This table expresses the use of renewable energy as gross final consumption of energy. Figures are presented in an absolute way, as well as related to the total energy use in the Netherlands. The total gross final energy consumption in the Netherlands (the denominator used to calculate the percentage of renewable energy per ‘Energy sources and techniques’) can be found in the table as ‘Total, including non-renewables’ and Energy application ‘Total’. The gross final energy consumption for the energy applications ‘Electricity’ and ‘Heat’ are also available. With these figures the percentages of the different energy sources and applications can be calculated; these values are not available in this table. The gross final energy consumption for ‘Transport’ is not available because of the complexity to calculate this. More information on this can be found in the yearly publication ‘Hernieuwbare energie in Nederland’.

Renewable energy is energy from wind, hydro power, the sun, the earth, heat from outdoor air and biomass. This is energy from natural processes that is replenished constantly.

The figures are broken down into energy source/technique and into energy application (electricity, heat and transport).

This table focuses on the share of renewable energy according to the EU Renewable Energy Directive. Under this directive, countries can apply an administrative transfer by purchasing renewable energy from countries that have consumed more renewable energy than the agreed target. For 2020, the Netherlands has implemented such a transfer by purchasing renewable energy from Denmark. This transfer has been made visible in this table as a separate energy source/technique and two totals are included; a total with statistical transfer and a total without statistical transfer.

Figures for 2020 and before were calculated based on RED I; in accordance with Eurostat these figures will not be modified anymore. Inconsistencies with other tables undergoing updates may occur.

Data available from: 1990

Status of the figures: This table contains definite figures up to and including 2022 and figures of 2023 are revised provisional figures.

Changes as of January 2025 Renewable cooling has been added as Energy source and technique from 2021 onwards, in accordance with RED II. Figures for 2020 and earlier follow RED I definitions, renewable cooling isn’t a part of these definitions.
The energy application “Heat” has been renamed to “Heating and cooling”, in accordance with RED II definitions. RED II is the current Renewable Energy Directive which entered into force in 2021

Changes as of November 15th 2024 Figures for 2021-2023 have been adjusted. 2022 is now definitive, 2023 stays revised provisional. Because of new insights for windmills regarding own electricity use and capacity, figures on 2021 have been revised.

Changes as of March 2024: Figures of the total energy applications of biogas, co-digestion of manure and other biogas have been restored for 2021 and 2022. The final energy consumption of non-compliant biogas (according to RED II) was wrongly included in the total final consumption of these types of biogas. Figures of total biogas, total biomass and total renewable energy were not influenced by this and therefore not adjusted.

When will new figures be published? Provisional figures on the gross final consumption of renewable energy in broad outlines for the previous year are published each year in June. Revised provisional figures for the previous year appear each year in June.

In November all figures on the consumption of renewable energy in the previous year will be published. These figures remain revised provisional, definite figures appear in November two years after the reporting year. Most important (expected) changes between revised provisional figures in November and definite figures a year later are the figures on solar photovoltaic energy. The figures on the share of total energy consumption in the Netherlands could also still be changed by the availability of adjusted figures on total energy consumption.

Nuclear plants are the main source of electricity in the European Union, accounting for approximately 619 terawatt-hours in 2023, around 20 percent of the power produced that year. Wind followed, with 470 terawatt-hours generated. Among fossil fuels, gas was the largest contributor, with some 450 terawatt-hours. Nuclear power in the EU France is the main contributor to nuclear power production in the EU, accounting for almost half of the region’s total output in 2022. Spain and Sweden were also among the main producers that year. Despite remaining the leading source of electricity, nuclear power generation in the EU has been on a mostly downward trend for more than a decade, with many countries committed to shutting down remaining reactors like Germany did in April 2023. Fossil fuel persistence in the EU Renewable electricity production in the EU has grown in the past decade. Nevertheless, fossil fuels still persist in the region’s electricity mix, with over 800 terawatt-hours generated in 2023. In fact, coal-fired electricity production in the EU even increased in 2022. This was a result of low renewable output – in particular wind and hydropower – in addition to rising natural gas prices.

The overall share of renewables in the European Union's final energy consumption reached 24.6 percent in 2023. Sweden was the country with the largest share of renewables with over 66 percent of energy consumption covered by renewables that year. According to the 2030 renewable energy targets of the region, EU member states must reach a renewable consumption share of at least 42.5 percent by 2030.

