Annual estimates of balanced UK regional gross domestic product (GDP). Current price estimates and chained volume measures for UK countries, ITL1, ITL2 and ITL3 regions.

Annual estimates of balanced UK regional gross domestic product (GDP). Current price estimates, chained volume measures and implied deflators for combined authorities, city regions, and other economic and enterprise regions.

In 2023, London had a gross domestic product of over 569 billion British pounds, by far the most of any region of the United Kingdom. The region of South East England which surrounds London had the second-highest GDP in this year, at over 360 billion pounds. North West England, which includes the major cities of Manchester and Liverpool, had the third-largest GDP among UK regions, at almost 250 billion pounds. Levelling Up the UK London’s economic dominance of the UK can clearly be seen when compared to the other regions of the country. In terms of GDP per capita, the gap between London and the rest of the country is striking, standing at over 63,600 pounds per person in the UK capital, compared with just over 37,100 pounds in the rest of the country. To address the economic imbalance, successive UK governments have tried to implement "levelling-up policies", which aim to boost investment and productivity in neglected areas of the country. The success of these programs going forward may depend on their scale, as it will likely take high levels of investment to reverse economic neglect regions have faced in the recent past. Overall UK GDP The gross domestic product for the whole of the United Kingdom amounted to 2.56 trillion British pounds in 2024. During this year, GDP grew by 0.9 percent, following a growth rate of 0.4 percent in 2023. Due to the overall population of the UK growing faster than the economy, however, GDP per capita in the UK fell in both 2023 and 2024. Nevertheless, the UK remains one of the world’s biggest economies, with just five countries (the United States, China, Japan, Germany, and India) having larger economies. It is it likely that several other countries will overtake the UK economy in the coming years, with Indonesia, Brazil, Russia, and Mexico all expected to have larger economies than Britain by 2050.

Quarterly economic activity within England, Wales and the nine English regions (North East, North West, Yorkshire and The Humber, East Midlands, West Midlands, East of England, London, South East, South West).

In 2023, the gross domestic product per capita in London was 63,618 British pounds, compared with 37,135 pounds per capita for the United Kingdom as a whole. Apart from London, the only other region of the UK that had a greater GDP per capita than the UK average was South East England, at 38,004 pounds per capita. By contrast, North East England had the lowest GDP per capita among UK regions, at 26,347 pounds. Regional imbalance in the UK economy? London's overall GDP in 2022 was over 508 billion British pounds, which accounted for almost a quarter of the overall GDP of the United Kingdom. South East England had the second-largest regional economy in the country, with a GDP of almost 341.7 billion British pounds. Furthermore, these two regions were the only ones that had higher levels of productivity (as measured by output per hour worked) than the UK average. While recent governments have recognized regional inequality as a major challenge facing the country, it may take several years for any initiatives to bear fruit. The creation of regional metro mayors across England is one of the earliest attempts at giving regions and cities in particular more power over spending in their regions than they currently have. UK economy growth slow in late 2024 After ending 2023 with two quarters of negative growth, the UK economy grew at the reasonable rate of 0.8 percent and 0.4 percent in the first and second quarters of the year. This was, however, followed by zero growth in the third quarter, and by just 0.1 percent in the last quarter of the year. Other economic indicators, such as the inflation rate, fell within the expected range in 2024, but have started to rise again, with a rate of three percent recorded in January 2025. While unemployment has witnessed a slight uptick since 2022, it is still at quite low levels compared with previous years.

In 2023, the UK economy grew by 0.3 percent, with Northern Ireland the fastest-growing part of the UK in that year, at 0.8 percent.

In 2023, Inner London - West was the local region of the United Kingdom that had the highest value of gross domestic product, at approximately, 263.6 billion British pounds, with Inner London - East having the second-highest amount at 139.8 billion pounds.

The economy of the United Kingdom reported zero growth in July 2025, after growing by 0.4 percent in June 2025. As of the most recent month, the UK economy is around 4.8 percent larger than it was in February 2020, just before the start of COVID-19 lockdowns. After a record 19.6 percent decline in GDP in April 2020, the UK economy quickly returned to growth in the following months, and grew through most of 2021. Cost of living crisis lingers into 2025 As of December 2024, just over half of people in the UK reported that their cost of living was higher than it was in the previous month. Although this is a decline from the peak of the crisis in 2022 when over 90 percent of people reported a higher cost of living, households are evidently still under severe pressure. While wage growth has outpaced inflation since July 2023, overall consumer prices were 20 percent higher in late 2024 than they were in late 2021. For food and energy, which lower income households spend more on, late 2024 prices were almost 30 percent higher when compared with late 2021. According to recent estimates, living standards, as measured by changes in disposable income fell by 2.1 percent in 2022/23, but did start to grow again in 2023/24. Late 2023 recession followed by growth in 2024 In December 2023, the UK economy was approximately the same size as it was a year earlier, and struggled to achieve modest growth throughout that year. Going into 2023, a surge in energy costs, as well as high interest rates, created an unfavorable environment for UK consumers and businesses. The inflationary pressures that drove these problems did start to subside, however, with inflation falling to 3.9 percent in November 2023, down from a peak of 11.1 percent in October 2022. Although relatively strong economic growth occurred in the first half of 2024, with GDP growing by 0.7 percent, and 0.4 percent in the first two quarters of the year, zero growth was reported in the third quarter of the year. Long-term issues, such as low business investment, weak productivity growth, and regional inequality, will likely continue to hamper the economy going forward.

