This statistic displays the percentage of people who practice Christianity in selected Western European countries compared with non-practicing Christians and people of other religious affiliations in 2017. Italy has the highest proportion of Christians who attend Church with 40 percent of respondents advising they are practicing Christians. Of Finnish respondents, 68 percent advised they are non-practicing Christians, while only 9 percent were church-attending Christians.

This statistic displays the share of people who identity as being Christian in selected Western European countries in 2017. Portugal is the country with the highest proportion of respondents identifying as Christians at 83 percent. On the other side of the scale, the Netherlands is the only country in this statistic where less than half the respondents advised they were Christian.

This statistic displays the results of survey regarding religious beliefs among Christians in western Europe in 2017. Christians who attend church are unsurprisingly the most likely to believe in god as described in the bible with 64 percent of them giving this answer. A majority of non-practicing Christians believe in a high-power or spiritual force, while just under a quarter of them believe in god as described in the bible.

The present study is a part of the project HIWED (Historical Indicators of the Western European Democracies; Project leader: Wolfgang Zapf and Peter Flora), funded by the Volkswagen Stiftung. The HIWED main product is a comprehensive data manual on political, social and economic developments in Western Europe for the period between 1815 and 1975.

Peter Flora’s study on the development of religious affiliation (´religious homogeneity or heterogeneity´) in selected Western European countries in a historical perspective is based on statistics from population censuses.The data tables are from the second section (´Cultural Heterogeneity´) of the first issue of the above-mentioned data manual. The United Kingdom has not taken into account in the analysis of the development perspective; there were only one census (1851) with information on the number of meetings in churches and the number of church-goers to a certain date. No systematic information is also available about the Protestant minorities in France, Belgium and Italy.

Data Tables in histat:

Religious affiliation, differentiation of the data tables by countries: A – Tabellen: Deutschland (Germany); B – Tabellen: Skandinavische Länder (Nordic States); C – Tabellen: Niederlande (The Netherlands); D – Tabellen: Schweiz (Switzerland); E – Tabellen: Irland (Italy); F – Tabellen: Österreich (Austria).

This statistic shows the estimated number of Muslims living in different European countries as of 2016. Approximately 5.72 million Muslims were estimated to live in France, the most of any country listed. Germany and the United Kingdom also have large muslim populations with 4.95 million and 4.13 million respectively.

This study includes data on regional level for nine Western European countries: election returns, occupation categories, religion, population.

This statistic displays the projected Muslim population proportions in selected European countries in 2050, by scenario. In 2010 the proportion of Muslims in the population of Germany was 4.1 percent, compared with 6.3 percent in the UK and 7.5 percent in France. Depending on the different migration scenarios estimated here, Germany's share of Muslims in the population could rise up to 19.7 percent of it's population by 2050, higher than both the UK and France, with projected Muslim populations of 17.2 and 18 percent respectively.

Monitoring the public opinion in the European Union is the mission of the Standard Eurobarometer surveys conducted on behalf of the European Commission since the early seventies at least two times a year in all member states. In the nineties the program has been complemented by small scale Flash Eurobarometer and the Central and Eastern Eurobarometer, later replaced by the Candidate Countries Eurobarometer.GENERAL TOPICS- CULTURAL AND NATIONAL IDENTITY:Attitudes towards immigrants and out-groups / National (European) prideNational vs. European identity (Feeling European) / Regional identity- INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: Attitudes towards other EU countries / International conflicts in the next 12 monthsPersonal perception of general threats / Risk of a new world warThe role of the EU and the United States in the world / Trust in people from other countries / Understanding among EU countries (development)- LIVING CONDITIONS: The respondent's personal situation / Economic and financial situation last yearExpectations of change over the next year / The current situation in different social domains / Happiness / Life satisfaction- MEDIA, INFORMATION AND LANGUAGE: Access to Information Society Services / Frequency of media use / Knowledge of foreign languages- POLITICAL ATTITUDES: Satisfaction with democracy / Satisfaction withÿ democracy in the EUBasic attitudes towards society / (social change) / Left-right self-placementAttitudes towards society / (Anomia) / Legitimacy of political systems / Trust in Institutions- POLITICAL PARTICIPATION: Interest in politics / Frequency of political discussion / Frequency of persuading others of one's opinion- POLITICAL PARTIES: Strength of political party attachment / Party to which respondent feels close(r) toVote intention (nat. elections) / Last vote (nat. elections) / Electoral participation (EP)Vote intention (EP)- VALUES AND RELIGION: Value orientation / (Inglehart Items) / Education goalsSocial and political values / Religious denomination / Church attendanceImportance of religion / Religiosity- EUROPEAN UNION TOPICS: European Unification / Attitudes towards the unification of Western Europe /Attitudes towards the membership in the European Community (European Union) /The feeling that one's country has benefited from being a member of the European Community (European Union) / Attitudes if the Common Market had been scrappedActual and preferred European unification speed / Attitudes towards a European Government (Political Union) / Interest in European Community (European Union) politics / Feeling informed about EU / Importance of European Community (European Union) matters for the future / Personal meaning of the European UnionPersonal European Union image (positive/negative)- EUROPEAN INSTITUTIONS:Awareness of the European Parliament in the media / Impression of the European Parliament as a result of what has been read or heard / Importance of the European Parliament's role in the life of the European Community (European Union) / Desired future role of the European Parliament / Attitudes towards a future European Government responsible to the European Parliament / Awareness of the European Commission in the media / Impression of the European Commission as a result of what has been read or heard / EU Presidency: awareness / EU Presidency: importance / Trust in European Institutions- EUROPEAN SINGLE MARKET: Awareness of the Single European Market in the media / The Single European Market - a good thing / Awareness of the Single European Market - hope or fear / Common European Currency (for / against)- EUROPEAN POLICIES: Common policy areas (national/EU decision level) / The adoption of the European Community (European Union) charter of fundamental social rights - a good thing ?- DEMOGRAPHICS: Respondent / Age / Age when finished full time education / Marital status / Membership: political party / Membership: trade union / Occupation of respondentSex / Subjective social class / National provenance- HOUSEHOLD VARIABLES:Head of household / MIE / Household composition: children (age groups)Household composition: size / Household income / Membership: trade unionOccupation of head of household / MIE / Ownership of durables in householdFixed/mobile telephone- REGION: Region (NUTS 1 / NUTS 2) / Size of community / Type of community

