In 2023, over ** percent of Indonesians declared themselves to be Muslim, followed by *** percent who were Christians. Indonesia has the largest Islamic population in the world and for this reason is often recognized as a Muslim nation. However, Indonesia is not a Muslim nation according to its constitution. The archipelago is a multifaith country and officially recognizes six religions – Islam, Protestantism, Catholicism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Confucianism. Not all provinces in Indonesia are Muslim majority The spread of Islam in Indonesia began on the west side of the archipelago, where the main maritime trade routes were located. Until today, most of the Indonesian Muslim population are residing in Western and Central Indonesia, while the majority religion of several provinces in Eastern Indonesia, such as East Nusa Tenggara and Bali, is Christian and Hindu, respectively. Discrimination towards other beliefs in Indonesia The Indonesian constitution provides for freedom of religion. However, the Government Restrictions Index Score on religion in Indonesia is relatively high. Indonesians who practice unrecognized religions, including Indonesia’s indigenous or traditional belief systems, such as animism, dynamism, and totemism, face legal restrictions and discrimination. Indonesian law requires its citizens to put one of the recognized religions on their national identity cards, with some exceptions for indigenous religions. Although legally citizens may leave the section blank, atheism or agnosticism is considered uncommon in Indonesia.

As of 2021, approximately **** percent of the population in Aceh, Indonesia were Muslims. Despite being the largest Muslim-majority country, Indonesia is a multi-faith country by the constitution and officially recognizes *** religions – Islam, Protestantism, Catholicism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Confucianism.

In 2023, approximately ***** million people in Indonesia identified as Muslims. Indonesia has the largest Islamic population in the world. However, it is a multi-faith country and officially recognizes six religions: Islam, Protestantism, Catholicism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Confucianism.

In 2021, around **** percent of the population in Bali were Hindus. Indonesia has the largest Islamic population in the world and therefore the largest Muslim nation. However, Indonesia is not a Muslim nation by constitution. The archipelago has *** official religions – Islam, Protestantism, Catholicism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Confucianism.

The 2010 census recorded that there were approximately ***** million Muslims in urban areas in Indonesia. Meanwhile, the Muslim population in rural areas was lower, at around ****** million. Indonesia conducts its census every ten years. Detailed demographic breakdowns by religion from the 2020 census are not yet publicly available.

In 2023, it was estimated that approximately ** percent of the Indonesian population were Muslim, accounting for the highest share of Muslims in any Southeast Asian country. Indonesia also has the world's largest Muslim population, with an estimated *** million Muslims. Demographics of Indonesia The total population of Indonesia was estimated to reach around *** million in 2028. The median age of the population in the country was at an all-time high in 2020 and was projected to increase continuously until the end of the century. In 2020, the population density in Indonesia reached its highest value recorded at about ***** people per square kilometer. Shopping behavior during Ramadan in Indonesia Nearly all Muslims in Indonesia celebrated Ramadan in 2022. During the month of Ramadan, ** percent of Indonesian users utilized online applications to order food. Many Indonesians planned to shop online or offline during Ramadan, with around ** percent of online users planning to purchase fashion wear and accessories. Shopee was the most used app for shopping purposes during that period.

Pew Research Center surveyed 13,122 adults across six countries in Asia about religious identity, beliefs, and practices, using nationally representative methods. Interviews were conducted face-to-face in Cambodia, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. They were conducted on mobile phones in Malaysia and Singapore. Local interviewers administered the survey from June to September 2022, in eight languages.

This survey is part of the Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures project, a broader effort by Pew Research Center to study religious change and its impact on societies around the world. The Center previously has conducted religion-focused surveys across sub-Saharan Africa; the Middle East-North Africa region and many countries with large Muslim populations; Latin America; Israel; Central and Eastern Europe; Western Europe; India; and the United States.

This survey includes three countries in which Buddhists make up a majority of the population (Cambodia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand); two countries with Muslim majorities (Malaysia and Indonesia); and one country that is religiously diverse, with no single group forming a majority (Singapore). We also are surveying five additional countries and territories in Asia, to be covered in a future report.

Pew Research Center has produced a supplemental syntax file containing SPSS code to generate common analytic variables in the survey's corresponding report and toplines. The ARDA has provided this syntax in a copyable PDF document as an additional download.

