Brazil Broad Money Supply: M3: Operation Committed with Federal Securities data was reported at 113,074.640 BRL mn in Jun 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 103,266.242 BRL mn for May 2018. Brazil Broad Money Supply: M3: Operation Committed with Federal Securities data is updated monthly, averaging 29,866.033 BRL mn from Jul 1994 (Median) to Jun 2018, with 288 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 218,686.067 BRL mn in Mar 2016 and a record low of 0.000 BRL mn in Jul 1999. Brazil Broad Money Supply: M3: Operation Committed with Federal Securities data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Brazil. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.KAA018: Money Supply. Brazilian Central Bank has made changes in methodology of Financial System Credit Data in February of 2013 after 13 years following the same methodology. These changes are necessary face the expansion of credit, favored by the improvement of the indicators of employment and income, continuous and sharp reduction of the interest rates and by important institutional advances. It is essential the availability of new information, in particular, which allows more detailed monitoring of credit arrangements with targeted resources, especially real estate financing, whose dynamism has contributed to reducing the housing deficit in the country. The main change includes coverage of data on concessions, interest rates, terms and default rates that were extended to the segment of directed credit and also became necessary to further detailing the statistical framework, to enable identification of the terms most relevant as well as reduce the relative share of loans not classified - embedded in 'other receivables'. The Money Supply statistics were revised in August 2018, incorporating methodological updates to increase compliance with international standards and consistency with other sets of macroeconomic statistics. The revision consists the inclusion of cooperatives among the institutions that meke up the money issuing system, resulting in M1 expansion, and the exclusion of non-residents assets, impacting mainly on M4. Replacement series ID: 408100927

This statistic shows the growth rate of China's money supply from 2013 to 2023, i.e. the growth rate of the M2 money supply. M2 is made up of the nonbanks' demand deposits as well as all the cash in circulation (M1) and short-term deposits. In 2023, China's money supply increased by 9.7 percent compared to the previous year.

Brazil Broad Money Supply: M4: Federal Securities data was reported at 945,884.462 BRL mn in Jun 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 915,024.308 BRL mn for May 2018. Brazil Broad Money Supply: M4: Federal Securities data is updated monthly, averaging 159,917.679 BRL mn from Jul 1994 (Median) to Jun 2018, with 288 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 945,884.462 BRL mn in Jun 2018 and a record low of 18,217.380 BRL mn in Dec 1994. Brazil Broad Money Supply: M4: Federal Securities data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Brazil. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.KAA018: Money Supply. Brazilian Central Bank has made changes in methodology of Financial System Credit Data in February of 2013 after 13 years following the same methodology. These changes are necessary face the expansion of credit, favored by the improvement of the indicators of employment and income, continuous and sharp reduction of the interest rates and by important institutional advances. It is essential the availability of new information, in particular, which allows more detailed monitoring of credit arrangements with targeted resources, especially real estate financing, whose dynamism has contributed to reducing the housing deficit in the country. The main change includes coverage of data on concessions, interest rates, terms and default rates that were extended to the segment of directed credit and also became necessary to further detailing the statistical framework, to enable identification of the terms most relevant as well as reduce the relative share of loans not classified - embedded in 'other receivables'. The Money Supply statistics were revised in August 2018, incorporating methodological updates to increase compliance with international standards and consistency with other sets of macroeconomic statistics. The revision consists the inclusion of cooperatives among the institutions that meke up the money issuing system, resulting in M1 expansion, and the exclusion of non-residents assets, impacting mainly on M4. Replacement series ID: 408100947

Brazil Broad Money Supply: M2: Savings Deposit data was reported at 751,486.708 BRL mn in Jun 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 744,039.511 BRL mn for May 2018. Brazil Broad Money Supply: M2: Savings Deposit data is updated monthly, averaging 170,037.040 BRL mn from Jul 1994 (Median) to Jun 2018, with 288 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 751,486.708 BRL mn in Jun 2018 and a record low of 41,816.679 BRL mn in Jul 1994. Brazil Broad Money Supply: M2: Savings Deposit data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Brazil. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.KAA018: Money Supply. Brazilian Central Bank has made changes in methodology of Financial System Credit Data in February of 2013 after 13 years following the same methodology. These changes are necessary face the expansion of credit, favored by the improvement of the indicators of employment and income, continuous and sharp reduction of the interest rates and by important institutional advances. It is essential the availability of new information, in particular, which allows more detailed monitoring of credit arrangements with targeted resources, especially real estate financing, whose dynamism has contributed to reducing the housing deficit in the country. The main change includes coverage of data on concessions, interest rates, terms and default rates that were extended to the segment of directed credit and also became necessary to further detailing the statistical framework, to enable identification of the terms most relevant as well as reduce the relative share of loans not classified - embedded in 'other receivables'. The Money Supply statistics were revised in August 2018, incorporating methodological updates to increase compliance with international standards and consistency with other sets of macroeconomic statistics. The revision consists the inclusion of cooperatives among the institutions that meke up the money issuing system, resulting in M1 expansion, and the exclusion of non-residents assets, impacting mainly on M4. Replacement series ID: 408100847