This study includes data on regional level for nine Western European countries: election returns, occupation categories, religion, population.

This statistic displays the projected Muslim population of Europe from 2010 to 2050, compared with that of non-Muslims. For the 2050 projections, three different scenarios are presented, one for zero migration to Europe, one for medium migration and the last for a high level of immigration. In the scenario where zero-migration occurs the total non-Muslim population of Europe would actually decrease from 495.06 million people to 445.92 million people. In the high migration scenario, Muslims are predicted to number 75.55 million people, in which the total non-Muslim population of Europe is 463.04 million.

This study includes data on regional level for nine Western European countries: election returns, occupation categories, religion, population.

This study includes data on regional level for nine Western European countries: election returns, occupation categories, religion, population.

Religious adherence varies widely between countries and regions across the globe. While in some countries, such as Bangladesh (majority-Muslim), Thailand (majority-Buddhist), and Nigeria (over 50 percent Muslim and 45 percent Christian), almost all people indicate that religion is important in their daily lives, in others such as Japan, Sweden, and Estonia, over three quarters of people do not believe that religion is important to them. Among countries with higher levels of religious adherence, there are some interesting cases. Predominantly Islamic countries, such as Bangladesh, Indonesia, and Saudi Arabia, tend to show high levels of religious adherence. Italy, the historical center of the Catholic Church, records much higher levels of religiosity than other Western European countries, such as France, Germany, or the UK. The United States has almost double the number of people saying they believe religion is important in their daily life than not important. While religious adherence has declined over the past half century in the U.S., waves of immigration from predominantly Catholic countries, as well as the cultural impact of Evangelical Protestantism in some areas has meant that it is still one of the most religious Western countries. Israel, in spite of being an officially Jewish state, records roughly half of respondents being religious. Another notable trend is the tendency of some post-communist countries to show lower levels of religiosity, likely a result of the policy of state atheism under communism - Russia, Belarus, and Estonia all come towards the least religious end of the list for this reason, although Poland, or former-Soviet states in the Caucuses and Central Asia show much higher levels of religious adherence.

The world's Jewish population has had a complex and tumultuous history over the past millennia, regularly dealing with persecution, pogroms, and even genocide. The legacy of expulsion and persecution of Jews, including bans on land ownership, meant that Jewish communities disproportionately lived in urban areas, working as artisans or traders, and often lived in their own settlements separate to the rest of the urban population. This separation contributed to the impression that events such as pandemics, famines, or economic shocks did not affect Jews as much as other populations, and such factors came to form the basis of the mistrust and stereotypes of wealth (characterized as greed) that have made up anti-Semitic rhetoric for centuries. Development since the Middle Ages The concentration of Jewish populations across the world has shifted across different centuries. In the Middle Ages, the largest Jewish populations were found in Palestine and the wider Levant region, with other sizeable populations in present-day France, Italy, and Spain. Later, however, the Jewish disapora became increasingly concentrated in Eastern Europe after waves of pogroms in the west saw Jewish communities move eastward. Poland in particular was often considered a refuge for Jews from the late-Middle Ages until the 18th century, when it was then partitioned between Austria, Prussia, and Russia, and persecution increased. Push factors such as major pogroms in the Russian Empire in the 19th century and growing oppression in the west during the interwar period then saw many Jews migrate to the United States in search of opportunity.

