As of September 2024, the average rental yield of houses in Sydney, New South Wales, was 2.98 percent. In Darwin, the rental yield for houses measured 6.27 percent, which was the highest across all Australian capital cities during that quarter.

In the second quarter of 2021, South Adelaide had an average 6.75 percent market yield of industrial property in Australia. The entire state of Sydney had the lowest market yield with an average market yield of four percent or below in the same quarter.

Over the past two years, industrial property operators have suffered from reduced total merchandise imports and exports. However, expansions in business inventories have helped the industry and growth in online shopping popularity has propped up demand for industrial properties, particularly warehouses and logistics buildings. Forecasts estimate industry revenue to climb at an annualised 23.2% for the five years through 2024-25 to $19.3 billion. Notably, this growth rate is relative to a low base year in 2019-20. This year saw negotiated lease agreements meant to accommodate the pandemic-era economic landscape. More recently, climbing interest rates have justified higher rental prices, which have helped swell revenue compared to the 2019-20 financial year. More recently, the industry has fallen in revenue, recording a 3.9% slump in 2024-25. The effect of mining demand has been twofold on the Industrial and Other Property Operators industry. As overall mining demand has decreased, in part because of a slowdown in construction in China, the number of storage facilities that mining companies need has reduced, while simultaneously, many of the larger miners have sought to secure their storage capabilities by building their own warehouses, trading rental costs for construction costs. Combating this has been an improving business confidence index, which bodes well for the industry as more companies potentially look to expand their operations, requiring them to lease more property and driving revenue up for the industry. Current profit margins are estimated at 31.2%, a healthy figure that should remain relatively stable for the next five years. Over this same period, the industry will face some troubles, with a rising bond rate redirecting investments away from property and indicating the possibility of higher mortgage rates. These raised costs will see consolidation in the industry as the more significant industry players with greater cash reserves or access to capital can exploit reduced competition for new properties up for sale. Forecasts estimate revenue to swell at an annualised 0.2% for the five years through 2029-30 to sit at $19.5 billion.

This dataset presents the Rental Affordability Index (RAI) for all dwellings. The data uses a single median income value for all of Australia (enabling comparisons across regions), and spans the quarters Q1 2011 to Q2 2021. The RAI covers all states with available data, the Northern Territory does not form part of this dataset. National Shelter, Bendigo Bank, The Brotherhood of St Laurence, and SGS Economics and Planning have released the RentalAffordability Index (RAI) on a biannual basis since 2015. Since 2019, the RAI has been released annually. It is generally accepted that if housing costs exceed 30% of a low-income household's gross income, the household is experiencing housing stress (30/40 rule). That is, housing is unaffordable and housing costs consume a disproportionately high amount of household income. The RAI uses the 30 per cent of income rule. Rental affordability is calculated using the following equation, where 'qualifying income' refers to the household income required to pay rent where rent is equal to 30% of income: RAI = (Median income ∕ Qualifying Income) x 100 In the RAI, households who are paying 30% of income on rent have a score of 100, indicating that these households are at the critical threshold for housing stress. A score of 100 or less indicates that households would pay more than 30% of income to access a rental dwelling, meaning they are at risk of experiencing housing stress. For more information on the Rental Affordability Index please refer to SGS Economics and Planning. The RAI is a price index for housing rental markets. It is a clear and concise indicator of rental affordability relative to household incomes, applied to geographic areas across Australia. AURIN has spatially enabled the original data using geometries provided by SGS Economics and Planning. Values of 'NA' in the original data have been set to NULL.

Firms in the Real Estate Investment Trusts industry manage publicly listed trusts, focusing largely on commercial property. These trusts typically trade as stapled securities listed on the ASX. Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) in the industry purchase and manage retail, office, industrial and other types of property. REITs generate rental income by leasing properties to businesses and investment income through developing or selling properties. Rental income generated by REITs is relatively stable, while investment income can fluctuate significantly every year. Despite volatile operating conditions in recent years, industry firms have benefited from growth in the number of businesses and low borrowing costs over the two years through 2021-22, enabling many industry REITs to expand their property portfolios. Nonetheless, aggressive cash rate hikes, particularly during 2022-23, impacted the industry's performance by increasing borrowing costs and constraining expansion efforts. Industry-wide revenue has been growing at an annualised 0.9% over the past five years and is expected to total $20.9 billion in 2024-25, when revenue will rise by an estimated 1.7%. The industry has faced volatile trading conditions in recent years, with the COVID-19 pandemic creating significant demand disruptions in key product segments, including retail and office property markets. Industry enterprises have inched downwards in recent years due to acquisition activity among some of the industry's larger firms. Nonetheless, several new REITs have been listed on the ASX over the past few years, supporting growth in industry establishments. REITs are set to benefit from rising demand for commercial property over the coming years. Economic conditions will stabilise, with demand for retail and office property poised to climb. Some industrial companies are set to reshore manufacturing activities or retain more inventory to ensure the reliability of supply chains. This trend will boost demand for industrial property. Rising demand across key property segments will enable REITs to implement rent increases, supporting revenue growth and industry profitability over the period. Overall, industry revenue is forecast to grow at an annualised 3.8% over the five years through 2029-30 to total $25.2 billion.