Brazil Broad Money Supply: M2: Private Securities data was reported at 1,470,186.908 BRL mn in Jun 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 1,454,302.855 BRL mn for May 2018. Brazil Broad Money Supply: M2: Private Securities data is updated monthly, averaging 295,678.686 BRL mn from Jul 1994 (Median) to Jun 2018, with 288 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,470,186.908 BRL mn in Jun 2018 and a record low of 44,242.284 BRL mn in Jul 1994. Brazil Broad Money Supply: M2: Private Securities data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Brazil. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.KAA018: Money Supply. Brazilian Central Bank has made changes in methodology of Financial System Credit Data in February of 2013 after 13 years following the same methodology. These changes are necessary face the expansion of credit, favored by the improvement of the indicators of employment and income, continuous and sharp reduction of the interest rates and by important institutional advances. It is essential the availability of new information, in particular, which allows more detailed monitoring of credit arrangements with targeted resources, especially real estate financing, whose dynamism has contributed to reducing the housing deficit in the country. The main change includes coverage of data on concessions, interest rates, terms and default rates that were extended to the segment of directed credit and also became necessary to further detailing the statistical framework, to enable identification of the terms most relevant as well as reduce the relative share of loans not classified - embedded in 'other receivables'. The Money Supply statistics were revised in August 2018, incorporating methodological updates to increase compliance with international standards and consistency with other sets of macroeconomic statistics. The revision consists the inclusion of cooperatives among the institutions that meke up the money issuing system, resulting in M1 expansion, and the exclusion of non-residents assets, impacting mainly on M4. Replacement series ID: 408100897

At the end of 2024, the M2 broad money supply in China amounted to over *** trillion yuan. Broad money supply had been growing consistently over the years. However, the overall growth rate of all money supply had been decreasing. Money is not money? In economic theory, the money supply describes the volume of currency that exists in a country. Even though it might sound counterintuitive, there are different types of money. For example, cash, saving deposits, or other liquid assets are then divided into tiers from M1 to M3. Thereby, M2 money or broad money comprised of cash and assets that can easily be converted into cash. The main application of M2 money is making payments and economic transactions. For mainstream economists, the volume of M1 and M2 money can indicate inflation. The mysterious case of money expansion in China The post-pandemic economic recovery has not materialized as the growth in the M2 money supply would have indicated in China. As a consequence of global anti-COVID-19 measures, China’s economic growth fell far below the country’s development targets. After another underperforming year in 2022, the M2 money supply grew by almost ** percent in the first quarter of 2023, but the GDP increased only by *** percent, which indicated that the money does not reach the real economy. Therefore, the Chinese economy could be in a liquidity trap or a balance sheet recession.