In 2021, Austria was the country with the largest share of renewables in final electricity consumption within the European Union, with more than 76 percent. Sweden followed, with a share of 75.7 percent. In contrast, Malta ranked last within the EU, with renewables accounting for less than 10 percent of final electricity consumption in the country that year.

In 2022, renewable energy sources accounted for over 38 percent of the electricity production in the European Union, after having increased over the past decade. However, fossil fuels still represented the largest share of electricity produced in the EU. Nuclear energy was the main source of power in the region, followed by gas.

Germany led Europe in renewable energy consumption, with 2.78 exajoules consumed in 2023, up from 2.03 exajoules in 2015. France and Norway followed as the second and third largest consumers, highlighting a broader trend of increased renewable energy use across the continent. Renewable energy production and capacity Germany's dominance in renewable energy consumption is mirrored in its production and capacity figures. In 2023, Germany's renewable energy production amounted to approximately 272 terawatt-hours, far surpassing other European nations. The country also boasted the largest installed renewable energy capacity in Europe, with almost 167 gigawatts as of 2023. This substantial capacity allows Germany to meet its high renewable energy consumption needs and contributes to its leadership in the sector. European renewable energy landscape The broader European renewable energy landscape shows a promising growth. Total renewable energy consumption in Europe reached about 18 exajoules in 2023, marking a nine percent increase from the previous year. Wind power has emerged as the primary renewable source in the European Union's electricity mix since 2017, accounting for over 39 percent of the EU's renewable mix in 2023.

Information on the number and capacity of green electricity production facilities in the Brussels-Capital Region. The three technologies present in the Brussels-Capital Region are Solar, Cogeneration and Steam Turbines coupled up to the Incinerator of the Brussels-Capital Region. Cogeneration installations are powered by three fuels: natural gas, biogas and liquid biomass in the form of rapeseed oil. The data in the reports related to the installations is broken down by type of owner (public company, private company or private individual), by municipality, technology, energy source and power category (expressed in [MW]). It is important to note that installations already commissioned before the date on which these reports were updated will be registered with BRUGEL at a later date. Regarding the Green Certificates, the reports show the number of GC issued, the stock, the number of concluded transactions, the number of GC sold, the simple and weighted average prices of the GC as well as the total value of the transactions in the quarters of the different quota return periods. A segmentation of transactions according to the simple average price is also presented. For the Guarantees of Origin, the reports show the number of GO subject to transactions in RBC, namely inter-regional transfers, imports and exports as well as the geographical origin and the different sources of renewable energy consumed in Brussels per year. Data is updated on a monthly basis.

Poland’s power sector had the highest carbon intensity across the European Union in 2023, with nearly 662 grams of carbon dioxide per kilowatt-hour of electricity generated (gCO₂/kWh). Cyprus ranked second, with just over 530 gCO₂/kWh. By comparison, Sweden's power sector was the least carbon-intensive in the EU, producing just 40.7 gCO₂/kWh. Why is Poland’s power sector so carbon-intensive? The carbon intensity of the power sector is largely associated with the energy sources used for power generation. Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas have high carbon intensities because they release CO₂ when burned, while renewable energy sources have a much lower or zero carbon intensity. Poland’s energy mix is dominated by coal, which accounts for slightly over 60 percent of the country’s electricity generation, with gas and other fossil fuels contributing an additional 12 percent. Poland is home to some of the most polluting power stations in the EU, which is a primary reason why the country’s energy sector is the most carbon-intensive in the region. Low-carbon power generation On the other side of the spectrum is Sweden, which has the least carbon-intensive power sector in the EU. Clean energy sources represent about 90 percent of electricity generation in Sweden, with hydropower the single-largest energy source in the country. Sweden is Europe's second-largest consumer of hydropower, behind only Norway.

This map layer is part of the Renewable Energy Atlas of Flanders. This map layer is based on the public VREG list of green electricity production installations for solar energy. This concerns installations commissioned up to and including 31/12/2015, of which VREG approved and processed the application for the granting of green power certificates and/or guarantees and origin until 16/05/2016. The production was estimated based on the installed capacity and an average yield. Large PV installations were located based on their address and the remaining (private) installations were distributed proportionally over the available roof area within each municipality. The results are presented here at the level of statistical sectors. The figures per municipality can also be consulted in the attached table.