These data were collected for a study of how the characteristics of political parties influence women's chances in assuming leadership positions within the parties' inner structures. Data were compiled by Fatima Sbaity Kassem for a case-study of Lebanon and by national and local researchers for 25 other countries in Asia, Africa and Europe. The researchers collected raw data on women in politics from party administrators and government officials. Researchers gathered information about parties' year of origin, number of seats in parliament, political platform, and all gender-disaggregated party data (in percentages) on overall party membership, shares in executive and decision-making bodies, and nominations on electoral lists. A key variable measures party religiosity, which refers to the religious components on their political platforms or the extent to which religion penetrates their political agendas.

Only parties that have at least one seat in any of the last three parliaments were included. These are referred to as 'relevant' parties. The four data sets combined cover 330 political parties in Lebanon plus 12 other Arab countries (Algeria, Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, Mauritania, Morocco, Palestine, Tunisia, and Yemen), seven non-Arab Muslim-majority countries (Albania, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Indonesia, Senegal, and Turkey), five European countries with dominant Christian democratic parties (Austria, Belgium, Italy, Germany, and the Netherlands), and Israel.

In 2023, about 33 percent of Americans were Protestants, down from 69 percent in 1948. In that same year, about 22 percent of Americans were Catholic, while 22 percent said that they had no religion at all.

These data were collected for a study of how the characteristics of political parties influence women's chances in assuming leadership positions within the parties' inner structures. Data were compiled by Fatima Sbaity Kassem for a case-study of Lebanon and by national and local researchers for 25 other countries in Asia, Africa and Europe. The researchers collected raw data on women in politics from party administrators and government officials. Researchers gathered information about parties' year of origin, number of seats in parliament, political platform, and all gender-disaggregated party data (in percentages) on overall party membership, shares in executive and decision-making bodies, and nominations on electoral lists. A key variable measures party religiosity, which refers to the religious components on their political platforms or the extent to which religion penetrates their political agendas.

Only parties that have at least one seat in any of the last three parliaments were included. These are referred to as 'relevant' parties. The four data sets combined cover 330 political parties in Lebanon plus 12 other Arab countries (Algeria, Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, Mauritania, Morocco, Palestine, Tunisia, and Yemen), seven non-Arab Muslim-majority countries (Albania, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Indonesia, Senegal, and Turkey), five European countries with dominant Christian democratic parties (Austria, Belgium, Italy, Germany, and the Netherlands), and Israel.

These data were collected for a study of how the characteristics of political parties influence women's chances in assuming leadership positions within the parties' inner structures. Data were compiled by Fatima Sbaity Kassem for a case-study of Lebanon and by national and local researchers for 25 other countries in Asia, Africa and Europe. Researchers gathered information about parties' year of origin, number of seats in parliament, political platform, and all sex-disaggregated party data (in percentages) on overall party membership, shares in executive and decision-making bodies, and nominations on electoral lists. A key variable measures party religiosity, which refers to the religious components on their political platforms or the extent to which religion penetrates their political agendas.

Only parties that have at least one seat in the any of the last three parliaments were included. These are referred to as 'relevant' parties. The four data sets combined cover 330 political parties in Lebanon plus 12 other Arab countries (Algeria, Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, Mauritania, Morocco, Palestine, Tunisia, Yemen), seven non-Arab Muslim-majority countries (Albania, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Indonesia, Senegal, Turkey), five European countries with dominant Christian democratic parties (Austria, Belgium, Italy, Germany, the Netherlands), and Israel.

In 2024, about 32 percent of respondents in the United States had a "great deal" or "quite a lot" of confidence in the church and organized religion. This is a significant decrease from 1975, when confidence in religion was at its highest, with 68 percent of Americans having a great deal or quite a lot of confidence in organized religion.

According to the population census data in 2010, ***** percent of Buddhist population in Indonesia resided in Jakarta, making it the province where the largest Buddhist population in Indonesia lived. Indonesia has the largest Islamic population in the world and therefore the largest Muslim nation. However, Indonesia is not a Muslim nation by constitution. The archipelago has six official religions – Islam, Protestantism, Catholicism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Confucianism.