The office property sector has faced considerable headwinds from recent economic disruptions, including the lingering effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and a series of interest rate hikes. These dynamics and the rapid shift to remote and hybrid work models have diminished demand for traditional office spaces. Nonetheless, premium and A-grade offices in key CBD locations continue to attract stable, high-quality tenants, even as tighter Foreign Investment Review Board (FIRB) regulations have curbed foreign investment and spurred a turn towards domestic capital. Overall, industry revenue is anticipated to have fallen at an annualised 4.3% over the past five years and is expected to total $32.7 billion in 2024-25, when revenue will drop by an estimated 4.5%. Rising financing and maintenance costs have squeezed operating margins alongside evolving tenant demands. From 2020 to 2023, the sector experienced declining rental yields and prolonged lease renegotiations as businesses sought more flexible workspace arrangements. Operators have increasingly turned to technology-driven solutions and outsourcing to reduce wage expenses, yet the burden of capital expenditure and higher borrowing costs remains significant. Despite efforts to streamline operations through advanced property management systems, these cumulative cost pressures continue to erode profitability, leaving operators cautious about committing to new developments in an uncertain economic environment. Looking ahead, Australia’s recovering economy offers both promise and hurdles for office property operators. A revival in business confidence and gradually easing monetary policy are forecast to drive domestic investment, although the rise of flexible workspaces will continue to challenge traditional leasing models. Developers are responding by upgrading premium assets with modern amenities targeted at evolving tenant needs. Moreover, policy adjustments from the FIRB are set to reawaken interest from foreign and institutional investors, prompting a greater flow of capital into the industry. This combination of factors is set to culminate in annualised revenue growth of 3.3% over the five years through 2029-30 to $38.4 billion.

This report analyses residential property yields in Australia. This is calculated by dividing total gross rent by the total value of all dwellings. Total rent includes actual rent paid by tenants and the imputed rent for owner-occupiers and is sourced from the Australian Bureau of Statistics. The total value of dwellings represents the residential land and dwelling stock and is sourced from the Reserve Bank of Australia. The data for this report is measured in average percentage points over the financial year.

In the year ended June 2024, households in the Greater Perth metropolitan area spent around 31 percent of their household income on rent. In comparison, households in the Greater Melbourne metropolitan area spent just 25 percent of their income on rent.

In the year ended June 2024, households in the non-metropolitan area of New South Wales spent around 30 percent of their household income on rent. In comparison, regional South Australian households spent approximately 25 percent of their income on rent.

Australia Household Income: Trend: Use of Income: Primary Income Payable: Property: Rent on Natural Assets data was reported at 259.000 AUD mn in Mar 2019. This records an increase from the previous number of 247.000 AUD mn for Dec 2018. Australia Household Income: Trend: Use of Income: Primary Income Payable: Property: Rent on Natural Assets data is updated quarterly, averaging 26.000 AUD mn from Sep 1959 (Median) to Mar 2019, with 239 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 259.000 AUD mn in Mar 2019 and a record low of 0.000 AUD mn in Mar 1973. Australia Household Income: Trend: Use of Income: Primary Income Payable: Property: Rent on Natural Assets data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Australian Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Australia – Table AU.A288: SNA08: Household Saving Ratio and Household Income: Trend.

Australia Household Income: sa: Use of Income: Primary Income Payable: Property: Rent on Natural Assets data was reported at 317.000 AUD mn in Dec 2024. This records a decrease from the previous number of 325.000 AUD mn for Sep 2024. Australia Household Income: sa: Use of Income: Primary Income Payable: Property: Rent on Natural Assets data is updated quarterly, averaging 52.000 AUD mn from Sep 1959 (Median) to Dec 2024, with 262 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 487.000 AUD mn in Dec 2022 and a record low of 0.000 AUD mn in Mar 1973. Australia Household Income: sa: Use of Income: Primary Income Payable: Property: Rent on Natural Assets data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Australian Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Australia – Table AU.A289: SNA08: Household Saving Ratio and Household Income: Seasonally Adjusted.