Wholesale electricity prices in the European Union (EU) increased in 2024 after recovering from the global energy crisis in 2023. This was the result of a myriad of factors, including increased demand in the “post-pandemic” economic recovery, a rise in natural gas and coal prices, and a decline in renewable power generation due to low wind speeds and drought. Nuclear power's critical role In 2023, nuclear and wind were among the leading sources of electricity generation in the EU, accounting for more than one-third of the output. Nuclear energy continues to play a crucial role in the European Union's electricity mix, generating approximately 619 terawatt-hours in 2023, which accounted for about 20 percent of the region's power production. However, the future of nuclear power in Europe is uncertain, with some countries like Germany phasing out their nuclear plants while others maintain their reliance on this energy source. The varied approaches to nuclear power across EU member states contribute to the differences in electricity prices and supply stability throughout the region.

Renewable energy's growing impact As Europe strives to decarbonize its energy sector, renewable sources are gaining prominence. Wind power in Europe, in particular, has seen significant growth, with installed capacity in Europe reaching 257.1 gigawatt hours in 2023. This expansion of renewable energy infrastructure is gradually reshaping the electricity market, potentially leading to more stable prices in the long term. However, the intermittent nature of some renewable sources, such as wind and solar, can still contribute to price fluctuations, especially during periods of low output.

Supplementary Data

The Benefits of Cooperation in a Highly Renewable European Electricity Network
doi:10.1016/j.energy.2017.06.004
arXiv:1704.05492

The files in this record contain the model-specific code, input data, and output data considered in the Benefits of Cooperation paper.

You are welcome to use the provided data under the given open-source licence, and if you do please cite the paper doi:10.1016/j.energy.2017.06.004.
Please note that the derivation of the data in data/renewables/ is not open, because it uses the REatlas software [7] which has a closed source server part. (There is an free software implementation of the REatlas at https://github.com/FRESNA/atlite but it wasn't ready in time to be used for this dataset.)

The code that is required to generate the output data consists of

• the python code opt_ws_network.py that builds and runs the PyPSA [0] model
• a SLURM script parameter_batch.py to run the model with different parameters
• a YAML file options.yml with the default parameter settings

The code heavily relies on the python package vresutils which is available at https://github.com/FRESNA/vresutils

The record also contains the input data in the data/ directory. They are described in detail in the paper, but a short summary is provided here:

• costs: cost and other input parameter assumptions, see Table 1 in the paper.
• graph: the network topology is given by a list of nodes (country names) and a list of edges connecting two nodes. Based on [1,2].
• hydro: hydro generation data provided by the Restore2050 project [3]
  • inflow/: contains a csv files with daily inflow data for each country
  • emil_hydro_capas.csv: country-scale power and energy capacity
  • ror_ENTSOe_Restore2050.csv: the share of run-of-river of the total hydro generation, from ENTSO-E [4] or if unavailable from [3]
• load: hourly country-scale consumption for 2011 from ENTSO-E [5]
• renewables: generation potentials for the renewable technologies onshore wind, offshore wind, and solar per country based on historic weather data [6]. The jupyter-notebook europe_renewables_potentials.ipynb describes the data generation and uses the REatlas software [7] which has open-source client but closed-source server software. The used cutout can therefore not be made available here, but is solely based on data from [8]. The processed data are in:
  • store_p_nom_max/: installation potential per technology per region
  • store_o_max_pu_betas/: hourly maximum generation per unit of capacity per technology per region

The output data generated by the model is in sub-folders of the results/ directory following the naming scheme [costsource]-CO[CO2costs]-T[timerange]-[technologies]-LV[linevolume]_c[crossover]_base_[costsource]_solar1_7_[formulation]-[startdate]/, where

• costsource = diw2030
• CO2costs = 0
• timerange = 1_8761
• technologies = wWsgrpHb
• linevolume = [float], None (line volume constraint of float * 5e8 TWkm, or optimised line volume)
• crossover = 0 (deactivated the cross-over phase of the Gurobi optimiser)
• formulation = angles, [blank] (power flow formulations: 'angles', or 'cycles')
• startdate = time the optimisation was started

Footnotes

[0] https://pypsa.org/ , https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.582307

[1] S Becker, Transmission grid extensions in renewable electricity systems, PhD thesis (2015)

[2] ENTSO-E, Indicative values for Net Transfer Capacities (NTC) in Continental Europe. European Transmission System Operators, 2011, https://www.entsoe.eu/publications/market-reports/ntc-values/ntc-matrix/Pages/default.aspx, accessed Jul 2014.

