Relational Database as a Service (DBaaS) Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Relational Database as a Service (DBaaS) market size reached USD 24.7 billion in 2024, reflecting robust adoption across industries. The market is set to expand at a CAGR of 15.3% from 2025 to 2033, with the forecasted market size projected to attain USD 74.3 billion by 2033. This impressive growth trajectory is primarily driven by the increasing shift of enterprises toward cloud-based solutions, the rising complexity of data management, and the need for scalable, cost-effective database solutions. As per our latest research, this market’s expansion is underpinned by accelerated digital transformation initiatives and the growing importance of real-time analytics in business operations.

One of the primary growth factors for the Relational Database as a Service (DBaaS) market is the surge in cloud adoption across both large enterprises and small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Organizations are increasingly migrating their legacy database systems to cloud-based platforms to leverage benefits such as enhanced scalability, reduced IT infrastructure costs, and simplified database management. The proliferation of data generated from various sources, including IoT devices, social media, and enterprise applications, has created a pressing need for agile and efficient data management solutions. DBaaS platforms offer automated backup, disaster recovery, and seamless upgrades, enabling businesses to focus on core activities rather than database maintenance. This shift toward managed database services is further reinforced by the growing demand for high availability, security, and compliance in data-driven environments.

Another significant driver propelling the DBaaS market is the increasing emphasis on real-time analytics and business intelligence. As organizations strive to derive actionable insights from massive volumes of structured and unstructured data, the ability to access and process information in real time becomes crucial. Relational DBaaS platforms provide robust support for SQL and NewSQL databases, ensuring data consistency, integrity, and fast query performance. The integration of advanced analytics, artificial intelligence, and machine learning capabilities within DBaaS solutions enables businesses to accelerate decision-making processes and gain a competitive edge. Furthermore, the growing complexity of hybrid and multi-cloud environments is compelling enterprises to adopt DBaaS offerings that ensure seamless data integration and interoperability across diverse cloud infrastructures.

The Relational Database as a Service (DBaaS) market is also benefiting from the increasing focus on regulatory compliance and data security. With stringent data protection regulations such as GDPR and CCPA in place, organizations are seeking database solutions that offer built-in security features, encryption, and access control mechanisms. DBaaS providers are continuously enhancing their offerings with advanced security protocols, automated compliance reporting, and monitoring tools to address evolving cybersecurity threats. The managed nature of DBaaS reduces the burden on in-house IT teams and minimizes the risk of human error, thereby ensuring higher levels of data integrity and availability. This trend is particularly prominent in sectors such as banking, healthcare, and government, where data sensitivity and regulatory requirements are paramount.

From a regional perspective, North America continues to dominate the global DBaaS market, accounting for the largest revenue share in 2024. The region’s leadership can be attributed to the presence of major cloud service providers, rapid digitalization of enterprises, and early adoption of advanced technologies. Asia Pacific, on the other hand, is emerging as the fastest-growing market, fueled by increasing investments in cloud infrastructure, expanding IT ecosystems, and the proliferation of SMEs. Europe is also witnessing significant growth, driven by digital transformation initiatives and stringent data privacy regulations. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are gradually catching up, supported by government-led digitalization programs and the rising demand for scalable database solutions in emerging economies.

Relational Database Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global relational database market size reached USD 54.2 billion in 2024, demonstrating robust growth driven by digital transformation and data-centric business strategies. The market is projected to expand at a CAGR of 11.1% between 2025 and 2033, reaching an estimated value of USD 139.4 billion by 2033. This growth is primarily fueled by the increasing adoption of cloud-based solutions, the proliferation of big data analytics, and the critical need for structured data management across various industries.

One of the key growth factors for the relational database market is the rapid digitalization of business processes globally. Organizations are increasingly reliant on data-driven decision-making, which necessitates efficient, scalable, and secure data storage and retrieval systems. Relational databases, with their robust support for structured data and complex queries, remain the backbone of enterprise IT infrastructure. The demand for real-time analytics, high availability, and disaster recovery capabilities has further cemented the importance of relational databases, especially as enterprises migrate workloads to the cloud and adopt hybrid IT environments.

Another significant driver is the rising integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) technologies into database management systems. Modern relational databases are evolving to support advanced analytics and automation, enabling businesses to extract actionable insights from their data assets. This trend is particularly prominent in sectors such as banking and financial services, healthcare, and retail, where data integrity, security, and compliance are paramount. The shift towards self-service analytics and the need for seamless data integration across multiple platforms have also contributed to the sustained demand for relational database solutions.

Furthermore, the growing emphasis on data privacy and regulatory compliance is shaping the relational database market landscape. Enterprises are increasingly required to adhere to stringent data governance frameworks such as GDPR, HIPAA, and CCPA. Relational databases offer robust security features, including fine-grained access controls, encryption, and auditing capabilities, making them a preferred choice for organizations seeking to mitigate data breach risks and ensure regulatory compliance. This focus on data security is driving investments in advanced database management solutions, particularly in highly regulated industries.

From a regional perspective, North America continues to dominate the relational database market, accounting for the largest revenue share in 2024. The region's leadership is attributed to the presence of major technology vendors, early adoption of cloud technologies, and a mature digital infrastructure. However, Asia Pacific is emerging as the fastest-growing market, supported by rapid economic development, increasing IT investments, and the proliferation of digital services across emerging economies such as China, India, and Southeast Asia. Europe also holds a significant market share, driven by strong regulatory frameworks and a high concentration of large enterprises.