This dataset comprises historical GDP and population data for regional entities in Belgium, Spain and the United Kingdom. Entities included: -For Belgium: Brussels, Flanders, Wallonia. -For Spain: Andalusia, Aragon, Asturias, Balearic Islands, Basque Country, Canary Islands, Cantabria, Castile-la Mancha, Castile-Leon, Catalonia, Extremadura, Galicia, La Rioja, Madrid, Murcia, Navarre, Valencia. -For the United Kingdom: England, London, Northern Ireland [since 1801], (Southern) Ireland [1801-1921], Scotland, Wales. Periods covered for GDP data: -For Belgium: 1846-2005. -For Spain: 1860-2015. -For the United Kingdom: 1707-2017. Periods covered for population data: -For Belgium: 1841-2017. -For Spain: 1860-2015. -For the United Kingdom: 1801-2017. Sources, acknowledgement and citation: The data have been compiled and/or calculated by the author based on different sources listed in the 'About'-section of the data sheet. When using the data, please cite the appropriate sources related to the part of the data you use, as well as the present dataset as referenced above. Latest version: 1.0 [24.05.2022].

505 Economics is on a mission to make academic economics accessible. We've developed the first monthly sub-national GDP data for EU and UK regions from January 2015 onwards.

Our GDP dataset uses luminosity as a proxy for GDP. The brighter a place, the more economic activity that place tends to have.

We produce the data using high-resolution night time satellite imagery and Artificial Intelligence.

This builds on our academic research at the London School of Economics, and we're producing the dataset in collaboration with the European Space Agency BIC UK.

We have published peer-reviewed academic articles on the usage of luminosity as an accurate proxy for GDP.

Key features:

• Granular: Data is provided at the following geographical units:
  • NUTS3 (e.g. London Boroughs),
  • NUTS2 (e.g. London),
  • NUTS1 (e.g. England), and
  • NUTS0 (e.g. United Kingdom) levels.
• Frequent: Data is provided every month from January 2015. This is more frequent than the annualised official datasets.
• Timely: Data is provided with a one month lag (i.e. the data for January 2021 was published at the end of February 2021). This is substantially quicker than the 18 month lag of official datasets.
• Accurate: Our dataset uses Deep Learning to maximise accuracy (RMSE 1.2%).

The dataset can be used by:

• Governments and policy makers - to monitor the performance of local economies, to measure the localised impact of policies, and to get a real-time indication of economic activity.
• Financial services - to get an indication of national-level GDP before official GDP statistics are released
• Engineering companies - to monitor and evaluate the localised impact of infrastructure projects
• Consultancies - to forecast the localised impact of specific projects, to retrospectively monitor and evaluate the localised impact of existing projects
• Economics firms - to create macro forecasts at the national and sub-national level, to assess the impact of policy interventions.
• Academia / Think Tanks - to conduct novel research at the local level. E.g. our dataset can be used to measure the impact of localised COVID-19 lockdowns.

We have created this dataset for all UK sub-national regions, 28 EU Countries and Switzerland.

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.

During 1998, in line with other European Union (EU) member states, the UK adopted the new European System of Accounts (ESA 95), to be used by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) for the production of financial data. In September 1998 the UK National Accounts were published for the first time using ESA95. Under this system, ONS is required to compile more detailed regional economic information than was previously the case and now produces regional Gross Value Added (GVA - formerly Gross Domestic Product or GDP, to which some series still refer), regional Household Accounts and regional Gross Fixed Capital Formation. Most Regional Accounts data are now consistent with ESA95 - users should refer to the information in the 'Main Topics' section below, and the documentation.
Regional Accounts data are compiled mainly from the UK National Accounts (Blue Book), the New Earnings Survey (NES) and the Annual Business Inquiry (ABI 2).