These data were collected for a study of how the characteristics of political parties influence women's chances in assuming leadership positions within the parties' inner structures. Data were compiled by Fatima Sbaity Kassem for a case-study of Lebanon and by national and local researchers for 25 other countries in Asia, Africa and Europe. The researchers collected raw data on women in politics from party administrators and government officials. Researchers gathered information about parties' year of origin, number of seats in parliament, political platform, and all gender-disaggregated party data (in percentages) on overall party membership, shares in executive and decision-making bodies, and nominations on electoral lists. A key variable measures party religiosity, which refers to the religious components on their political platforms or the extent to which religion penetrates their political agendas.

Only parties that have at least one seat in any of the last three parliaments were included. These are referred to as 'relevant' parties. The four data sets combined cover 330 political parties in Lebanon plus 12 other Arab countries (Algeria, Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, Mauritania, Morocco, Palestine, Tunisia, and Yemen), seven non-Arab Muslim-majority countries (Albania, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Indonesia, Senegal, and Turkey), five European countries with dominant Christian democratic parties (Austria, Belgium, Italy, Germany, and the Netherlands), and Israel.

Halal Tourism Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global halal tourism market size reached USD 255.4 billion in 2024, demonstrating robust expansion driven by increasing demand for travel experiences that accommodate Islamic principles. The market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 8.9% from 2025 to 2033, with the market size expected to reach USD 548.2 billion by 2033. This growth is primarily fueled by the rising disposable incomes of Muslim travelers, the proliferation of halal-friendly travel services, and growing awareness among travel operators about the unique needs of this demographic.

One of the most significant growth factors for the halal tourism market is the expanding Muslim population worldwide, which is estimated to surpass 2.2 billion by 2030. This burgeoning demographic not only represents a substantial segment of the global travel market but also exhibits a strong preference for travel experiences that align with their religious values. The demand for halal-compliant services, such as prayer facilities, halal food options, and gender-segregated recreational amenities, is prompting travel operators and destinations to adapt their offerings. Furthermore, the increasing number of Muslim-majority countries investing in tourism infrastructure, coupled with government-led initiatives to promote halal tourism, is accelerating market growth.

Another key driver is the digital transformation within the travel industry, which has made it significantly easier for Muslim travelers to access and book halal-friendly services. Online travel agencies (OTAs) and specialized booking platforms now offer detailed information on halal amenities, making the travel planning process more transparent and convenient. The proliferation of travel blogs, social media influencers, and review platforms that cater specifically to halal tourism has also played a pivotal role in raising awareness about destinations and services that cater to Islamic requirements. This digital shift not only enhances customer experience but also enables service providers to reach a broader, tech-savvy audience.

The evolving preferences of younger travelers, particularly millennials and Generation Z, are also shaping the future of the halal tourism market. These cohorts are more adventurous, digitally connected, and open to exploring new destinations, provided their religious needs are met. Their influence is prompting the tourism industry to innovate and diversify its offerings, from halal adventure tourism to wellness retreats and eco-friendly travel options. Moreover, the growing emphasis on personalized travel experiences, coupled with a strong focus on authenticity and cultural immersion, is driving demand for unique halal travel packages that go beyond traditional pilgrimage or family vacations.

From a regional perspective, Asia Pacific continues to dominate the halal tourism market, accounting for the largest share in 2024. This leadership is underpinned by the presence of major Muslim-majority countries such as Indonesia and Malaysia, both of which have invested heavily in positioning themselves as premier halal-friendly destinations. The Middle East, particularly the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, remains a key market due to its religious significance and luxury tourism offerings. Meanwhile, Europe and North America are witnessing steady growth, driven by increasing awareness and the rising number of Muslim travelers from both local and international communities. Latin America and Africa are emerging as new frontiers, with governments and private players recognizing the untapped potential of halal tourism in these regions.

Service Type Analysis

The service type segment in the halal tourism market encompasses accommodation, transportation, food & beverage, travel packages, and others, each playing a vital role in shaping the overall travel experience for Muslim tourists. Accommodation remains the cornerstone of halal tourism, with hotels and resorts increasingly adopting halal certification, offering prayer facilities, and ensuring the availability of halal food within their premises. The demand for halal-compliant accommodation has led to the emergence of exclusive halal hotel brands and the adaptation of mainstream hotel chains to cater to this segment. These establishments are not only focusing on religious requirements but also on providing luxury, comfort, and family-friendly environments, thereby broadening their ap

In 2021, around ***** percent of the population in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia were Catholics. Indonesia has the largest Islamic population in the world and therefore the largest Muslim nation. However, Indonesia is not a Muslim nation by constitution. The archipelago has *** official religions – Islam, Protestantism, Catholicism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Confucianism.