Component Analysis

The relational database market is segmented by component into software and services, each playing a pivotal role in the overall ecosystem. The software segment, which includes database management systems (DBMS), tools, and platforms, accounted for the largest share of the market in 2024. This dominance is attributed to the continuous innovation in database technologies, the introduction of cloud-native and hybrid solutions, and the growing need for scalable, high-performance data management platforms. Leading vendors are investing heavily in enhancing the capabilities of their relational database software, integrating AI-driven features, and offering seamless interoperability with other enterprise applications.

The services segment, encompassing consulting, implementation, support, and maintenance, is witnessing substantial growth as organizations seek to optimize their database infrastructure and ensure high availability. The complexity of modern IT environments, coupled with the need for 24/7 uptime and rapid scalability, has led to increased demand for managed database services. Service providers are offering end-to-end solutions, including

In 2025, the survey underscores the continued dominance of data warehouses within cloud storage solutions. With ** percent of respondents utilizing them, it is evident that businesses value the extensive analytical capabilities and structured data organization that data warehouses provide. This trend signals a persistent need for centralized repositories for data storage and analytics to support strategic decision-making. DBaaS relational databases gain traction The survey reveals a rising preference for database-as-a-service (DBaaS) relational databases. This shift suggests that organizations are increasingly seeking the scalability, ease of maintenance, and reduced administrative overhead that DBaaS solutions provide. People are using DBaaS more because they want to make databases easier and spend more time on important things. Oracle leads this segment among the database management systems providers. PaaS adoption accelerates A key finding from the survey is the marked increase in the adoption of cloud providers' platform-as-a-service (PaaS) offerings. This trend speaks volumes about a broader transformation; companies are decisively moving towards cloud-based platforms for their data needs. PaaS provides convenient building blocks for application development and deployment, accelerating innovation and time-to-market.

Database As A Service Providers Market size was valued at USD 195.06 Billion in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 471.36 Billion by 2031, growing at a CAGR of 11.66% during the forecast period 2024-2031.

Global Database As A Service Providers Market Drivers

Cloud Adoption: The increasing adoption of cloud computing has led to a growing demand for cloud-based database services, offering scalability, flexibility, and reduced infrastructure costs. Data-Driven Decision Making: Organizations are increasingly relying on data to make informed decisions, driving the need for efficient and scalable database solutions. Big Data Growth: The exponential growth of data, fueled by sources like social media, IoT devices, and customer interactions, necessitates robust database management capabilities.

Global Database As A Service Providers Market Restraints

Data Security and Privacy Concerns: Organizations may have concerns about data security and privacy when using cloud-based database services. Vendor Lock-in: Relying on a single DBaaS provider can create vendor lock-in, limiting flexibility and increasing costs.

The Database Platform as a Service (DBPaaS) market is experiencing robust growth, driven by the increasing adoption of cloud computing, the need for scalable and cost-effective database solutions, and the rising demand for data analytics. The market's expansion is fueled by businesses migrating legacy on-premise databases to cloud-based alternatives, seeking enhanced agility, and leveraging the advantages of pay-as-you-go models. Major players like Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform dominate the market, offering a wide range of DBPaaS options catering to diverse needs, from relational databases to NoSQL solutions. The market is segmented by deployment model (public cloud, private cloud, hybrid cloud), database type (SQL, NoSQL, NewSQL), and industry vertical (BFSI, healthcare, retail, etc.). Competition is fierce, with established players constantly innovating and new entrants emerging to challenge the status quo. Factors like data security concerns and integration complexities pose some challenges to market growth. However, advancements in serverless computing and the increasing adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are expected to drive further expansion. The forecast period (2025-2033) is projected to witness substantial growth, driven by ongoing digital transformation initiatives across various industries. The increasing adoption of cloud-native applications and microservices architectures further necessitates robust and scalable DBPaaS solutions. While the initial investment in migrating to the cloud can be significant, the long-term cost savings and improved efficiency make DBPaaS an attractive option. The market's growth is expected to be particularly strong in regions with high cloud adoption rates and robust digital infrastructure. The competitive landscape will likely remain dynamic, with mergers and acquisitions, strategic partnerships, and continuous product innovation shaping the market's trajectory. Overall, the DBPaaS market is poised for substantial growth, driven by a confluence of technological advancements and evolving business needs. Assuming a conservative CAGR of 20% (a reasonable estimate considering the high growth sectors involved), and a 2025 market size of $50 Billion, we can project substantial future growth.

Distributed SQL Database as a Service Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Distributed SQL Database as a Service market size reached USD 1.12 billion in 2024, reflecting robust momentum in cloud-native database adoption. The market is poised for substantial growth, projected to expand at a CAGR of 25.6% from 2025 to 2033. By the end of 2033, the market is expected to achieve a value of approximately USD 8.8 billion. This remarkable growth trajectory is primarily driven by enterprises’ increasing demand for high-availability, scalable, and globally distributed data management solutions, as well as the proliferation of cloud infrastructure and digital transformation initiatives across all major industries.

A key growth factor for the Distributed SQL Database as a Service market is the rapid shift towards cloud-native architectures and microservices-based applications. Enterprises are increasingly realizing the limitations of traditional relational databases in handling globally distributed workloads and mission-critical, real-time transactional data. The need for elastic scalability, continuous availability, and seamless geo-distribution has propelled organizations to adopt distributed SQL databases delivered as a service. This shift is further reinforced by the growing adoption of hybrid and multi-cloud strategies, which require databases capable of operating efficiently across diverse cloud and on-premises environments. As organizations prioritize agility and business continuity, the demand for Distributed SQL Database as a Service is expected to accelerate over the forecast period.