Brazil Broad Money Supply: M2: Investment Deposit data was reported at 0.000 BRL mn in Jun 2018. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 BRL mn for May 2018. Brazil Broad Money Supply: M2: Investment Deposit data is updated monthly, averaging 0.000 BRL mn from Jul 1994 (Median) to Jun 2018, with 288 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4,254.129 BRL mn in Dec 2007 and a record low of 0.000 BRL mn in Jun 2018. Brazil Broad Money Supply: M2: Investment Deposit data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Brazil. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.KAA018: Money Supply. Brazilian Central Bank has made changes in methodology of Financial System Credit Data in February of 2013 after 13 years following the same methodology. These changes are necessary face the expansion of credit, favored by the improvement of the indicators of employment and income, continuous and sharp reduction of the interest rates and by important institutional advances. It is essential the availability of new information, in particular, which allows more detailed monitoring of credit arrangements with targeted resources, especially real estate financing, whose dynamism has contributed to reducing the housing deficit in the country. The main change includes coverage of data on concessions, interest rates, terms and default rates that were extended to the segment of directed credit and also became necessary to further detailing the statistical framework, to enable identification of the terms most relevant as well as reduce the relative share of loans not classified - embedded in 'other receivables'. Banco Central do Brasil fez mudanças na metodologia de Dados de Crédito do Sistema Financeiro, em fevereiro de 2013 depois de 13 anos seguindo a mesma metodologia. Essas mudanças são fundamentais face a expansão do crédito, favorecido pela melhora dos indicadores de emprego e renda, redução contínua e acentuada das taxas de juro e por importantes avanços institucionais. É imprescindível a disponibilidade de novas informações, em particular, que possibilitem o acompanhamento mais detalhado das modalidades de crédito com recursos direcionados, sobretudo os financiamentos imobiliários, cujo dinamismo tem contribuído para a redução do déficit habitacional no País. A principal alteração compreende a cobertura dos dados relativos a concessões, taxas de juros, prazos e índices de inadimplência que passam a serem estendidos ao segmento de crédito direcionado e também se fez necessário aprofundar o detalhamento do arcabouço estatístico, de modo a possibilitar a identificação das modalidades mais relevantes, bem como reduzir a participação relativa das operações de crédito não classificadas – incorporadas em “outros créditos”.

Money Supply M0 in Canada decreased to 226781 CAD Million in April from 229799 CAD Million in March of 2025. This dataset provides - Canada Money Supply M0 - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The U.S. federal funds rate peaked in 2023 at its highest level since the 2007-08 financial crisis, reaching 5.33 percent by December 2023. A significant shift in monetary policy occurred in the second half of 2024, with the Federal Reserve implementing regular rate cuts. By December 2024, the rate had declined to 4.48 percent. What is a central bank rate? The federal funds rate determines the cost of overnight borrowing between banks, allowing them to maintain necessary cash reserves and ensure financial system liquidity. When this rate rises, banks become more inclined to hold rather than lend money, reducing the money supply. While this decreased lending slows economic activity, it helps control inflation by limiting the circulation of money in the economy. Historic perspective The federal funds rate historically follows cyclical patterns, falling during recessions and gradually rising during economic recoveries. Some central banks, notably the European Central Bank, went beyond traditional monetary policy by implementing both aggressive asset purchases and negative interest rates.

Brazil Broad Money Supply: M3: Quotas of Fixed Income Funds data was reported at 3,338,465.350 BRL mn in Jun 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 3,331,842.832 BRL mn for May 2018. Brazil Broad Money Supply: M3: Quotas of Fixed Income Funds data is updated monthly, averaging 629,057.895 BRL mn from Jul 1994 (Median) to Jun 2018, with 288 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3,340,435.474 BRL mn in Apr 2018 and a record low of 18,817.305 BRL mn in Jul 1994. Brazil Broad Money Supply: M3: Quotas of Fixed Income Funds data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Brazil. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.KAA018: Money Supply. Brazilian Central Bank has made changes in methodology of Financial System Credit Data in February of 2013 after 13 years following the same methodology. These changes are necessary face the expansion of credit, favored by the improvement of the indicators of employment and income, continuous and sharp reduction of the interest rates and by important institutional advances. It is essential the availability of new information, in particular, which allows more detailed monitoring of credit arrangements with targeted resources, especially real estate financing, whose dynamism has contributed to reducing the housing deficit in the country. The main change includes coverage of data on concessions, interest rates, terms and default rates that were extended to the segment of directed credit and also became necessary to further detailing the statistical framework, to enable identification of the terms most relevant as well as reduce the relative share of loans not classified - embedded in 'other receivables'. The Money Supply statistics were revised in August 2018, incorporating methodological updates to increase compliance with international standards and consistency with other sets of macroeconomic statistics. The revision consists the inclusion of cooperatives among the institutions that meke up the money issuing system, resulting in M1 expansion, and the exclusion of non-residents assets, impacting mainly on M4. Replacement series ID: 408100917

In 2023, the money supply in Thailand reduced to two percent from the previous year. The growth significantly decreased compared to the previous year and has shown a fluctuation since 2012.

