improperly discarded electronics on the environment and human health have driven public calls to develop electronics recycling infrastructure. While no comprehensive federal law exists to address the issue of e-waste, many municipalities and states have implemented legislation to tackle the problem. With existing laws becoming more stringent, electronic goods recyclers have flourished. Larger electronic goods recyclershave slowly captured a larger revenue share, leveraging scale to expand operations by leveraging productive but costly technology. Likewise, they have relied on their size to secure favorable supply contracts for inputs, the industry's primary expense. This has allowed them to become ever more profitable, widening profit margins across the industry. Electronics recycling will continue growing as rising public concern over e-waste waste leads to greater government regulation. Additionally, while recyclers earn most of their revenue from providing electronics recycling services, a smaller portion of industry revenue is generated by selling various precious metals extracted from the electronics recycling process. With the prices of many of these materials expected to rise in the years to come, industry revenue will rise as customers opt for less expensive recycled metals over virgin alloys. As a result, industry revenue is forecast to grow at a CAGR of 4.5% to $35.1 billion over the five years to 2029.

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Plastic Recycling Solutions Market Size 2024-2028

The plastic recycling solutions market size is forecast to increase by USD 25.8 billion, at a CAGR of 8.87% between 2023 and 2028.

The market is driven by growing environmental concerns, with the increasing awareness of plastic pollution and the need to reduce waste and minimize environmental impact. This trend is further fueled by the rising demand for recycled plastics, as companies and consumers seek sustainable alternatives to virgin materials. However, the market faces several challenges. First, the complexity and cost of plastic recycling processes can hinder widespread adoption. Second, the quality and consistency of recycled plastics can vary, limiting their use in certain applications. Lastly, the lack of standardization and regulation in the plastic recycling industry can create uncertainty and hinder market growth.
Companies seeking to capitalize on market opportunities must navigate these challenges by investing in research and development to improve recycling technologies, ensuring consistent quality, and advocating for standardization and regulation. By doing so, they can position themselves as leaders in the sustainable plastic solutions space and meet the growing demand for eco-friendly alternatives.

What will be the Size of the Plastic Recycling Solutions Market during the forecast period?

Explore in-depth regional segment analysis with market size data - historical 2018-2022 and forecasts 2024-2028 - in the full report.
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The market continues to evolve, driven by various factors including environmental impact assessments, technological advancements, and stakeholder collaboration. Recycled plastics find applications in numerous sectors, such as electronic devices, sustainable packaging, and automotive components. Economic incentives and technology adoption are key catalysts for the market's growth. Recycling infrastructure and waste management systems undergo constant optimization to increase recycling rates and reduce plastic waste. Polystyrene (PS) and other plastic types, such as polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and high-density polyethylene (HDPE), are subjected to mechanical and advanced recycling processes. Government regulations and plastic recycling policies play a significant role in shaping market dynamics.

Artificial intelligence (AI) and data analytics are increasingly adopted to enhance quality control and improve recycling process efficiency. Carbon footprint reduction is a major focus, with chemical recycling and renewable plastics gaining traction. Industry partnerships and consumer goods companies collaborate to develop innovative recycling solutions, creating opportunities for investment. Innovation in recycling technologies continues to unfold, with thermal recycling and plastic pyrolysis emerging as potential game-changers. The circular economy principle is embraced, with a shift towards pre-consumer and post-consumer recycling. Consumer behavior and public awareness are crucial elements in the market's growth trajectory. Sustainable packaging solutions and resource conservation are becoming increasingly important, driving demand for recycled plastic products.

The digital transformation is also impacting the market, with the integration of AI and data analytics in waste management systems. In summary, the market is a dynamic and ever-evolving landscape, shaped by various factors and applications across various sectors. The ongoing unfolding of market activities and evolving patterns underscore the importance of continuous innovation, collaboration, and adaptation to meet the evolving needs of a sustainable future.

How is this Plastic Recycling Solutions Industry segmented?

The plastic recycling solutions industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2024-2028, as well as historical data from 2018-2022 for the following segments.

Type

  Post-consumer recyclate
  Industrial recyclate


End-user

  Packaging
  Construction
  Automotive
  Electrical and electronic components
  Others


Geography

  North America

    US


  Europe

    Germany
    UK


  APAC

    China
    Japan


  Rest of World (ROW). 

By Type Insights

The post-consumer recyclate segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

Post-consumer recyclate, derived from plastic materials that have completed their life cycle as consumer products, is collected from various sources, including households, commercial entities, and municipal recycling programs. This recyclate undergoes a meticulous process involving sorting and separation to ensure high-quality standards. The resulting recycled plastic materials are utilized in diverse industries and applications,

This statistic shows the gross recycling rate of PET post consumer bottles collected in the United States from 2000 to 2017. In 2017, 29.2 percent of bottles on U.S. shelves were collected for recycling. The recycling rates of countries around the world can be viewed here.

The indicator is defined as the share of recycled packaging waste in all generated packaging waste. Packaging waste covers wasted material that was used for the containment, protection, handling, delivery and presentation of goods, from raw materials to processed goods, from the producer to the user or the consumer, excluding production residues.
The source data set 'Recycling rates of packaging waste for monitoring compliance with policy targets, by type of packaging (env_waspacr)' includes for two types of waste material (plastic and wood) an 'adjusted recycling rate'. That means the recycling rates adjusted for monitoring compliance with policy targets in accordance with Article 6 of Directive 94/62/EC and Article 6b(1) of Decision 2005/270. The relevant rates for those materials are:
o Recycling rate of plastic packaging waste counts exclusively material that is recycled back into plastic (material recycling / generation).
o Recycling rate of wooden packaging waste is calculated including repair (recycling + repair of wooden packaging waste / generation + repair of wooden packaging waste).