Another significant driver is the surge in data volumes generated by digital business processes, IoT devices, and customer-facing applications. Modern enterprises, especially those in sectors such as BFSI, retail, e-commerce, and telecommunications, require robust data platforms that can process, analyze, and store massive amounts of structured and semi-structured data in real time. Distributed SQL Database as a Service solutions offer horizontal scaling, strong consistency, and automated failover, making them ideal for supporting high-throughput transaction management and analytics workloads. Furthermore, the integration of advanced security features, compliance capabilities, and automated management tools has made these solutions attractive for organizations seeking to reduce operational complexity and total cost of ownership.

The market’s expansion is also fueled by the increasing focus on digital transformation and modernization of legacy IT systems. As enterprises embark on cloud migration journeys, they are leveraging Distributed SQL Database as a Service to modernize their data infrastructure, enhance application performance, and improve customer experiences. The proliferation of SaaS, mobile, and edge computing applications necessitates databases that can operate seamlessly across geographies and deliver low-latency access to data. Additionally, the availability of flexible deployment models, including public, private, and hybrid clouds, allows organizations to tailor their database strategies to meet regulatory, security, and performance requirements. These factors collectively contribute to the sustained growth of the Distributed SQL Database as a Service market.

From a regional perspective, North America continues to dominate the Distributed SQL Database as a Service market, accounting for the largest revenue share in 2024, owing to the early adoption of cloud technologies and the presence of leading technology vendors. However, Asia Pacific is emerging as the fastest-growing region, driven by rapid digitalization, increased cloud investments, and expanding IT infrastructure in countries such as China, India, and Japan. Europe also demonstrates strong growth potential, supported by stringent data protection regulations and the rising adoption of cloud-based database solutions among enterprises. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are gradually catching up, with increasing awareness and investments in cloud-native data platforms. The regional landscape is expected to evolve further as organizations worldwide embrace distributed database technologies to gain competitive advantage.

NoSQL Database as a Service Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global NoSQL Database as a Service (DBaaS) market size reached USD 5.8 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a robust CAGR of 18.7% during the forecast period. By 2033, the market is forecasted to reach a substantial USD 32.2 billion, reflecting the accelerating adoption of scalable, flexible, and cloud-native database solutions across industries. This impressive growth is primarily driven by the mounting demand for real-time data processing, the proliferation of unstructured and semi-structured data, and the increasing digital transformation initiatives among enterprises globally.

The rapid expansion of digital business models and the explosion of big data have been pivotal in fueling the growth of the NoSQL Database as a Service market. Organizations are increasingly shifting away from traditional relational databases due to their limitations in managing large volumes of unstructured data, which is common in modern applications such as IoT, social media, and big data analytics. NoSQL DBaaS offers superior scalability, high availability, and flexible schema design, enabling enterprises to deliver high-performance applications without the constraints of legacy database architectures. The cloud-based delivery model further enhances accessibility and reduces the total cost of ownership, making it a compelling choice for businesses looking to innovate and scale rapidly.

Another significant growth factor is the surge in demand for real-time analytics and personalized customer experiences. Modern enterprises, especially in sectors like retail, BFSI, and healthcare, require instant insights from diverse data sources to make informed decisions and enhance user engagement. NoSQL DBaaS platforms are designed to handle massive data inflows, support low-latency operations, and integrate seamlessly with advanced analytics and AI/ML tools. This ability to process and analyze data in real time is crucial for applications such as fraud detection, recommendation engines, and predictive maintenance, further driving the adoption of NoSQL Database as a Service solutions.

The evolving regulatory landscape and growing concerns around data security and compliance are also influencing the NoSQL DBaaS market. Service providers are investing heavily in robust security frameworks, encryption, and compliance certifications to address the stringent requirements of industries such as healthcare and finance. This focus on security, combined with the agility and scalability of cloud-native NoSQL databases, is encouraging even risk-averse organizations to migrate their mission-critical workloads to DBaaS platforms. As a result, the market is witnessing increased traction from both large enterprises and small and medium-sized businesses seeking to balance innovation with compliance.

Regionally, North America continues to dominate the NoSQL Database as a Service market, accounting for the largest revenue share in 2024. The regionÂ’s leadership is attributed to the early adoption of cloud technologies, a mature digital ecosystem, and the presence of major DBaaS providers. However, Asia Pacific is emerging as the fastest-growing region, driven by rapid digitalization, the expansion of e-commerce, and government-led smart city initiatives. Europe is also witnessing steady growth, supported by stringent data privacy regulations and increasing investments in cloud infrastructure. The market dynamics in Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are evolving, with growing awareness and adoption of cloud-based database solutions across various sectors.

The concept of Database-as-a-Service (DBaaS) is revolutionizing how organizations manage and access their data. By offering database functionalities as a cloud service, DBaaS eliminates the need for physical hardware and complex installations, allowing businesses to focus on their core operations. This service model provides flexibility and scalability, enabling companies to adjust their database resources according to demand without significant upfront investments. As more enterprises embrace digital transformation, the demand for DBaaS is expected to grow, driven by its ability to streamline operations and reduce IT overhead.