For the 8th edition (December 2002), data files covering Gross Value Added (GVA - formerly GDP) by GOR, Industry, Manufacturing Class and other tables were added to the dataset. On 10th December 2002, however, ONS withdrew the 8th edition GVA data files, due to errors discovered in the data.


Main Topics:

PART I: Regional Gross Value Added (GVA - formerly GDP) up to 1998/1999 - European System of Accounts 1995 (ESA95) basis.
Files:
1. GVA by Government Office Region (GOR) 1989-1999: file gvagor8999 (withdrawn - see 'Abstract' section for details).
2. GVA by industry 1989-1999: file gvaind8999 (withdrawn).
3. GVA by manufacturing class 1989-1999: file gvamanclass8999 (withdrawn).
4. GVA 1989-1999 (various tables): file gva8999 (withdrawn).
5. Compensation of Employees (COE) by industry 1989-1998: file indcomp8998.
6. Compensation of Employees (COE) by manufacturing class 1989-1998: file compcls8998.
Due to the withdrawal of GVA data, the following GDP data are also available, but users should bear in mind the age of these data when conducting analysis:
1. GDP by GOR 1989-1999: file gpdgor8999.
2. GDP by Industry 1989-1998: file gdpind8998.
3. GDP by Manufacturing Class 1989-1998: file gpdmancls8998.

PART II: ESA95 Regional household (total and disposable) income up to 1999, consumption expenditure up to 1999.
Files:
1. Regional household income (total and disposable) basic breakdown of income type 1989-1999 by GOR: file hhacc8999.
2. Individual Consumption Expenditure by GOR 1994-1999: file ice32gor9499.

There is no longer a PART III.

PART IV: Regional GDP, by factor of income and by industry, up to 1996; county GDP and GDFCF up to 1995.
Files
1. GDP by factor income by SSR 1971-1996 and by GOR 1984-1996: files gdpssr7196 and gdpgor8496.
2. GDP by county for selected years between 1977-1996: file gdpcty7796.
3. GDP by industry by SSR 1982-1996: file gdpind8296. Users should note that ONS have advised the UK Data Archive that the data in this file are no longer published by ONS, and are useful for historic purposes only.
4. GDP by manufacturing class by SSR 1982-1995: file gdpmancls8295 - again these data are no longer published by ONS, and are of historic use only.
5. Income from Employment (IFE) by industry by SSR 1982-1996: file ifeind.
6. Income from employment by manufacturing class by SSR 1982-1995: file ifecls.

PART V: ESA79 Regional household and personal (total and disposable) income and consumers' expenditure up to 1996.
Files:
1. Household income (total and disposable by GOR 1984-1996 and by SSR 1984-1996: files hhsougor and hhsoussr.
2. Household income (total and disposable) by county 1984-1995: file hhinc.
3. Personal income (total and disposable) by GOR 1984-1996 and by SSR 1971-1996: files perincg and perincs.xls
4. Consumers' Expenditure by SSR 1971-1996 and by GOR 1994-1996: files cons32 and consgor.

PART VI: Local area gross domestic product.
1. Figures for 1993-1998 on new NUTS regional basis: file gdpn23.
2. Estimates for old administrative counties of England (first made available June 2001): file admcty.

File regsublochhd contains regional, sub-regional and Local Area Household Accounts, and includes the following tables:
Table 1: Total Household Income1 by Region (NUTS1) 1995-1999.
Table 2: Gross Disposable Household Income by Region (NUTS1) 1995-1999.
Table 3: Total Household Income by NUTS 1 & 2 Areas.
Table 4: Gross Disposable Household Income by NUTS 1 & 2 Areas.
Table 5: Gross Disposable Household Income - Components, NUTS 1 & 2: 1995.
Table 6: Gross Disposable Household Income1 - Components, NUTS3.
Table 7: Total Household Income1 - Components, NUTS3.

The gross domestic product of the United Kingdom in 2024 was around 2.78 trillion British pounds, an increase when compared to the previous year, when UK GDP amounted to about 2.75 trillion pounds. The significant drop in GDP visible in 2020 was due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with the smaller declines in 2008 and 2009 because of the global financial crisis of the late 2000s. Low growth problem in the UK Despite growing by 0.9 percent in 2024, and 0.4 percent in 2023 the UK economy is not that much larger than it was before the COVID-19 pandemic. Since recovering from a huge fall in GDP in the second quarter of 2020, the UK economy has alternated between periods of contraction and low growth, with the UK even in a recession at the end of 2023. While economic growth picked up somewhat in 2024, GDP per capita is lower than it was in 2022, following two years of negative growth. UK's global share of GDP falling As of 2024, the UK had the sixth-largest economy in the world, behind the United States, China, Japan, Germany, and India. Among European nations, this meant that the UK currently has the second-largest economy in Europe, although the economy of France, Europe's third-largest economy, is of a similar size. The UK's global economic ranking will likely fall in the coming years, however, with the UK's share of global GDP expected to fall from 2.16 percent in 2025 to 2.02 percent by 2029.  