[3] A Kies, K Chattopadhyay, L von Bremen, E Lorenz, D Heinemann, Simulation of renewable feed-in for power system studies, RESTORE 2050 project report, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.804244

[4] European Transmission System Operators, Installed Capacity per Production Type in 2015, ENTSO-E (2016), https://transparency.entsoe.eu/generation/r2/installedGenerationCapacityAggregation/show

[5] https://www.entsoe.eu/db-query/country-packages/production-consumption-exchange-package

[6] D. Heide, M. Greiner, L. Von Bremen, C. Hoffmann, Reduced storage and balancing needs in a fully renewable European power system with excess wind and solar power generation, Renewable Energy 36 (9) (2011) 2515–2523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2011.02.009

[7] G. B. Andresen, A. A. Søndergaard, M. Greiner, Validation of Danish wind time series from a new global renewable energy atlas for energy system analysis, Energy 93, Part 1 (2015) 1074 – 1088. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.09.071

[8] S Saha et al., 2014: The NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2. J. Climate, 27, 2185–2208, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00823.1

This table contains information about the Dutch production of renewable electricity, the number of installations used and the installed capacity of these installations. During production, a distinction is made between normalised gross production and non-standard gross and net production without normalisation.

Production of electricity is shown in million kilowatt hours and as a percentage of total electricity consumption in the Netherlands. The production of renewable electricity is compared with total electricity consumption and not against total electricity production. This choice is due to European conventions.

The data is broken down according to the type of energy source and the technique used to obtain the electricity. A distinction is made between four main categories: hydro power, wind energy, solar power and biomass.

Data available from: 1990.

Status of the figures: This table contains definite figures until 2022, revised provisional figures for 2023 and provvisional figures for 2024.

Changes as of March 10th 2025: Figures added for 2024.

Changes as of January 2025: Figures on the capacities of municipal waste and biogas are added for 2022 and 2023.

Changes as of November 2024: Figures about capacity are now published.

Changes as of November 2024: Figures for 2021- 2023 have been adjusted. 2022 is now definitive, 2023 stays revised provisional.Because of new insights for windmills regarding own electricity use and capacity, figures on 2021 have been revised. The capacity of solar photovoltaic from 2022 onwards is equal tot the system capacity of the installation. This means the maximal capacity with respect to the panel or the inverter.

Changes as of June 7th 2024: Revised provisional figures of 2023 have been added.

Changes as of March 7th 2024: Provisional figures of 2023 have been added. The gross electricity production with normalisation (according to RED II) is not yet known for some forms of biomass for 2023. When this applies a "." is displayed. RED II refers to the EU renewable energy directive which came into force in 2021.

Changes as of November 14th 2023: Figures of 2021 and 2022 have been updated. The status for figures of 2021 is now definite and the status for figures of 2022 is revised provisional. Figures of 2015-2020 have been revised in other tables on electricity. This revision has not been implemented in this table, as a result of which inconsitensies of (max) 80 GWh on a yearly basis are possible between the figures for biomass.

When will new figures be published? Provisional figures on electricity output for the previous year are published each year in February. Revised provisional figures on electricity output for the previous year are published each year in June. Definite figures on electricity output for the previous year are published each year in December.