Distributed SQL Database Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the Global Distributed SQL Database market size was valued at $1.2 billion in 2024 and is projected to reach $7.8 billion by 2033, expanding at a robust CAGR of 23.1% during the forecast period of 2025–2033. The primary driver fueling this remarkable growth is the escalating demand for highly available, horizontally scalable, and resilient database architectures among enterprises undergoing digital transformation. As organizations increasingly migrate mission-critical workloads to the cloud and require real-time, global data consistency, distributed SQL databases have emerged as a pivotal solution, offering both the scalability of NoSQL systems and the transactional guarantees of traditional relational databases. This convergence of scalability and consistency is proving indispensable in supporting modern application workloads, especially in industries where uptime, performance, and data integrity are non-negotiable.

Regional Outlook

North America currently commands the largest share of the Distributed SQL Database market, accounting for approximately 38% of the global revenue in 2024. This dominance is underpinned by a mature IT ecosystem, widespread adoption of cloud-native architectures, and a high concentration of technology-forward enterprises across sectors such as BFSI, IT and telecommunications, and retail. The United States, in particular, is home to major distributed SQL database vendors and benefits from a vibrant culture of innovation, robust venture capital activity, and proactive regulatory frameworks that encourage digital infrastructure modernization. Furthermore, North American enterprises are early adopters of hybrid and multi-cloud strategies, which necessitate distributed databases capable of maintaining strong consistency and low latency across diverse environments.

Asia Pacific is poised to be the fastest-growing region in the Distributed SQL Database market with an anticipated CAGR of 27.5% from 2025 to 2033. This rapid growth is driven by surging investments in digital transformation initiatives, especially in China, India, Japan, and Southeast Asia. Enterprises in these economies are actively modernizing their IT infrastructures, with a particular focus on cloud migration, real-time analytics, and omnichannel customer experiences. Government-led smart city projects, expanding fintech ecosystems, and the proliferation of e-commerce platforms are further spurring demand for distributed SQL databases that can handle massive transaction volumes and deliver high availability across geographically dispersed locations. As a result, global and regional vendors are intensifying their presence and partnerships in Asia Pacific to capitalize on this burgeoning opportunity.

Emerging markets in Latin America, the Middle East, and Africa are also witnessing a gradual uptick in distributed SQL database adoption, albeit from a lower base. These regions face unique challenges such as limited IT infrastructure, budget constraints, and a shortage of skilled database professionals. However, localized demand is being catalyzed by the rise of digital banking, regulatory mandates for data sovereignty, and the increasing digitization of public services. Policy reforms aimed at fostering technology adoption and the entry of global cloud service providers are beginning to bridge the digital divide, but market penetration remains uneven. Overcoming barriers such as connectivity issues and legacy system integration will be crucial for unlocking the full potential of distributed SQL databases in these emerging economies.

Report Scope

Database As A Service (DBaaS) Market size was valued at USD 84,813.53 Million in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 304,028.77 Million by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 17.28% from 2026 to 2032.

Global Database As A Service (DBaaS) Market Overview

Databases as a service market have grown dramatically due to the increased adoption of cloud technologies. The demand for scalable, affordable solutions, remote work, and digital transformation drive cloud use. The benefits of cloud adoption include increased productivity, scalability, cost savings, and the opportunity to use cutting-edge technology such as artificial intelligence and machine learning. Furthermore, the increasing adoption of hybrid and multi-cloud methods. By combining public and private cloud services, hybrid cloud solutions enable businesses to benefit from both. While a public cloud offers scalability and cost-effectiveness, a private cloud, which is frequently deployed on-premises, offers improved security and control.

This is the first data release from the Public Utility Data Liberation (PUDL) project. It can be referenced & cited using https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3653159

For more information about the free and open source software used to generate this data release, see Catalyst Cooperative's PUDL repository on Github, and the associated documentation on Read The Docs. This data release was generated using v0.3.1 of the catalystcoop.pudl python package.

Included Data Packages

This release consists of three tabular data packages, conforming to the standards published by Frictionless Data and the Open Knowledge Foundation. The data are stored in CSV files (some of which are compressed using gzip), and the associated metadata is stored as JSON. These tabular data can be used to populate a relational database.

• pudl-eia860-eia923:
  Data originally collected and published by the US Energy Information Administration (US EIA). The data from EIA Form 860 covers the years 2011-2018. The Form 923 data covers 2009-2018. A large majority of the data published in the original data sources has been included, but some parts, like fuel stocks on hand, and EIA 923 schedules 6, 7, & 8 have not yet been integrated.
• pudl-eia860-eia923-epacems:
  This data package contains all of the same data as the pudl-eia860-eia923 package above, as well as the Hourly Emissions data from the US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) Continuous Emissions Monitoring System (CEMS) from 1995-2018. The EPA CEMS data covers thousands of power plants at hourly resolution for decades, and contains close to a billion records.
• pudl-ferc1:
  Seven data tables from FERC Form 1 are included, primarily relating to individual power plants, and covering the years 1994-2018 (the entire span of time for which FERC provides this data). These tables are the only ones which have been subjected to any cleaning or organization for programmatic use within PUDL. The complete, raw FERC Form 1 database contains 116 different tables with many thousands of columns of mostly financial data. We will archive a complete copy of the multi-year FERC Form 1 Database as a file-based SQLite database at Zenodo, independent of this data release. It can also be re-generated using the catalystcoop.pudl Python package and the original source data files archived as part of this data release.