Statistics illustrates consumption, production, prices, and trade of Perfumes and deodorizors; perfuming or deodorizing preparations for rooms, "agarbatti" and other odoriferous preparations which operate by burning (including those used during religious rites) in Western and Northern Europe from 2007 to 2024.

Islam is the major religion in many African countries, especially in the north of the continent. In Comoros, Libya, Western Sahara, at least 99 percent of the population was Muslim as of 202. These were the highest percentages on the continent. However, also in many other African nations, the majority of the population was Muslim. In Egypt, for instance, Islam was the religion of 79 percent of the people. Islam and other religions in Africa Africa accounts for an important share of the world’s Muslim population. As of 2019, 16 percent of the Muslims worldwide lived in Sub-Saharan Africa, while 20 percent of them lived in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Together with Christianity, Islam is the most common religious affiliation in Africa, followed by several traditional African religions. Although to a smaller extent, numerous other religions are practiced on the continent: these include Judaism, the Baha’i Faith, Hinduism, and Buddhism. Number of Muslims worldwide Islam is one of the most widespread religions in the world. There are approximately 1.9 billion Muslims globally, with the largest Muslim communities living in the Asia-Pacific region. Specifically, Indonesia hosts the highest number of Muslims worldwide, amounting to over 200 million, followed by India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Islam is also present in Europe and America. The largest Islamic communities in Europe are in France (5.72 million), Germany (4.95 million), and the United Kingdom (4.13 million). In the United States, there is an estimated number of around 3.45 million Muslims.

Coercion/threat made up the highest number of recorded criminal offenses with an extremist background based on religious ideology in Germany. In total, there were 57 of these recorded in 2023. Number of Islamists and Salafists There have been various terror attacks in Germany during the second half of the twentieth century. Although often associated with, terrorism is not connected exclusively to religious ideology. Such attacks can also be part of politically motivated crime. However, the same as in other countries in Western Europe, religiously fueled terrorism is still a concern for German authorities, which is the reason for the number of Islamists and Salafists living in Germany being monitored. Based on recent figures, however, both the number of Islamists on German soil (though this was recorded among non-violent groups), as well as the number of Salafists is beginning to slowly decrease. Terror attacks in Europe Based on a recent survey, the German population considers terrorist attacks a real possibility for the country. Of terror attacks that happened in Europe in 2021, France and Germany were the primary targets.

The global population of Buddhists is projected to slightly increase up until the year 2030, at which point it will begin a gradual decline. In terms of its share of total world population, however, Buddhism has already seen a decline from over seven percent in 2010, with this being projected to decline further to close to five percent in 2050. This decline is related to Buddhism being popular in countries whose populations are in a natural decline, such as Japan or South Korea (and Thailand in the near future), as well as demographic developments in countries that have a policy of state atheism, such as China or Vietnam.While this decline in its traditional regions of influence in East and Southeast Asia will cause an aggregate fall in the number of Buddhists, there is likely to be some growth in other regions of the globe, such as Western European and North American countries, where the popularity of the ideas of Buddhism have grown in influence in recent decades.

This statistic represents the proportion of French Muslim women wearing a headscarf in 2008-2009 and in 2019-2020. According to the source, in 2020, ** percent of Muslim women who were immigrants from North Africa but living in France, wore a headscarf. The different types of Islamic headwear Islam recommends that its followers adopt modest behavior. Thus, women are invited to maintain their modesty by dressing in such a way as to preserve their privacy from the eyes of men, particularly by wearing a veil to cover their hair. However, according to the Quran, wearing a headscarf is not mandatory for Muslim women, who remain free to wear them or not. There are several types of veils with different levels of coverage. While it initially designates all types of veils, the "hijab" is now mainly used to refer to a scarf that covers the head and hair, but not the face. Uncommon in France, the “niqab” masks the entire face apart from the eyes and is often worn with a black garment covering the entire body, including the hands. The “burqa” is a garment, often blue, mainly worn in Afghanistan, which covers the entire woman's body leaving an opening for the eyes, which are protected by a sheer layer. Its use was imposed by the Taliban in the late 1990s. Other veils exist among different Muslim communities of the world, like the "chador", mostly worn in Iran. In France, as in other European countries, full-face veils (notably the "niqab" and the "burqa") are prohibited, although very minor. Wearing a headscarf in Western societies The way Muslim women dress is often a matter of tension and discussion. After the first controversy around the burkini in 2016, the issue of wearing the veil in certain French public places was raised again in 2019 during a school trip to a Regional Council, when a chaperone of the group was asked by an elected representative to take off her "hijab". Some people sometimes tend to confuse the use of Islamic headwear with extremist religious movements.