Renewable energy is energy from wind, hydropower, sun, soil, outdoor air heat, heat from just milked milk and biomass. This table contains data on capacity, domestic production and consumption of biomass in the field of renewable energy. The data is broken down by type of energy source or type of technology. Data available from 1990 up to and including 2013, annually Status of the figures: This table shows the final figures up to and including 2012 and a provisional capacity figure for 2013 on solar power. Since this table has been discontinued, the 2013 data is no longer finalized. Changes as of June 12, 2014: None, this table has been discontinued. When will there be new figures: No longer applicable. Most of the data from this table can be found in the following tables: - Biomass; consumption and energy production from biomass per technique - Geothermal energy; extraction of heat and cold - Heat pumps; numbers, thermal capacity and energy flows - Solar heat; number of installations, collector area and heat production - Renewable electricity; production and power

Among the European countries, primary energy consumption in 2023 was highest in Germany, at 11.4 exajoules. This was followed by France and Turkey. Primary energy is energy taken directly from natural resources such as crude oil, coal and wind. This means primary energy can be either non-renewable or renewable. Fossil fuel consumption highest In 2023, primary energy consumption in the European Union derived mostly from fossil fuels, with oil consumption amounting to around 22 exajoules. In comparison, the consumption of coal for primary energy has been in a steady decline, signaling a shift away from this energy source. The consumption of renewables has been increasing annually during this time period and amounted to nearly 10 exajoules. Global consumption Primary energy consumption is highest in the Asia Pacific region, with consumption in this region amounting to some 292 exajoules in 2023. Globally, China is the largest consumer of primary energy in the world and consumed 170.7 exajoules in 2023.

According to Cognitive Market Research, the global Solar Energy market size will be USD 95451.6 million in 2024. It will expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.50% from 2024 to 2031.

North America held the major market share for more than 40% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 38180.6 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.7% from 2024 to 2031.
Europe accounted for a market share of over 30% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 28635.4 million.
Asia Pacific held a market share of around 23% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 21953.8 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.5% from 2024 to 2031.
Latin America had a market share of more than 5% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 4772.5 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.9% from 2024 to 2031.
Middle East and Africa had a market share of around 2% of the global revenue and was estimated at a market size of USD 1909.0 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.2% from 2024 to 2031.
The Photovoltaic Systems Technology held the highest Solar Energy market revenue share in 2024.

Market Dynamics of Solar Energy Market

Key Drivers for Solar Energy Market

Increase in energy demand to Increase the Demand Globally

The growth of the global solar energy market is primarily driven by the increasing energy demand due to a surge in population. As the global population continues to rise, especially in developing countries, the energy demand grows proportionally. Urbanization is also accelerating, with more people moving to cities, leading to greater energy needs across residential, commercial, and industrial sectors. This rising energy demand is coupled with a growing emphasis on sustainable solutions due to environmental concerns. Solar energy, as a renewable and eco-friendly source, is well-suited to meet this demand without contributing to greenhouse gas emissions or depleting natural resources. Between 1990 and 2019, the world’s total energy supply (TES) increased by 68.2%, exceeding 600 EJ for the first time. This growth was largely driven by Asia, which accounted for 83.6% of the global increase during this period. China’s TES alone grew 4.5 times, making up over a fifth of the world’s TES by 2019. In 2022, solar PV generation saw a record increase of 270 TWh (up 26%), reaching nearly 1,300 TWh. https://unstats.un.org/unsd/energystats/pubs/documents/2022pb-web.pdf https://www.iea.org/energy-system/renewables/solar-pv

Countries Aiming to Achieve Green Energy Targets to Propel Market Growth

A global energy transition is urgently required to limit the increase in average global surface temperature to below 2°C. Consequently, the installation of renewable energy sources is expected to grow significantly in the coming years, driving market expansion. The shift from fossil fuels to low-carbon solutions will be crucial, as energy-related carbon dioxide emissions account for two-thirds of all greenhouse gases. Government initiatives and new energy targets aimed at promoting sustainable energy have positively influenced market growth. For example, Alberta has set a target for 30% of its electricity to be generated from renewable sources by 2030, with interim goals of 15% by 2022, 20% by 2025, and 26% by 2028. Canada’s current installed capacity includes 21.9 GW of wind energy, solar energy, and energy storage. In 2023, the industry added 2.3 GW of new capacity, including over 1.7 GW of new utility-scale wind, nearly 360 MW of new utility-scale solar, 86 MW of new on-site solar, and 140 MW / 190 MWh of energy storage. https://renewablesassociation.ca/by-the-numbers/ https://cleanenergycanada.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/RenewableCost_Report_CleaEnergyCanada_Feb2023.pdf

Restraint Factor for the Solar Energy Market

High Investment and Lack of Infrastructure to Limit the Sales

The overall cost of solar PV systems is higher than that of traditional solar panels, which may limit their adoption in residential buildings with comparatively lower energy needs. For instance, installing 15 ground-mounted solar panels with a capacity of 300 watts each would cost approximately USD 14,625, with an additional USD 500 per panel for the mounting structure. This higher initial cost can lead to reduced utilization of solar p...