Contact Us

If you're using PUDL, we would love to hear from you! Even if it's just a note to let us know that you exist, and how you're using the software or data. You can also:

• Subscribe to our announcements list for email updates.
• Use the Github issue tracker to file bugs, suggest improvements, or ask for help.
• Email the project team at pudl@catalyst.coop for private communications.
• Follow @CatalystCoop on Twitter.

Using the Data

The data packages are just CSVs (data) and JSON (metadata) files. They can be used with a variety of tools on many platforms. However, the data is organized primarily with the idea that it will be loaded into a relational database, and the PUDL Python package that was used to generate this data release can facilitate that process. Once the data is loaded into a database, you can access that DB however you like.

Make sure conda is installed

None of these commands will work without the conda Python package manager installed, either via Anaconda or miniconda:

• Install Anaconda
• Install miniconda

Download the data

First download the files from the Zenodo archive into a new empty directory. A couple of them are very large (5-10 GB), and depending on what you're trying to do you may not need them.

• If you don't want to recreate the data release from scratch by re-running the entire ETL process yourself, and you don't want to create a full clone of the original FERC Form 1 database, including all of the data that has not yet been integrated into PUDL, then you don't need to download pudl-input-data.tgz.
• If you don't need the EPA CEMS Hourly Emissions data, you do not need to download pudl-eia860-eia923-epacems.tgz.

Load All of PUDL in a Single Line

Use cd to get into your new directory at the terminal (in Linux or Mac OS), or open up an Anaconda terminal in that directory if you're on Windows.

If you have downloaded all of the files from the archive, and you want it all to be accessible locally, you can run a single shell script, called load-pudl.sh:

bash pudl-load.sh

This will do the following:

• Load the FERC Form 1, EIA Form 860, and EIA Form 923 data packages into an SQLite database which can be found at sqlite/pudl.sqlite.
• Convert the EPA CEMS data package into an Apache Parquet dataset which can be found at parquet/epacems.
• Clone all of the FERC Form 1 annual databases into a single SQLite database which can be found at sqlite/ferc1.sqlite.

Selectively Load PUDL Data

If you don't want to download and load all of the PUDL data, you can load each of the above datasets separately.

Create the PUDL conda Environment

This installs the PUDL software locally, and a couple of other useful packages:

conda create --yes --name pudl --channel conda-forge \
  --strict-channel-priority \
  python=3.7 catalystcoop.pudl=0.3.1 dask jupyter jupyterlab seaborn pip
conda activate pudl

Create a PUDL data management workspace

Use the PUDL setup script to create a new data management environment inside this directory. After you run this command you'll see some other directories show up, like parquet, sqlite, data etc.

pudl_setup ./

Extract and load the FERC Form 1 and EIA 860/923 data

If you just want the FERC Form 1 and EIA 860/923 data that has been integrated into PUDL, you only need to download pudl-ferc1.tgz and pudl-eia860-eia923.tgz. Then extract them in the same directory where you ran pudl_setup:

tar -xzf pudl-ferc1.tgz
tar -xzf pudl-eia860-eia923.tgz

To make use of the FERC Form 1 and EIA 860/923 data, you'll probably want to load them into a local database. The datapkg_to_sqlite script that comes with PUDL will do that for you:

datapkg_to_sqlite \
  datapkg/pudl-data-release/pudl-ferc1/datapackage.json \
  datapkg/pudl-data-release/pudl-eia860-eia923/datapackage.json \
  -o datapkg/pudl-data-release/pudl-merged/

Now you should be able to connect to the database (~300 MB) which is stored in sqlite/pudl.sqlite.

Extract EPA CEMS and convert to Apache Parquet

If you want to work with the EPA CEMS data, which is much larger, we recommend converting it to an Apache Parquet dataset with the included epacems_to_parquet script. Then you can read those files into dataframes directly. In Python you can use the pandas.DataFrame.read_parquet() method. If you need to work with more data than can fit in memory at one time, we recommend using Dask dataframes. Converting the entire dataset from datapackages into Apache Parquet may take an hour or more:

tar -xzf pudl-eia860-eia923-epacems.tgz
epacems_to_parquet datapkg/pudl-data-release/pudl-eia860-eia923-epacems/datapackage.json

You should find the Parquet dataset (~5 GB) under parquet/epacems, partitioned by year and state for easier querying.

Clone the raw FERC Form 1 Databases

If you want to access the entire set of original, raw FERC Form 1 data (of which only a small subset has been cleaned and integrated into PUDL) you can extract the original input data that's part of the Zenodo archive and run the ferc1_to_sqlite script using the same settings file that was used to generate the data release:

tar -xzf pudl-input-data.tgz
ferc1_to_sqlite data-release-settings.yml

You'll find the FERC Form 1 database (~820 MB) in sqlite/ferc1.sqlite.

Data Quality Control

We have performed basic sanity checks on much but not all of the data compiled in PUDL to ensure that we identify any major issues we might have introduced through our processing

In-Memory Database as a Service Market Outlook

As per our latest research, the global In-Memory Database as a Service (DBaaS) market size reached USD 3.85 billion in 2024, reflecting robust adoption across industries. The market is expected to grow at a strong CAGR of 25.4% from 2025 to 2033, reaching a projected value of USD 31.1 billion by 2033. This remarkable growth trajectory is driven by the increasing demand for ultra-fast data processing, real-time analytics, and the proliferation of cloud-based services across diverse sectors.