According to a survey conducted in 2022, the most highly favored belief system in the United States was Christianity, with 32 percent of Americans having a very favorable opinion of this religion. In comparison, Satanism was viewed the least favorably, with 50 percent of Americans having a very unfavorable opinion of this religion.

Religious Tourism Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global religious tourism market size reached USD 1.2 trillion in 2024, reflecting the sector’s robust resurgence post-pandemic. The market is projected to expand at a CAGR of 7.1% from 2025 to 2033, reaching a forecasted value of USD 2.24 trillion by 2033. This impressive growth trajectory is driven by the increasing accessibility of travel, rising disposable incomes, and the deep-rooted cultural and spiritual significance of religious sites worldwide.

One of the primary growth factors for the religious tourism market is the enduring appeal of pilgrimage and heritage sites across major religions. Destinations such as Mecca, Vatican City, Varanasi, and Jerusalem continue to attract millions of visitors annually, with pilgrimage tourism forming the backbone of the sector. The advancement of transportation infrastructure and the proliferation of affordable travel options have further democratized access to these sacred sites, allowing people from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds to participate in religious journeys. Governments and religious organizations have also invested significantly in improving amenities, safety, and accessibility at these destinations, further boosting visitor numbers.

Another significant driver is the evolving motivations behind religious tourism. While traditional pilgrimage remains central, there is a growing trend towards combining spiritual journeys with leisure, educational, and cultural experiences. This is particularly evident among younger travelers and families, who seek immersive experiences that blend religious observance with local heritage exploration, festivals, and community engagement. The integration of digital platforms and online booking channels has made planning and customizing religious tours more convenient, catering to the preferences of tech-savvy travelers and opening up new growth avenues for tour operators and service providers.

The global religious tourism market is also benefiting from the increasing participation of intergenerational groups and the elderly. Senior citizens, in particular, are a rapidly expanding demographic, driven by improved health, longevity, and the desire for meaningful travel in later life. Many religious destinations have adapted to this trend by offering specialized services, including accessible transportation, guided tours, and medical support. Furthermore, religious festivals and events are gaining international attention, attracting not only devout followers but also cultural enthusiasts and tourists seeking unique, authentic experiences. This broadening of the market base is expected to sustain strong growth in the coming years.

Regionally, Asia Pacific dominates the religious tourism market, underpinned by the sheer volume of religious sites and large populations in countries such as India, China, Japan, and Indonesia. North America and Europe also represent significant markets, driven by robust heritage tourism and the presence of iconic religious landmarks. The Middle East, with its centrality to Abrahamic religions, remains a pivotal region, especially for Islamic pilgrimage. Latin America is emerging as a vibrant segment, propelled by the popularity of Catholic pilgrimage routes and religious festivals. Overall, the regional outlook indicates a highly diversified and dynamic market landscape, with each region contributing uniquely to the global growth story.

Type Analysis

The religious tourism market is segmented by type into pilgrimage tourism, heritage tourism, festivals and events, and others. Pilgrimage tourism remains the dominant sub-segment, accounting for more than 60% of the market share in 2024. This segment is characterized by the mass movement of people to sacred destinations such as Mecca for Hajj, Lourdes in France, and the Kumbh Mela in India. The cyclical nature of major pilgrimages, often dictated by religious calendars, ensures a steady flow of visitors throughout the yea

According to a survey conducted in 2023, 74 percent of all U.S. adults said that they believed in God while 25 percent of Americans who identified with no religion shared this belief. In comparison, 94 percent of Americans who were Protestant or other Christian and 85 percent of Americans who were Catholic also said that they believed in God in that year.

From 2021 to 2023, Republicans were found much more likely than Democrats to be Protestants in the United States, with 56 percent of surveyed Republicans identifying as Protestants compared to 38 percent of Democrats. However, Democrats were found more likely than Republicans to identify with no religion, with 26 percent of Democrats saying that they have no religious identity compared to 11 percent of Republicans.