505 Economics is on a mission to make academic economics accessible. We've developed the first monthly sub-national GDP data for EU and UK regions from January 2015 onwards.

Our GDP dataset uses luminosity as a proxy for GDP. The brighter a place, the more economic activity that place tends to have.

We produce the data using high-resolution night time satellite imagery and Artificial Intelligence.

This builds on our academic research at the London School of Economics, and we're producing the dataset in collaboration with the European Space Agency BIC UK.

We have published peer-reviewed academic articles on the usage of luminosity as an accurate proxy for GDP.

Key features:

• Granular: Data is provided at the following geographical units:
  • NUTS3 (e.g. Provinces),
  • NUTS2 (e.g. Regions),
  • NUTS1 (e.g. Macroregions), and
  • NUTS0 (e.g. Italy) levels.
• Frequent: Data is provided every month from January 2015. This is more frequent than the annualised official datasets.
• Timely: Data is provided with a one month lag (i.e. the data for January 2021 was published at the end of February 2021). This is substantially quicker than the 18 month lag of official datasets.
• Accurate: Our dataset uses Deep Learning to maximise accuracy (RMSE 1.2%).

The dataset can be used by:

• Governments and policy makers - to monitor the performance of local economies, to measure the localised impact of policies, and to get a real-time indication of economic activity.
• Financial services - to get an indication of national-level GDP before official GDP statistics are released
• Engineering companies - to monitor and evaluate the localised impact of infrastructure projects
• Consultancies - to forecast the localised impact of specific projects, to retrospectively monitor and evaluate the localised impact of existing projects
• Economics firms - to create macro forecasts at the national and sub-national level, to assess the impact of policy interventions.
• Academia / Think Tanks - to conduct novel research at the local level. E.g. our dataset can be used to measure the impact of localised COVID-19 lockdowns.

We have created this dataset for all UK sub-national regions, 28 EU Countries and Switzerland.

Regional GVA for Wales is allocated to ITL2 and ITL3 areas within Wales, by industry, using workplace-based data. Three different measures are available for each area, namely the GVA amounts in £ million, GVA per head and GVA per head indexed to UK = 100.

In 2018 Turkey had the largest disparity between it's richest and poorest small regions in Europe, in terms of GDP per capita. The richest small regions in Turkey are estimated to have *** times the GDP per capita of poor regions, with Hungary and the United Kingdom also displaying significant regional disparities.

This horizontal bar chart displays expense (% of GDP) by region using the aggregation average, weighted by gdp in the United Kingdom. The data is filtered where the date is 2021. The data is about countries per year.

505 Economics is on a mission to make academic economics accessible. We've developed the first monthly sub-national GDP data for EU and UK regions from January 2015 onwards.

Our GDP dataset uses luminosity as a proxy for GDP. The brighter a place, the more economic activity that place tends to have.

We produce the data using high-resolution night time satellite imagery and Artificial Intelligence.

This builds on our academic research at the London School of Economics, and we're producing the dataset in collaboration with the European Space Agency BIC UK.

We have published peer-reviewed academic articles on the usage of luminosity as an accurate proxy for GDP.

Key features:

• Granular: Data is provided at the following geographical units:
  • NUTS3 (e.g. Barcelona),
  • NUTS2 (e.g. Cataluna),
  • NUTS1 (e.g. Este), and
  • NUTS0 (e.g. Spain) levels.
• Frequent: Data is provided every month from January 2015. This is more frequent than the annualised official datasets.
• Timely: Data is provided with a one month lag (i.e. the data for January 2021 was published at the end of February 2021). This is substantially quicker than the 18 month lag of official datasets.
• Accurate: Our dataset uses Deep Learning to maximise accuracy (RMSE 1.2%).

The dataset can be used by:

• Governments and policy makers - to monitor the performance of local economies, to measure the localised impact of policies, and to get a real-time indication of economic activity.
• Financial services - to get an indication of national-level GDP before official GDP statistics are released
• Engineering companies - to monitor and evaluate the localised impact of infrastructure projects
• Consultancies - to forecast the localised impact of specific projects, to retrospectively monitor and evaluate the localised impact of existing projects
• Economics firms - to create macro forecasts at the national and sub-national level, to assess the impact of policy interventions.
• Academia / Think Tanks - to conduct novel research at the local level. E.g. our dataset can be used to measure the impact of localised COVID-19 lockdowns.

We have created this dataset for all UK sub-national regions, 28 EU Countries and Switzerland.