A key growth factor for the In-Memory DBaaS market is the exponential increase in data generation and the need for real-time data processing. Organizations are increasingly relying on data-driven decision-making, which necessitates rapid access to and analysis of large datasets. In-memory databases, by storing data directly in the main memory rather than on disk, offer significantly faster data retrieval and transaction processing. This capability is particularly vital for applications in financial services, telecommunications, retail, and healthcare, where milliseconds can make a substantial difference in outcomes. As enterprises continue to digitalize operations and customer expectations for instantaneous services grow, the demand for in-memory database solutions delivered as a service is expected to surge.

Another major driver is the widespread adoption of cloud computing and the shift towards hybrid and multi-cloud strategies. In-Memory DBaaS platforms offer organizations the flexibility to scale resources up or down based on workload demands, without the need for significant capital investment in physical infrastructure. The cloud-based delivery model also simplifies database management, maintenance, and disaster recovery, making it an attractive proposition for both small and large enterprises. Additionally, the integration of advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and IoT with in-memory databases is enhancing their capabilities, enabling more sophisticated analytics and supporting complex, data-intensive applications.

Furthermore, the increasing focus on digital transformation initiatives across industries is propelling the adoption of In-Memory DBaaS solutions. Companies are seeking to modernize their IT infrastructures to stay competitive, improve operational efficiency, and deliver enhanced customer experiences. In-memory databases provide the performance, scalability, and reliability required for next-generation applications, such as personalized recommendations, fraud detection, and real-time supply chain optimization. The availability of managed DBaaS offerings from leading cloud providers is further lowering the barriers to entry, enabling organizations of all sizes to leverage the benefits of in-memory computing without the need for specialized in-house expertise.

From a regional perspective, North America currently holds the largest share of the global In-Memory DBaaS market, driven by the presence of major technology companies, early adoption of cloud services, and significant investments in digital infrastructure. However, the Asia Pacific region is expected to exhibit the highest growth rate over the forecast period, fueled by rapid digitalization, expanding IT and telecom sectors, and increasing investments in cloud computing across countries such as China, India, and Japan. Europe and Latin America are also witnessing growing adoption, supported by favorable regulatory environments and the rising need for agile, real-time data solutions in sectors like BFSI, healthcare, and retail.

Database Type Analysis

The In-Memory Database as a Service market is segmented by database type into Relational, NoSQL, and NewSQL databases. Relational databases continue to dominate the market, owing to their widespread use in enterprise applications that require robust transactional integrity and structured data management. The familiarity of SQL and the maturity of relational database management systems make them a preferred choice for organizations migrating mission-critical workloads to the cloud. Many leading DBaaS providers offer fully managed relational in-memory solutions, enabling seamless integration with existing enterprise ecosystems and supporting a wide range of business applications.

NoSQL in-memory databases are gaining significant traction, particularly among organizations dealing with unstructured or semi-structured data and requiring h

The Managed Relational Database Service (MRDS) market has witnessed significant growth over the past few years, evolving into a crucial component of modern IT infrastructure. This service provides businesses with automated management of relational databases, allowing them to focus more on their core operations while

NoSQL Database as a Service (DBaaS) Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global NoSQL Database as a Service (DBaaS) market size reached USD 7.4 billion in 2024. The market is experiencing robust expansion, driven by the increasing adoption of cloud-native applications and the growing need for scalable, flexible data management solutions. The market is projected to reach USD 36.2 billion by 2033, growing at an impressive CAGR of 19.5% from 2025 to 2033. This growth is largely fueled by the proliferation of big data, the rise of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, and enterprises’ accelerating digital transformation initiatives.

The NoSQL Database as a Service market is being propelled by the exponential increase in unstructured and semi-structured data generated across industries. Traditional relational databases often struggle to handle the velocity, variety, and volume of modern data streams, creating a significant opportunity for NoSQL DBaaS solutions. These platforms offer high scalability, flexible schema design, and seamless integration capabilities, which are essential for businesses dealing with dynamic workloads and real-time analytics. As organizations prioritize digital agility and look to leverage data for competitive advantage, the adoption of NoSQL DBaaS is becoming a strategic imperative, especially among enterprises seeking to modernize their IT infrastructure and support next-generation applications.

Another critical growth factor for the NoSQL Database as a Service market is the widespread migration to cloud environments. Cloud-native architectures are designed to maximize scalability, availability, and performance, all of which are core strengths of NoSQL DBaaS platforms. Enterprises are increasingly shifting from on-premises databases to cloud-based solutions to benefit from reduced operational overhead, flexible pricing models, and global accessibility. The ability of NoSQL DBaaS to support multi-cloud and hybrid cloud strategies is further accelerating adoption, as businesses look to avoid vendor lock-in and ensure business continuity. The integration of advanced features such as automated scaling, backup, and disaster recovery is also contributing to the market’s sustained growth.

Moreover, the rising demand for real-time analytics, personalization, and IoT-driven applications is significantly impacting the NoSQL Database as a Service market. Modern applications require rapid data ingestion, low-latency processing, and high availability, which are areas where NoSQL DBaaS excels. Industries such as retail and e-commerce, BFSI, and healthcare are leveraging these platforms to deliver enhanced customer experiences, streamline operations, and drive innovation. The increasing focus on data security, compliance, and privacy is prompting vendors to offer robust security features and certifications, making NoSQL DBaaS an attractive option for regulated industries as well.