This dataset presents the Rental Affordability Index (RAI) for 3 bedroom dwellings. The data uses a single median income value for all of Australia (enabling comparisons across regions), and spans the quarters Q1 2011 to Q2 2021. The RAI covers all states with available data, the Northern Territory does not form part of this dataset. National Shelter, Bendigo Bank, The Brotherhood of St Laurence, and SGS Economics and Planning have released the RentalAffordability Index (RAI) on a biannual basis since 2015. Since 2019, the RAI has been released annually. It is generally accepted that if housing costs exceed 30% of a low-income household's gross income, the household is experiencing housing stress (30/40 rule). That is, housing is unaffordable and housing costs consume a disproportionately high amount of household income. The RAI uses the 30 per cent of income rule. Rental affordability is calculated using the following equation, where 'qualifying income' refers to the household income required to pay rent where rent is equal to 30% of income: RAI = (Median income ∕ Qualifying Income) x 100 In the RAI, households who are paying 30% of income on rent have a score of 100, indicating that these households are at the critical threshold for housing stress. A score of 100 or less indicates that households would pay more than 30% of income to access a rental dwelling, meaning they are at risk of experiencing housing stress. For more information on the Rental Affordability Index please refer to SGS Economics and Planning. The RAI is a price index for housing rental markets. It is a clear and concise indicator of rental affordability relative to household incomes, applied to geographic areas across Australia. AURIN has spatially enabled the original data using geometries provided by SGS Economics and Planning. Values of 'NA' in the original data have been set to NULL.

Australia Business Indicators Survey: Income from Sales of Goods & Services: 2022-23p: sa: Rental, Hiring & Real Estate Services data was reported at 31,427.000 AUD mn in Dec 2024. This records an increase from the previous number of 31,089.000 AUD mn for Sep 2024. Australia Business Indicators Survey: Income from Sales of Goods & Services: 2022-23p: sa: Rental, Hiring & Real Estate Services data is updated quarterly, averaging 21,351.000 AUD mn from Sep 2001 (Median) to Dec 2024, with 94 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 31,427.000 AUD mn in Dec 2024 and a record low of 14,729.000 AUD mn in Sep 2001. Australia Business Indicators Survey: Income from Sales of Goods & Services: 2022-23p: sa: Rental, Hiring & Real Estate Services data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Australian Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Australia – Table AU.S002: Business Indicators Survey: ANZSIC 2006: Income from Sales of Goods and Services: Chain Linked: 2022-23 Prices.

Housing Affordability Supply and Demand Data. \r \r Number of South Australian households paying more than 30% of their household income on housing (rent or mortgage) broken down by very low, low and moderate income brackets.\r \r This dataset relates to section 4, Housing Stress, of the Affordability master reports produced by the SA Housing Authority. Each master report covers one Local Government Area and is entitled ‘Housing Affordability – Demand and Supply by Local Government Area’. \r \r The Demand for Supply for LGA reports are available online at: https://data.sa.gov.au/data/dataset/housing-affordability-demand-and-supply-by-local-government-area\r \r Explanatory Notes:\r \r Data sourced from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), Census for Population and Housing and it is updated every 5 years in line with the ABS Census. \r \r The nature of the income imputation means that the reported proportion may significantly overstate the true proportion. Census housing stress data is best used in comparing results over Censuses (ie did it increase or decrease in an area) rather than using it to ascertain what proportion of households were in rental stress.\r \r Income bands are based on household income.\r \r High income households can also experience rental stress. These households are included in the total but not identified separately. Data is representative of households in very low, low and moderate income brackets.\r \r Please note that there are small random adjustments made to all cell values to protect the confidentiality of data. These adjustments may cause the sum of rows or columns to differ by small amounts from table totals.

In the first quarter of 2025, the prime office yield in Sydney CBD was 5.88 percent. The prime yield, representing the likely annual return on investment in the prime office market, had gradually decreased between 2016 and 2022, before starting to increase again over the last few years.

The house price-to-income ratio in Australia was ***** as of the fourth quarter of 2024. This ratio, calculated by dividing nominal house prices by nominal disposable income per head, increased from the previous quarter. The price-to-income ratio can be used to measure housing affordability in a specific area. Australia's property bubble There has been considerable debate over the past decade about whether Australia is in a property bubble or not. A property bubble refers to a sharp increase in the price of property that is disproportional to income and rental prices, followed by a decline. In Australia, rising house prices have undoubtedly been an issue for many potential homeowners, pricing them out of the market. Along with the average house price, high mortgage interest rates have exacerbated the issue. Is the homeownership dream out of reach? Housing affordability has varied across the different states and territories in Australia. In 2024, the median value of residential houses was the highest in Sydney compared to other major Australian cities, with Brisbane becoming an increasingly expensive city. Nonetheless, expected interest rate cuts in 2025, alongside the expansion of initiatives to improve Australia's dwelling stock, social housing supply, and first-time buyer accessibility to properties, may start to improve the situation. These encompass initiatives such as the Australian government's Help to Buy scheme and the Housing Australia Future Fund Facility (HAFFF) and National Housing Accord Facility (NHAF) programs.