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Electricity Trading Market Size 2025-2029

The electricity trading market size is forecast to increase by USD 123.5 billion at a CAGR of 6.5% between 2024 and 2029.

The market is witnessing significant growth due to several key trends. The integration of renewable energy sources, such as solar panels and wind turbines, into the grid is a major driver. Energy storage systems are increasingly being adopted to ensure a stable power supply from these intermittent sources. Concurrently, the adoption of energy storage systems addresses key challenges like intermittency, enabling better integration of renewable sources, and bolstering grid resilience. Self-generation of electricity by consumers through microgrids is also gaining popularity, allowing them to sell excess power back to the grid. The entry of new players and collaborations among existing ones are further fueling market growth. These trends reflect the shift towards clean energy and the need for a more decentralized and efficient electricity system.

What will be the Size of the Electricity Trading Market During the Forecast Period?

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The market, a critical component of the global energy industry, functions as a dynamic interplay between wholesale energy markets and traditional financial markets. As a commodity, electricity is bought and sold through various trading mechanisms, including equities, bonds, and real-time auctions. The market's size and direction are influenced by numerous factors, such as power station generation data, system operator demands, and consumer usage patterns. Participants in the market include power station owners, system operators, consumers, and ancillary service providers. Ancillary services, like frequency regulation and spinning reserves, help maintain grid stability. Market design and news reports shape the market's evolution, with initiatives like the European Green Paper and the Lisbon Strategy influencing the industry's direction towards increased sustainability and competition.
Short-term trading, through power purchase agreements and power distribution contracts, plays a significant role in the market's real-time dynamics. Power generation and power distribution are intricately linked, with the former influencing the availability and price of electricity, and the latter affecting demand patterns. Overall, the market is a complex, ever-evolving system that requires a deep understanding of both energy market fundamentals and financial market dynamics.

How is this Electricity Trading Industry segmented and which is the largest segment?

The industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

Type

  Day-ahead trading
  Intraday trading


Application

  Industrial
  Commercial
  Residential


Source

  Non-renewable energy
  Renewable energy


Geography

  Europe

    Germany
    UK
    France
    Italy
    Spain


  APAC

    China
    India
    Japan
    South Korea


  North America

    US


  South America



  Middle East and Africa

By Type Insights

The day-ahead trading segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

Day-ahead trading refers to the voluntary, financially binding forward electricity trading that occurs in exchanges such as the European Power Exchange (EPEX Spot) and Energy Exchange Austria (EXAA), as well as through bilateral contracts. This process involves sellers and buyers agreeing on the required volume of electricity for the next day, resulting in a schedule for everyday intervals. However, this schedule is subject to network security constraints and adjustments for real-time conditions and actual electricity supply and demand. Market operators, including ISOs and RTOs, oversee these markets and ensure grid reliability through balancing and ancillary services. Traders, including utilities, energy providers, and professional and institutional traders, participate in these markets to manage price risk, hedge against price volatility, and optimize profitability.

Key factors influencing electricity prices include weather conditions, fuel prices, availability, construction costs, and physical factors. Renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar power, also play a growing role in these markets, with the use of Renewable Energy Certificates and net metering providing consumer protection and incentives for homeowners and sustainable homes. Electricity trading encompasses power generators, power suppliers, consumers, and system operators, with contracts, generation data, and power station dispatch governed by market rules and regulations.