From a regional perspective, North America continues to dominate the NoSQL Database as a Service market, accounting for the largest revenue share in 2024 due to the presence of major technology providers and early adoption of cloud-based solutions. However, the Asia Pacific region is emerging as the fastest-growing market, driven by rapid digitalization, expanding IT infrastructure, and the growing presence of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) embracing cloud technologies. Europe also holds a significant market share, supported by strong investments in digital transformation and data-driven initiatives across various industries. The Middle East & Africa and Latin America are witnessing steady growth, with increasing cloud adoption and government-led digitalization programs.

Database Type Analysis

The NoSQL Database as a Service market is segmented by database type into Document-Based, Key-Value Store, Column-Based, Graph-Based, and Others. Document-based databases, such as MongoDB and Couchbase, have gained substantial traction due to their flexibility in handling complex, semi-structured data like JSON and XML. These databases are widely used in content management systems, e-commerce platforms, and real-time analytics applications. Their ability to scale horizontally and support dynamic schema designs makes them ideal for rapidly evolving business requirements, thereby capturing a significant share of the market.

Distributed Relational Database Market size is growing at a moderate pace with substantial growth rates over the last few years and is estimated that the market will grow significantly in the forecasted period i.e. 2024 to 2031.

Global Distributed Relational Database Market Drivers

The market drivers for the Distributed Relational Database Market can be influenced by various factors. These may include:

Growing Data Volume: Organizations require scalable and effective methods to handle and process massive amounts of data due to the exponential growth in data generation. Scalability and enhanced performance are two features that make distributed relational databases a good option for managing large amounts of data.

Cloud Adoption: The market for distributed relational databases has been greatly impacted by the emergence of cloud computing. Cloud platforms are encouraging the usage of distributed databases in cloud environments with their scalable infrastructure and managed database services. Distributed databases are also included by cloud providers into their services, increasing accessibility.

Global Distributed Relational Database Market Restraints

Several factors can act as restraints or challenges for the Distributed Relational Database Market. These may include:

Complexity in Management: Complex configurations and management are frequently associated with distributed relational databases. It can be difficult to ensure data consistency, manage distributed transactions, and deal with node failures; these tasks may call for specific knowledge and resources.

High Initial Costs: Including infrastructure investments and licensing fees, the implementation of distributed relational databases might come with a hefty upfront cost. These upfront expenses may prevent adoption in smaller businesses or those with tighter budgets.

Graph Database-as-a-Service Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Graph Database-as-a-Service market size reached USD 2.1 billion in 2024, reflecting a robust expansion across multiple industries. The market is exhibiting a strong compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 25.6%, and is projected to attain a value of USD 15.2 billion by 2033. This impressive growth trajectory is primarily driven by the increasing demand for highly scalable, flexible, and cloud-native data management solutions that can efficiently handle complex, interconnected datasets. The proliferation of digital transformation initiatives, surging adoption of advanced analytics, and the critical need for real-time data insights are further propelling the market forward, as organizations across sectors strive to optimize operations and unlock new business opportunities through graph-based technologies.

A significant factor fueling the expansion of the Graph Database-as-a-Service market is the escalating complexity of enterprise data environments. Traditional relational databases are often ill-equipped to manage the intricate relationships and dynamic data structures prevalent in modern business contexts. As a result, organizations are turning to graph databases for their ability to model, store, and analyze highly connected data efficiently. The rise of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and big data analytics has also intensified the need for data platforms that can seamlessly integrate with these technologies. Graph Database-as-a-Service solutions, with their cloud-native architecture and managed service offerings, enable businesses to rapidly deploy, scale, and maintain graph databases without the overhead of on-premises infrastructure, thus accelerating innovation and reducing operational costs.

Another key growth driver is the surge in demand for real-time analytics and personalized customer experiences across industries such as BFSI, retail, healthcare, and telecommunications. Graph databases excel at uncovering hidden patterns, detecting fraud, and enabling recommendation engines, which are critical for delivering tailored services and mitigating risks. Enterprises are leveraging Graph Database-as-a-Service platforms to enhance customer analytics, streamline risk and compliance management, and optimize network and IT operations. The flexibility of deployment models—including public, private, and hybrid cloud—further amplifies adoption, as organizations can select the architecture that best aligns with their security, scalability, and regulatory requirements. The integration of graph databases with existing IT ecosystems and the availability of robust APIs and developer tools are making it increasingly accessible for businesses of all sizes to harness the power of connected data.

From a regional perspective, North America continues to dominate the Graph Database-as-a-Service market, owing to its advanced technological infrastructure, early adoption of cloud computing, and a vibrant ecosystem of innovative startups and established enterprises. Europe is witnessing rapid growth, driven by stringent data privacy regulations and the increasing digitalization of industries. The Asia Pacific region is emerging as a significant growth engine, propelled by the expansion of e-commerce, financial services, and healthcare sectors, coupled with substantial investments in digital transformation initiatives. As organizations worldwide recognize the strategic value of graph data management, the market is expected to experience widespread adoption across both developed and emerging economies, with tailored solutions catering to diverse industry verticals and regulatory landscapes.

Component Analysis

The Graph Database-as-a-Service market is segmented by component into software and services, each playing a pivotal role in shaping the overall market dynamics. The software segment encompasses the core graph database platforms and associated tools that facilitate data modeling, querying, visualization, and integration. These platforms are designed to deliver high performance, scalability, and ease of use, enabling organizations to manage complex relationships and large volumes of interconnected data seamlessly. Leading vendors are continuously innovating, introducing advanced features such as multi-model support, enhanced security, and automated scaling, which are driving widespread adoption across various industry verticals. The software component is particularly critical for enterprise

There are two CSV files and one R script used to produce the tables and figures in "Estimating the relationship between water utility workforce quality and water utility performance" published in AWWA Water Science. The manuscript was accepted in August 2025. Any questions about the data can be directed towards Robin Rose Saywitz at robin.saywitz@slu.edu.

