Inflation rates for the lowest income households were almost always higher than for the highest income households between 2005 and 2021. The biggest difference was seen in December 2008, when the lowest income households experienced inflation rates 0.8 percent greater than the highest income households. In 2021, the difference in the inflation rate experienced by the lowest income households and the highest income households fell considerably, reaching -0.52 percent in July 2021, meaning that inflation was 0.52 percent higher for the highest earners versus the lowest earners.

The Consumer Price Index The consumer price index (CPI) measures the rate of inflation on a basket of goods as a way to document the general inflationary experience of all urban consumers. While this measure of inflation can give us insights into the general price increases of consumer goods, it may not reflect the actual inflation experienced by any given household. Consumers from different income brackets actually behave quite differently when it comes to consumption preferences and their willingness to pay.

Inflation in 2022 2022 was an exceptional year for inflation worldwide due to a multitude of factors relating to the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The inflation rate in the United States reached a high of 9.1 percent during the summer, with consumers experiencing record fuel prices, and increased concerns over the state of the economy. Despite the 2021 figures indicating that inflation has been higher for the highest earners, the pandemic saw U.S. billionaires increase their wealth by 57 percent between March 2020 and March 2022.

The dataset represents the joint dynamics of Financial Stress Index (FSI), Consumer Price Index (CPI) calculated and provided by the National Bank of Ukraine (NBU) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) provided by SSSU for Ukraine.

The monthly dataset range is Feb 2004-Feb 2022, the effective balanced range is Jan 2011-Dec 2021.

The daily FSI data is aggregated into monthly series as a period average. The CPI series are monthly. The quarterly GDP data is seasonally adjusted and interpolated into monthly data with the use of ARIMA model and cubic spline method accordingly, converted into year-over-year series (dGDP).

This scatter chart displays inflation (annual %) against fossil fuel energy consumption (% of total). The data is about countries.

Inflation Expectations in the United States decreased to 3.20 percent in May from 3.60 percent in April of 2025. This dataset provides - United States Consumer Inflation Expectations- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

This scatter chart displays inflation (annual %) against renewable energy consumption (% of total final energy consumption) in Burkina Faso. The data is filtered where the date is 2021. The data is about countries per year.

SCE: Distribution of 3 Year Ahead Expected Inflation Rate: 1% to 2% data was reported at 6.039 % in Apr 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 7.658 % for Mar 2025. SCE: Distribution of 3 Year Ahead Expected Inflation Rate: 1% to 2% data is updated monthly, averaging 12.424 % from Jun 2013 (Median) to Apr 2025, with 143 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 18.684 % in Aug 2019 and a record low of 5.037 % in Feb 2022. SCE: Distribution of 3 Year Ahead Expected Inflation Rate: 1% to 2% data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal Reserve Bank of New York. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.H078: Survey of Consumer Expectations: Inflation.

SCE: Distribution of 5 Year Ahead Expected Inflation Rate: 1% to 2% data was reported at 7.174 % in Apr 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 7.233 % for Mar 2025. SCE: Distribution of 5 Year Ahead Expected Inflation Rate: 1% to 2% data is updated monthly, averaging 7.966 % from Jan 2022 (Median) to Apr 2025, with 40 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 10.682 % in Feb 2024 and a record low of 5.098 % in May 2022. SCE: Distribution of 5 Year Ahead Expected Inflation Rate: 1% to 2% data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal Reserve Bank of New York. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.H078: Survey of Consumer Expectations: Inflation.

This paper uses disaggregate inflation data spanning all of consumption to examine: (i) the persistence of disaggregate inflation relative to aggregate inflation; (ii) the distribution of persistence across consumption sectors; and (iii) whether persistence has changed. Assuming mean inflation to be unchanged, disaggregate persistence inflation is consistently below aggregate persistence. Taking into account an early 1990s shift in mean inflation identified by break tests yields much lower estimates of both aggregate and disaggregate persistence for 1984-2002. But with the mean break, average disaggregate persistence is actually as great as aggregate inflation persistence. A factor model provides a natural framework for interpreting the relationship between aggregate and disaggregate persistence.