Get a glance at the Electricity Trading Industry report of share of various segments Request Free Sample

The day-ahead tra

As of February 2025, several countries across the European Union had established ambitious renewable power targets. Estonia and Sweden plan to achieve a 100 percent renewable electricity generation by 2030. In contrast, Poland's renewable targets for that year were just over 50 percent. According to the EU Renewable Energy Directive, countries in the European Union must reach a share of at least 42.5 percent of renewables in their total energy consumption, although the directive encourages to aim for 45 percent. Renewable energy pipeline in Europe The further deployment of renewable technologies in the region is essential to achieve these targets. As of February 2025, prospective wind energy projects in Europe’s renewable pipeline amounted to more than 645 gigawatts, although from this, only 22 megawatts were already in the construction stage. Northern Europe accounted for most of the wind energy planned capacity in the region. Regarding solar, Europe had a utility-scale prospective capacity of 255 gigawatts, with Southern Europe accounting for most of planned installations.
Europe’s wind and solar outlook In the next years, wind and solar installations are forecast to more than double in the European Union. It is estimated that in 2030, the region’s solar capacity will amount to some 625 gigawatts, growing from the 257 gigawatts operating at the end of 2023. For wind, forecasts point to an installed capacity of roughly 400 gigawatts by 2030. Approximately 20 percent of this capacity will correspond to offshore installations.

The size of the North Europe Lithium-ion Battery Market was valued at USD XX Million in 2023 and is projected to reach USD XXX Million by 2032, with an expected CAGR of 15.00% during the forecast period. Opportunities in the North European lithium-ion battery market are strong and abound because of the unmatched commitment to renewable energy and electric vehicle adoption. Sweden, Finland, and Norway lead the charge, providing robust technological infrastructure with governmental support that fosters a favorable environment for innovations in producing the batteries. With the ambitious targets for reduction in carbon emissions by the EU, demand for efficient energy storage solutions is rapidly creating investments in lithium-ion battery technologies. These regions have ample raw materials, such as lithium, nickel, and cobalt, which are used in batteries. This also helps strengthen the region's ability to develop a self-sustaining source of battery manufacturing, instead of one reliant solely on imports. Regional R&D focuses on optimizing batteries to improve performance and lifespan while producing a non-polluting ecosystem. While giants like automotive companies build their capacity for electric vehicle production, the high dependency on lithium-ion batteries in them promises a significant increase in demand. On the other hand, the innovating processes related to the recycling technologies that are initiated to reduce the concern about battery waste appear to be beneficial in leading to a more circular economy. So, the market for lithium-ion batteries in North Europe is highly expected to expand brightly as it marks the shift toward a greener, more sustainable energy landscape. Recent developments include: December 2022: battery energy storage project developers OX2 and Ingrid Capacity started work on two battery storage projects totaling 60MW of power in Sweden. OX2 has started work on the Bredhälla BESS (battery energy storage system) project, and is expected to be commissioned in spring 2024. Additionally, Ingrid Capacity has also announced its latest BESS project, a 20MW unit in Vimmerby in Kalmar County., September 2022: Vianode, owned by Norsk Hydro, Elkem, and Altor, will invest USD 193.51 million in building a large-scale plant for sustainable battery materials in Norway. The plant will be able to produce anode graphite for roughly 20,000 Electric Vehicles (EVs) per year by 2024.. Key drivers for this market are: 4., Rising Demand for Renewable Energy4.; Decreasing Cost per Kilowatt of Electricity Generated Through Wind Energy Sources. Potential restraints include: 4., Increasing Installation of Other Renewable Sources Such as Solar Energy. Notable trends are: The Lithium-ion Segment is Expected to Witness a Significant Growth.

The Pan-European Climate Database (PECD) provides information on climate and renewable energy variables for both historical and future time periods. For historical data, the ERA5 global reanalysis serves as the underlying climate data, while future projections are based on selected CMIP6 global climate models. The raw climate model data are further processed through downscaling to achieve higher spatial and temporal resolution and by applying bias adjustment. Each energy variable is derived from the underlying climate data, providing datasets for temperature, total precipitation, surface solar radiation downwards and wind speed, as well as energy-related variables such as wind, solar, and hydropower. The PECD dataset has been planned, designed, and produced by the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) in collaboration with the European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E). This collaboration aims to increase the resilience of energy systems and optimize their performance in response to climate change. The PECD dataset existed prior to this collaboration between C3S and ENTSO-E but did not include future climate change signals. The current PECD dataset produced by C3S is the first to include climate change projections, providing energy analysts, planners, and decision-makers with essential tools for energy planning in the coming decades. The dataset is available in two formats: NetCDF for gridded indicators and CSV for area-averaged indicators. Note: The current PECDv4.1 only includes data from three climate models and one emission scenario. However, it is important to note that the use of a larger set of models is essential to adequately capture the uncertainty inherent in climate projections. The next PECDv4.2, which will be available early next year, will include a wider range of models and scenarios to improve the representation of uncertainty.