The Cloud Database Management System (Cloud DBMS) market is experiencing robust growth, driven by the increasing adoption of cloud computing, the need for scalable and flexible data solutions, and the rising demand for real-time analytics. The market's expansion is fueled by several key factors: Firstly, businesses are migrating their on-premise databases to the cloud to leverage cost efficiencies, enhanced scalability, and improved disaster recovery capabilities. Secondly, the proliferation of big data and the need for advanced analytics are driving demand for cloud-based solutions that can handle massive datasets efficiently. Thirdly, the increasing adoption of cloud-native applications necessitates cloud-compatible database solutions. While specific market size figures are unavailable, assuming a conservative CAGR of 20% based on industry reports for similar technology sectors, and a base year 2025 value of $50 billion (a reasonable estimate considering the presence of major players like Amazon, Microsoft, and Google), the market is projected to reach approximately $120 Billion by 2033. This growth is, however, tempered by factors like security concerns surrounding cloud data storage and the complexities associated with migrating existing database systems to cloud platforms. The competitive landscape is fiercely competitive with major players like Amazon (AWS), Microsoft (Azure), Google Cloud Platform (GCP), Oracle, IBM, and newer entrants like Snowflake and MongoDB vying for market share. These companies offer a diverse range of database solutions, including relational, NoSQL, and data warehouse options, catering to a broad spectrum of user needs. Different geographical regions demonstrate varying adoption rates, with North America and Europe currently leading the market due to higher cloud adoption rates and advanced digital infrastructure. However, Asia-Pacific is expected to show significant growth in the coming years, driven by increasing digitalization efforts and rising cloud adoption across various industries. The long-term outlook for the Cloud DBMS market remains positive, with continued growth predicted driven by ongoing technological advancements, expanding adoption across industries, and the consistent shift towards cloud-centric strategies.

Cloud SQL Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Cloud SQL market size in 2024 stands at USD 7.8 billion, reflecting robust adoption across industries. The market is poised for significant expansion, projected to reach USD 32.5 billion by 2033, growing at a compelling CAGR of 17.2% during the forecast period. This remarkable growth is primarily driven by the increasing demand for scalable, flexible, and cost-efficient database management solutions that support digital transformation initiatives worldwide.

A primary growth factor for the Cloud SQL market is the accelerating shift toward cloud-based infrastructure in organizations of all sizes. Enterprises are increasingly migrating their data workloads to the cloud to leverage benefits such as reduced operational costs, enhanced scalability, and improved data accessibility. Cloud SQL solutions, with their managed database services, eliminate the need for manual database maintenance and updates, thereby allowing IT teams to focus on core business activities. Furthermore, the proliferation of data from IoT devices, mobile applications, and digital services is generating an unprecedented amount of structured and unstructured data, necessitating robust database solutions that can seamlessly scale with demand. As organizations prioritize agility and innovation, the adoption of Cloud SQL platforms is becoming integral to their IT strategies.

Another significant driver is the growing emphasis on data security, compliance, and disaster recovery. Cloud SQL services offer advanced security features, including data encryption, automated backups, and multi-region replication, ensuring business continuity and regulatory compliance. The rise in cyber threats and stringent data protection regulations such as GDPR and HIPAA have made secure data management a top priority for enterprises. By leveraging Cloud SQL, organizations can mitigate the risks associated with data breaches and ensure that their critical business information is protected against potential threats. Additionally, the ability to automate backup and recovery processes reduces downtime and safeguards against data loss, further enhancing the value proposition of cloud-based SQL databases.

The integration of advanced analytics and artificial intelligence is also catalyzing the expansion of the Cloud SQL market. Organizations are increasingly harnessing the power of business intelligence and analytics tools to extract actionable insights from their data. Cloud SQL platforms facilitate seamless integration with analytics solutions, enabling real-time data processing and visualization. This capability is particularly valuable for industries such as retail, healthcare, and BFSI, where timely insights can drive better decision-making and competitive advantage. As digital transformation accelerates, the need for agile, intelligent, and data-driven operations will continue to fuel the adoption of Cloud SQL solutions across diverse sectors.

From a regional perspective, North America currently dominates the Cloud SQL market, accounting for the largest share in 2024, driven by the presence of leading cloud service providers, rapid technological advancements, and high digital adoption rates. Europe follows closely, propelled by stringent data privacy regulations and strong demand from sectors such as BFSI and healthcare. The Asia Pacific region is anticipated to witness the fastest growth, with a CAGR exceeding 19%, fueled by increasing cloud adoption among SMEs, government digitalization initiatives, and a burgeoning IT services sector. Meanwhile, Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are gradually catching up, with growing investments in cloud infrastructure and digital transformation projects.

Database Type Analysis

The Cloud SQL market is broadly segmented by database type into relational and non-relational databases. Relational databases, such as MySQL, PostgreSQL, and Microsoft SQL Server, continue to dominate the market due to their widespread use in transactional applications and enterprise workloads. These databases are prized for their ability to maintain data integrity, support complex queries, and provide consistent performance. Businesses in industries like BFSI, healthcare, and retail rely heavily on relational databases for mission-critical applications where data accuracy and reliability are paramount. The demand for managed relational database services in the cloud is further boosted by the need for seamless migration fr