SCE: Distribution of 5 Year Ahead Expected Inflation Rate: Less Than 0% data was reported at 28.374 % in Apr 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 22.061 % for Mar 2025. SCE: Distribution of 5 Year Ahead Expected Inflation Rate: Less Than 0% data is updated monthly, averaging 21.942 % from Jan 2022 (Median) to Apr 2025, with 40 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 30.233 % in Jun 2022 and a record low of 15.468 % in Feb 2024. SCE: Distribution of 5 Year Ahead Expected Inflation Rate: Less Than 0% data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal Reserve Bank of New York. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.H078: Survey of Consumer Expectations: Inflation.

Graph and download economic data for FOMC Summary of Economic Projections for the Personal Consumption Expenditures Inflation Rate, Range, High (PCECTPIRH) from 2025 to 2027 about projection, PCE, consumption expenditures, consumption, personal, inflation, rate, and USA.

View data of PCE, an index that measures monthly changes in the price of consumer goods and services as a means of analyzing inflation.

We explain how measures of consumer prices are computed and what the differences are between the consumer price index (CPI) and the personal consumption expenditures (PCE) price index. We also explain various measures used to gauge underlying inflation, or the long-term trend in prices, such as median and trimmed-mean inflation rates and core inflation.

SCE: Inflation Expectation: 1 Year Ahead: Median Point Prediction data was reported at 4.789 % in Apr 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 4.528 % for Mar 2025. SCE: Inflation Expectation: 1 Year Ahead: Median Point Prediction data is updated monthly, averaging 3.442 % from Jun 2013 (Median) to Apr 2025, with 143 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 8.462 % in Mar 2022 and a record low of 2.913 % in Aug 2019. SCE: Inflation Expectation: 1 Year Ahead: Median Point Prediction data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal Reserve Bank of New York. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.H078: Survey of Consumer Expectations: Inflation.

The inflation rate in the United States is expected to decrease to 2.1 percent by 2029. 2022 saw a year of exceptionally high inflation, reaching eight percent for the year. The data represents U.S. city averages. The base period was 1982-84. In economics, the inflation rate is a measurement of inflation, the rate of increase of a price index (in this case: consumer price index). It is the percentage rate of change in prices level over time. The rate of decrease in the purchasing power of money is approximately equal. According to the forecast, prices will increase by 2.9 percent in 2024. The annual inflation rate for previous years can be found here and the consumer price index for all urban consumers here. The monthly inflation rate for the United States can also be accessed here. Inflation in the U.S.Inflation is a term used to describe a general rise in the price of goods and services in an economy over a given period of time. Inflation in the United States is calculated using the consumer price index (CPI). The consumer price index is a measure of change in the price level of a preselected market basket of consumer goods and services purchased by households. This forecast of U.S. inflation was prepared by the International Monetary Fund. They project that inflation will stay higher than average throughout 2023, followed by a decrease to around roughly two percent annual rise in the general level of prices until 2028. Considering the annual inflation rate in the United States in 2021, a two percent inflation rate is a very moderate projection. The 2022 spike in inflation in the United States and worldwide is due to a variety of factors that have put constraints on various aspects of the economy. These factors include COVID-19 pandemic spending and supply-chain constraints, disruptions due to the war in Ukraine, and pandemic related changes in the labor force. Although the moderate inflation of prices between two and three percent is considered normal in a modern economy, countries’ central banks try to prevent severe inflation and deflation to keep the growth of prices to a minimum. Severe inflation is considered dangerous to a country’s economy because it can rapidly diminish the population’s purchasing power and thus damage the GDP .