This table shows the supply, transformation and consumption of energy in a balance sheet. Energy is released - among other things - during the combustion of for example natural gas, petroleum, hard coal and biofuels. Energy can also be obtained from electricity or heat, or extracted from natural resources, e.g. wind or solar energy. In energy statistics all these sources of energy are known as energy commodities.

The supply side of the balance sheet includes indigenous production of energy, net imports and exports and net stock changes. This is mentioned primary energy supply, because this is the amount of energy available for transformation or consumption in the country.

For energy transformation, the table gives figures on the transformation input (amount of energy used to make other energy commodities), the transformation output (amount of energy made from other energy commodities) and net energy transformation. The latter is the amount of energy lost during the transformation of energy commodities.

Then the energy balance sheet shows the final consumption of energy. First, it refers to the own use and distribution losses. After deduction of these amounts remains the final consumption of energy customers. This comprises the final energy consumption and non-energy use. The final energy consumption is the energy consumers use for energy purposes. It is specified for successively industry, transport and other customers, broken down into various sub-sectors. The last form of energy is the non-energy use. This is the use of an energy commodity for a product that is not energy.

Data available: From 1946.

Status of the figures: All figures up to and including 2021 are definite. Figures for 2022 and 2023 are revised provisional.

Changes as of June 7th 2024: Revised provisional figures of 2023 have been added.

Changes as of April 26th 2024:

• Provisional figures of 2023 have been added.

The energy balance has been revised for 2015 and later on a limited number of points. The most important is the following: 1. For solid biomass and municipal waste, the most recent data have been included. Furthermore data were affected by integration with figures for a new, yet to be published StatLine table on the supply of solid biomass. As a result, there are some changes in imports, exports and indigenous production of biomass of a maximum of a few PJ. 2. In the case of natural gas, an improvement has been made in the processing of data for stored LNG, which causes a shift between stock changes, imports and exports of a maximum of a few PJ. 3. Data for final energy consumption of blended biofuels per transport subsector were incorrectly excluded. These have now been made visible.

Changes as of March 25th 2024: The energy balance has been revised and restructured. It concerns mainly a different way of dealing with biofuels that are mixed with fossil fuels.

Previously, biofuels mixed with fossil fuels were counted as petroleum crude and products. In the new energy balance, blended biofuels count for renewable energy and petroleum crude and products and the underlying products (such as gasoline, diesel and kerosene) only count the fossil part of mixtures of fossil and biogenic fuels. To make this clear, the names of the energy commodities have been adjusted. The consequence of this adjustment is that part of the energy has been moved from petroleum to renewable. The energy balance remains the same for total energy commodities. The aim of this adjustment is to make the increasing role of blended biofuels in the Energy Balance visible and to better align with the Energy Balances published by Eurostat and the International Energy Agency. Within renewable energy and biomass, pure and blended biofuels are now visible as separate energy commodities.

In addition, the way in which electric road transport is treated has been improved, resulting in an increase in the supply and final consumption of electricity in services by more than 2 PJ in 2021 and 2022.

Changes as of November 14th 2023: Figures for 2021 and 2022 haven been adjusted. Figures for the Energy Balance for 2015 to 2020 have been revised regarding the following items: For 2109 and 2020 final consumption of heat in agriculture is a few PJ lower and for services a few PJ higher. This is the result of improved interpretation of available data in supply of heat to agriculture. During the production of geothermal heat by agriculture natural gas is produced as by-product. Now this is included in the energy balance. The amount increased from 0.2 PJ in 2015 to 0.7 PJ in 2020. There are some improvements in the data for heat in industry with a magnitude of about 1 PJ or smaller. There some other improvements, also about 1 PJ or smaller.

Changes as of October 10th 2023: Energy commodity gas works cokes has been added. Revised figures for period 1946-1989 have been added.

Changes as of June 15th 2023: Revised provisional figures of 2022 have been added.

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