In 2024, China’s monetary authority, the People’s Bank of China, issued more than ** trillion yuan which was the highest amount issued in one year so far. Over the past years, the value of printed money increased steadily. The issuing of currency was one function of a central bank. Maintaining price stability One of the main policy objectives of the People’s Bank of China was to maintain price stability. Typically, countries set the desired inflation target and the central bank implements the necessary policies to achieve the said target. Usually, China keeps its inflation target at around ***** percent, but in 2021, the inflation rate dropped to under *** percent. If the inflation rate is too low, central banks can issue more currency and decrease the interest rate. In the opposite scenario, if the inflation rate is too high central banks try to reduce the amount of money in circulation by increasing the interest rate or decreasing bond prices. Managing the economy In capitalist market economies, economies usually undergo a boom and bust cycle. Central banks attempt to counteract this cyclical development to soften the impact for its citizens. For instance, the Chinese government aims to maintain an unemployment rate of around **** percent. However, crises such as the 2008 financial crisis and the outbreak of COVID-19 have an unforeseen impact on the economy. To lower the employment rate, the People’s Bank engaged specific monetary policies to stimulate the economy with the aim of increasing job creation.

Brazil Broad Money Supply: M4: State and Municipal Securities data was reported at 0.000 BRL mn in Jun 2018. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 BRL mn for May 2018. Brazil Broad Money Supply: M4: State and Municipal Securities data is updated monthly, averaging 30.679 BRL mn from Jul 1994 (Median) to Jun 2018, with 288 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 6,153.090 BRL mn in Aug 1996 and a record low of 0.000 BRL mn in Jun 2018. Brazil Broad Money Supply: M4: State and Municipal Securities data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Brazil. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.KAA018: Money Supply. Brazilian Central Bank has made changes in methodology of Financial System Credit Data in February of 2013 after 13 years following the same methodology. These changes are necessary face the expansion of credit, favored by the improvement of the indicators of employment and income, continuous and sharp reduction of the interest rates and by important institutional advances. It is essential the availability of new information, in particular, which allows more detailed monitoring of credit arrangements with targeted resources, especially real estate financing, whose dynamism has contributed to reducing the housing deficit in the country. The main change includes coverage of data on concessions, interest rates, terms and default rates that were extended to the segment of directed credit and also became necessary to further detailing the statistical framework, to enable identification of the terms most relevant as well as reduce the relative share of loans not classified - embedded in 'other receivables'. Banco Central do Brasil fez mudanças na metodologia de Dados de Crédito do Sistema Financeiro, em fevereiro de 2013 depois de 13 anos seguindo a mesma metodologia. Essas mudanças são fundamentais face a expansão do crédito, favorecido pela melhora dos indicadores de emprego e renda, redução contínua e acentuada das taxas de juro e por importantes avanços institucionais. É imprescindível a disponibilidade de novas informações, em particular, que possibilitem o acompanhamento mais detalhado das modalidades de crédito com recursos direcionados, sobretudo os financiamentos imobiliários, cujo dinamismo tem contribuído para a redução do déficit habitacional no País. A principal alteração compreende a cobertura dos dados relativos a concessões, taxas de juros, prazos e índices de inadimplência que passam a serem estendidos ao segmento de crédito direcionado e também se fez necessário aprofundar o detalhamento do arcabouço estatístico, de modo a possibilitar a identificação das modalidades mais relevantes, bem como reduzir a participação relativa das operações de crédito não classificadas – incorporadas em “outros créditos”.

The Federal Reserve's balance sheet has undergone significant changes since 2007, reflecting its response to major economic crises. From a modest *** trillion U.S. dollars at the end of 2007, it ballooned to approximately **** trillion U.S. dollars by May 2025. This dramatic expansion, particularly during the 2008 financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic - both of which resulted in negative annual GDP growth in the U.S. - showcases the Fed's crucial role in stabilizing the economy through expansionary monetary policies. Impact on inflation and interest rates The Fed's expansionary measures, while aimed at stimulating economic growth, have had notable effects on inflation and interest rates. Following the quantitative easing in 2020, inflation in the United States reached * percent in 2022, the highest since 1991. However, by *************, inflation had declined to *** percent. Concurrently, the Federal Reserve implemented a series of interest rate hikes, with the rate peaking at **** percent in ***********, before the first rate cut since ************** occurred in **************. Financial implications for the Federal Reserve The expansion of the Fed's balance sheet and subsequent interest rate hikes have had significant financial implications. In 2023, the Fed reported a negative net income of ***** billion U.S. dollars, a stark contrast to the ***** billion U.S. dollars profit in 2022. This unprecedented shift was primarily due to rapidly rising interest rates, which caused the Fed's interest expenses to soar to over *** billion U.S. dollars in 2023. Despite this, the Fed's net interest income on securities acquired through open market operations reached a record high of ****** billion U.S. dollars in the same year.