The 1991 Census Basic Community profiles present 57 tables containing summary characteristics of persons and/or dwellings for Local Government Areas (LGA) in Australia. This table contains data relating to annual household income by weekly rent. Counts are of rented occupied private dwellings (excludes caravans etc in caravan parks and not classifiable households(a)), based on place of enumeration on census night which; includes overseas visitors; excludes Australians overseas; and excludes adjustment for under-enumeration. The data is by LGA 1991 boundaries. Periodicity: 5-Yearly. This data is ABS data (cat. no. 2101.0 & original geographic boundary cat. no. 1261.0.30.001) used with permission from the Australian Bureau of Statistics. The tabular data was processed and supplied to AURIN by the Australian Data Archives. The cleaned, high resolution 1991 geographic boundaries are available from data.gov.au. For more information please refer to the 1991 Census Dictionary. Please note:

(a) Not classifiable households are those dwellings which were temporarily unoccupied at the time of the census, but thecollector had ascertained that it was normally occupied, or the household contained only persons aged under 15 years.

(b) Comprises households where at least one, but not all, member(s) aged 15 years or more did not state an incomeand/or at least one spouse, offspring, or co-tenant was temporarily absent.

(c) Comprises households where no members present stated an income.

Australia Business Indicators Survey: Income from Sales of Goods & Services: 2018-19p: sa: Rental, Hiring & Real Estate Services data was reported at 25,949.000 AUD mn in Jun 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 25,447.000 AUD mn for Mar 2021. Australia Business Indicators Survey: Income from Sales of Goods & Services: 2018-19p: sa: Rental, Hiring & Real Estate Services data is updated quarterly, averaging 18,534.500 AUD mn from Sep 2001 (Median) to Jun 2021, with 80 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 25,949.000 AUD mn in Jun 2021 and a record low of 13,064.000 AUD mn in Sep 2001. Australia Business Indicators Survey: Income from Sales of Goods & Services: 2018-19p: sa: Rental, Hiring & Real Estate Services data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Australian Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Australia – Table AU.S006: Business Indicators Survey: ANZSIC 2006: Income from Sales of Goods and Services: Chain Linked: 2018-19 Prices.

Australia Business Indicators Survey: Income from Sales of Goods & Services: 2019-20p: sa: Rental, Hiring & Real Estate Services data was reported at 26,607.000 AUD mn in Jun 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 26,339.000 AUD mn for Mar 2022. Australia Business Indicators Survey: Income from Sales of Goods & Services: 2019-20p: sa: Rental, Hiring & Real Estate Services data is updated quarterly, averaging 18,775.500 AUD mn from Sep 2001 (Median) to Jun 2022, with 84 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 26,693.000 AUD mn in Dec 2021 and a record low of 13,165.000 AUD mn in Sep 2001. Australia Business Indicators Survey: Income from Sales of Goods & Services: 2019-20p: sa: Rental, Hiring & Real Estate Services data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Australian Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Australia – Table AU.S005: Business Indicators Survey: ANZSIC 2006: Income from Sales of Goods and Services: Chain Linked: 2019-20 Prices.

This dataset, released February 2021, contains housing and transport statistics relating to the Households in dwellings receiving rent assistance from the Australian Government, June 2020; Aboriginal households in dwellings receiving rent assistance from the Australian Government, June 2016; Persons living in rented social housing dwellings, 2016; Social housing (rented) dwellings, 2016; Persons living in privately rented dwellings, 2016; Privately rented dwellings, 2016; Low income households with mortgage stress, 2016; Low income households with rental stress, 2016; Low income households under financial stress from mortgage or rent, 2016; Low income households, 2016; Housing suitability, 2016; Private dwellings with no motor vehicle, 2016; Persons living in crowded dwellings, 2016; Persons living in severely crowded dwellings, 2016; Aboriginal persons living in crowded dwellings, 2016; Aboriginal persons living in severely crowded dwellings, 2016.

The data is by Population Health Area (PHA) 2016 geographic boundaries based on the 2016 Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS).

Population Health Areas, developed by PHIDU, are comprised of a combination of whole SA2s and multiple (aggregates of) SA2s, where the SA2 is an area in the ABS structure.

For more information please see the data source notes on the data.

Source: Compiled by PHIDU based on data from the Department of Social Services, June 2020; and the ABS Census: Dwellings, 2016; Compiled by PHIDU based on data from the Department of Social Services, June 2016; and the ABS Census: Dwellings, 2016; Compiled by PHIDU based on the ABS Census of Population and Housing, August 2016; Compiled by PHIDU based on the ABS Census of Population and Housing, August 2016 (unpublished) data;

AURIN has spatially enabled the original data. Data that was not shown/not applicable/not published/not available for the specific area ('#', '..', '^', 'np, 'n.a.', 'n.y.a.' in original PHIDU data) was removed.It has been replaced by by Blank cells. For other keys and abbreviations refer to PHIDU Keys.