Graph and download economic data for Personal Consumption Expenditures: Chain-type Price Index (PCEPI) from Jan 1959 to Apr 2025 about chained, headline figure, PCE, consumption expenditures, consumption, personal, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

Using a novel, nationally representative dataset containing the expectations of over 300,000 Australians, individuals are shown to form expectations in a manner inadequately explained by popular expectation mechanisms. Approximately one in five individuals form inflation expectations that are negatively related to their own-income changes, even after accounting for their level of optimism regarding future economic conditions and their observation of economic news. These individuals are more likely to be engaged in manual labour and to be on lower income brackets. The inflation expectations of such individuals rise, even as Phillips curve predictions of inflation fall. The findings are particularly important for inflation dynamics during economic downturns when large numbers of consumers are likely to heavily increase their inflation expectations, potentially resulting in large inflation surprises.

The Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland provides daily “nowcasts” of inflation for two popular price indexes, the price index for personal consumption expenditures (PCE) and the Consumer Price Index (CPI). These nowcasts give a sense of where inflation is today. Released each business day.

SCE: Inflation Uncertainty: 1 Year Ahead: Median data was reported at 4.068 % in Apr 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 3.839 % for Mar 2025. SCE: Inflation Uncertainty: 1 Year Ahead: Median data is updated monthly, averaging 2.768 % from Jun 2013 (Median) to Apr 2025, with 143 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4.664 % in Jun 2022 and a record low of 2.000 % in Jan 2020. SCE: Inflation Uncertainty: 1 Year Ahead: Median data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal Reserve Bank of New York. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.H078: Survey of Consumer Expectations: Inflation.

In January 2025, prices had increased by three percent compared to January 2024 according to the 12-month percentage change in the consumer price index — the monthly inflation rate for goods and services in the United States. The data represents U.S. city averages. In economics, the inflation rate is a measure of the change in price level over time. The rate of decrease in the purchasing power of money is approximately equal. A projection of the annual U.S. inflation rate can be accessed here and the actual annual inflation rate since 1990 can be accessed here. InflationOne of the most important economic indicators is the development of the Consumer Price Index in a country. The change in this price level of goods and services is defined as the rate of inflation. The inflationary situation in the United States had been relatively severe in 2022 due to global events relating to COVID-19, supply chain restrains, and the Russian invasion of Ukraine. More information on U.S. inflation may be found on our dedicated topic page. The annual inflation rate in the United States has increased from 3.2 percent in 2011 to 8.3 percent in 2022. This means that the purchasing power of the U.S. dollar has weakened in recent years. The purchasing power is the extent to which a person has available funds to make purchases. According to the data published by the International Monetary Fund, the U.S. Consumer Price Index (CPI) was about 258.84 in 2020 and is forecasted to grow up to 325.6 by 2027, compared to the base period from 1982 to 1984. The monthly percentage change in the Consumer Price Index (CPI) for urban consumers in the United States was 0.1 percent in March 2023 compared to the previous month. In 2022, countries all around the world are experienced high levels of inflation. Although Brazil already had an inflation rate of 8.3 percent in 2021, compared to the previous year, while the inflation rate in China stood at 0.85 percent.

This paper uses a dynamic factor model for the quarterly changes in consumption goods’ prices to separate them into three components: idiosyncratic relative-price changes, aggregate relative-price changes, and changes in the unit of account. The model identifies a measure of “pure” inflation: the common component in goods’ inflation rates that has an equiproportional effect on all prices and is uncorrelated with relative price changes at all dates. The estimates of pure inflation and of the aggregate relative-price components allow us to re-examine three classic macro-correlations. First, we find that pure inflation accounts for 15-20% of the variability in overall inflation, so that most changes in inflation are associated with changes in goods’ relative prices. Second, we find that the Phillips correlation between inflation and measures of real activity essentially disappears once we control for goods’ relative-price changes. Third, we find that, at business-cycle frequencies, the correlation between inflation and money is close to zero, while the correlation with nominal interest rates is around 0.5, confirming previous findings on the link between monetary policy and inflation.