The Federal Reserve's balance sheet ballooned following its announcement to carry out quantitative easing to increase the liquidity of U.S. banks in early 2020. The balance sheet continued to grow in the following period as well, with a downward trend in 2023. As of February 29, 2024, the Fed's balance sheet amounted to roughly 7.6 trillion U.S. dollars. The most drastic increase in the observed period took place in the first half of 2020. This measure was taken to increase the money supply and stimulate economic growth in the wake of the damage caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The Federal Reserve was not the only institution that implemented an expansionary monetary policy in response to the pandemic. For instance, the European Central Bank expanded its money supply in March 2020 and kept doing so over the following months. How do central banks increase the amount of money in circulation? Central banks can increase the money circulating in the economy in many ways. For instance, they can decrease banks’ reserve requirements to stimulate lending or decrease the interest rates to reduce the cost of borrowing for commercial banks. Alternatively, central banks can engage in open market operations (OMO) and buy securities such as government bonds from commercial banks or institutions. By conducting open market operations, the Federal Reserve expanded its balance sheet by seven trillion U.S. dollars between 2007 and 2023. All these measures aim to increase bank loans to entrepreneurs and consumers in order to stimulate employment and economic growth. Impact of COVID-19 on the U.S. economy The COVID-19 pandemic had a tremendous impact on national economies worldwide, and the United States was no exception. During the early months of the crisis, many lost their jobs, mostly those in lower-income categories. As a consequence, many Americans found it difficult to pay their rent and cover basic household expenses. Furthermore, in April 2022, most small business owners claimed that the pandemic had a large or moderate negative effect on their businesses. Overall, the gross domestic product (GDP) of the United States decreased by roughly 2.2 percent in 2020. In the following years, however, it increased notably, surpassing 25 trillion U.S. dollars in 2022.

This paper provides aggregate-level evidence from a set of 31 advanced and emerging economies that supports the existence of supply-side effects for monetary policy, i.e., the cost channel. Our methodology employs sign restrictions and historical decompositions to first separate inflation and loan rates into their demand-driven and supply-driven components. These supply-driven components (here called the supply inflation and supply loan rate, respectively) are then used to test for the cost channel. Analytically, a monetary policy tightening, by reducing banks’ loan supply, increases the supply loan rate and raises the borrowing costs faced by firms. Such an adjustment in loan rates also produces a contraction in the aggregate supply that ultimately raises supply inflation. Our estimates show that a monetary tightening increases supply inflation in all countries, but more significantly in emerging economies. Larger supply inflation occurs due to the greater responses of supply loan rates to policy rates and of supply inflation to supply loan rates. According to our stylized New Keynesian model, both reactions are potentially related to the higher pass-through of banks’ and firms’ costs to rates and prices, respectively. Finally, we find out that, on average, the size of the cost channel in emerging economies outweighs the downward inflationary pressures expected from the aggregate demand contraction. Our interpretation is that rising inflation expectations are responsible for this result.

View the total value of the assets of all Federal Reserve Banks as reported in the weekly balance sheet.

This report provides a macroeconomic framework to support the Jamaican Government's efforts to achieve macro stability, promote higher growth, and reduce poverty. It details the recent economic difficulties and discusses a mix of monetary and fiscal policies that could lower inflation. The recent economic performance of Jamaica has included definite progress in several areas (specifically foreign exchange liberalization, deregulation, and privatization). Unfortunately, the expansive monetary policy, based in government deficits, money supply growth, and wage increases, has led to higher inflation. The efficiency of long term investments has been hampered by economic uncertainty and high inflation as well as structural impediments. These include: modernizing the financial sector, improving the quality of the labor force and labor market functioning, providing critically needed infrastructure while improving the regulatory frameworks, improving the performance of the public sector, and unburdening the small business sector. The poverty situation is updated and shows that while the Government~^!!^s social programs have provided some support to the poor during 1991-1994, this has been offset by high inflation and low growth during that period. In the future, higher growth will be necessary to make a significant reduction in poverty.

In June 2024, the European Central Bank (ECB) began reducing its fixed interest rate for the first time since 2016, implementing a series of cuts. The rate decreased from 4.5 percent to 3.15 percent by year-end: a 0.25 percentage point cut in June, followed by additional reductions in September, October, and December. The central bank implemented other cuts in early 2025, setting the rate at 2.4 percent in April 2025. This marked a significant shift from the previous rate hike cycle, which began in July 2022 when the ECB raised rates to 0.5 percent and subsequently increased them almost monthly, reaching 4.5 percent by December 2023 - the highest level since the 2007-2008 global financial crisis. How does this ensure liquidity? Banks typically hold only a fraction of their capital in cash, measured by metrics like the Tier 1 capital ratio. Since this ratio is low, banks prefer to allocate most of their capital to revenue-generating loans. When their cash reserves fall too low, banks borrow from the ECB to cover short-term liquidity needs. On the other hand, commercial banks can also deposit excess funds with the ECB at a lower interest rate. Reasons for fluctuations
The ECB’s primary mandate is to maintain price stability. The Euro area inflation rate is, in theory, the key indicator guiding the ECB's actions. When the fixed interest rate is lower, commercial banks are more likely to borrow from the ECB, increasing the money supply and, in turn, driving inflation higher. When inflation rises, the ECB increases the fixed interest rate, which slows borrowing and helps to reduce inflation.

Summarised data in which shrimp and prawn farmers describe access to various forms of credit (in kind, micro-credit, NGO, banks) in SW Bangladesh. The interviews were carried out with a sub-sample from the main survey (see project survey data). In total 46 farmers were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Sampling was based on purposive selection of previously surveyed farms in order to generate a variety of farm sizes and cropping patterns. Interviews were conducted in Bangladesh and the field researcher then summarised responses to the survey questions in English. There are no verbatim transcripts, simply summarised responses in the response grid.
The App Number corresponds to the survey number in the main survey data so is possible to cross reference to farm and farmer characteristics.

Global stewardship of existing antibiotics within livestock systems is a key component of any attempt to manage the incidence and transmission of emergent and resistant bacteria, resistance conferring genes and mobile elements. Yet, global demand for animal derived protein is fuelling investment in and intensification of livestock systems with resulting increases in use of veterinary medicines. These systems have until now relied on medicinal and other inputs as infrastructure that permits increased stocking densities and livestock throughput, while reducing morbidity and mortality. In this sense, antibiotics have become a key component of livestock agriculture. Decoupling agriculture from the risks of generating greater antimicrobial resistance is a key challenge addressed in this project. This project focuses on the growing and under-regulated aquaculture (fish and shell fish production) sector within Asia, which is intensifying to meet domestic demand for animal derived protein and worldwide export markets. We aim to to assess the growing use of antibiotics within this important sector of global food production, and experiment with farm based medicine stewardship strategies that promote sustainable and appropriate use. The project has implications for food security, food safety, human and environmental (aquatic) health as well as the livelihoods of millions of people. The rapidly growing and intensifying global aquaculture industry (the so-called blue revolution) is known to be a major user of antimicrobials and a key gateway for antimicrobial resistance. Reducing or preventing the escalation of non-therapeutic and unnecessary uses of antibiotics requires social innovations that address path dependencies and the socio-economics of livestock production. Detailed knowledge on the uses and socio-economic drivers of antimicrobial inputs in aquaculture is required in order to 1) Minimise the potential risks of aquaculture expansion for human and environmental health. 2) Develop strategies that allow for the prudent use of compounds, particularly where they increase risks of the emergence and transmission of antimicrobial resistance. In this pump-priming project we seek to investigate variability in use of antibiotics and AMR-related inputs within aquaculture, and devise a strategy that encourages appropriate and alternative animal health treatments. We focus on the effective stewardship of antibiotics within the rapidly growing, poorly regulated and heterogeneous shrimp and prawn sectors in Bangladesh. The project involves development of a partnership between UK and Bangladeshi expertise, and involves social scientists, biologists, aquaculture and rural development experts in order to understand the drivers of antibiotic uses and to cooperatively develop with farmers interventions for developing more appropriate treatments and disease abatement strategies. The project will survey shrimp and prawn farmers and hatcheries to develop clear understanding of the relationship between farm inputs, farm sizes and value chain characteristics. This information will be augmented with more detailed interview data with farmers, farm suppliers (those who sell antibiotics and other inputs), market intermediaries, depots and other key actors. The resulting knowledge on the disease as well as socio-economic pressures that farmers face will be used to develop a series of workshops in which farmers will work together to devise a social and technical specification for a farm-based intervention that allows for more sustainable and appropriate development of aquaculture. Once co-developed in the form of an in-principle design, the step-wise approach to design as well as the design itself will be used to seed further funding and impact across the fish and livestock sectors.