Graph and download economic data for Reserves of Depository Institutions: Total (TOTRESNS) from Jan 1959 to Feb 2025 about adjusted, reserves, and USA.

Among the 12 Federal Reserve Banks of the Federal Reserve System in the United States, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York held by far the highest value of assets in 2023. With approximately 4.3 trillion U.S. dollars on its balance sheet, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York held over 50 percent of the Fed's total assets. It was followed by the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.

Graph and download economic data for U.S.-Chartered Depository Institutions; Balances Due from Federal Reserve Banks; Asset (Call Report), Level (BOGZ1FL763013000A) from 1945 to 2024 about U.S.-chartered, fees, balance, assets, banks, depository institutions, and USA.

The amount of money that depository institutions maintained in their accounts at their regional Federal Reserve Banks was just below 3.5 trillion U.S. dollars at the end of 2023. This was a notable increase compared to the previous year, when reserve balances stood at roughly 3.1 trillion U.S. dollars.

The Federal Reserve's balance sheet has undergone significant changes since 2007, reflecting its response to major economic crises. From a modest 0.9 trillion U.S. dollars at the end of 2007, it ballooned to approximately 6.76 trillion U.S. dollars by March 2025. This dramatic expansion, particularly during the 2008 financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic - both of which resulted in negative annual GDP growth in the U.S. - showcases the Fed's crucial role in stabilizing the economy through expansionary monetary policies. Impact on inflation and interest rates The Fed's expansionary measures, while aimed at stimulating economic growth, have had notable effects on inflation and interest rates. Following the quantitative easing in 2020, inflation in the United States reached eight percent in 2022, the highest since 1991. However, by November 2024, inflation had declined to 2.7 percent. Concurrently, the Federal Reserve implemented a series of interest rate hikes, with the rate peaking at 5.33 percent in August 2023, before the first rate cut since September 2021 occurred in September 2024. Financial implications for the Federal Reserve The expansion of the Fed's balance sheet and subsequent interest rate hikes have had significant financial implications. In 2023, the Fed reported a negative net income of 114.3 billion U.S. dollars, a stark contrast to the 58.84 billion U.S. dollars profit in 2022. This unprecedented shift was primarily due to rapidly rising interest rates, which caused the Fed's interest expenses to soar to over 281 billion U.S. dollars in 2023. Despite this, the Fed's net interest income on securities acquired through open market operations reached a record high of 174.53 billion U.S. dollars in the same year.

The U.S. federal funds effective rate underwent a dramatic reduction in early 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The rate plummeted from 1.58 percent in February 2020 to 0.65 percent in March, and further decreased to 0.05 percent in April. This sharp reduction, accompanied by the Federal Reserve's quantitative easing program, was implemented to stabilize the economy during the global health crisis. After maintaining historically low rates for nearly two years, the Federal Reserve began a series of rate hikes in early 2022, with the rate moving from 0.33 percent in April 2022 to 5.33 percent in August 2023. The rate remained unchanged for over a year, before the Federal Reserve initiated its first rate cut in nearly three years in September 2024, bringing the rate to 5.13 percent. By December 2024, the rate was cut to 4.48 percent, signaling a shift in monetary policy in the second half of 2024. The first rate cut in 2025 then set the rate at 4.33 percent. What is the federal funds effective rate? The U.S. federal funds effective rate determines the interest rate paid by depository institutions, such as banks and credit unions, that lend reserve balances to other depository institutions overnight. Changing the effective rate in times of crisis is a common way to stimulate the economy, as it has a significant impact on the whole economy, such as economic growth, employment, and inflation. Central bank policy rates The adjustment of interest rates in response to the COVID-19 pandemic was a coordinated global effort. In early 2020, central banks worldwide implemented aggressive monetary easing policies to combat the economic crisis. The U.S. Federal Reserve's dramatic reduction of its federal funds rate - from 1.58 percent in February 2020 to 0.05 percent by April - mirrored similar actions taken by central banks globally. While these low rates remained in place throughout 2021, mounting inflationary pressures led to a synchronized tightening cycle beginning in 2022, with central banks pushing rates to multi-year highs. By mid-2024, as inflation moderated across major economies, central banks began implementing their first rate cuts in several years, with the U.S. Federal Reserve, Bank of England, and European Central Bank all easing monetary policy.

Graph and download economic data for Monetary Authority; Federal Reserve Bank Stock; Liability, Transactions (BOGZ1FU713164003A) from 1946 to 2024 about monetary authorities, stocks, transactions, liabilities, banks, depository institutions, and USA.

Indonesia Bank of America N.A: Consolidated: Compliance Ratio: Reserve Requirement Foreign Currencies data was reported at 13.120 % in Sep 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of 10.040 % for Jun 2016. Indonesia Bank of America N.A: Consolidated: Compliance Ratio: Reserve Requirement Foreign Currencies data is updated quarterly, averaging 10.260 % from Mar 2009 (Median) to Sep 2016, with 31 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 17.340 % in Sep 2014 and a record low of 1.150 % in Jun 2009. Indonesia Bank of America N.A: Consolidated: Compliance Ratio: Reserve Requirement Foreign Currencies data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Indonesia Financial Services Authority. The data is categorized under Indonesia Premium Database’s Banking Sector – Table ID.KBF022: Foreign Bank: Financial Ratio: Bank of America N.A.

With over 91 billion U.S. dollars, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York reported the highest net interest income of the Federal Reserve (Fed) in 2023. It was followed by San Francisco and Richmond, with 22.72 and 11.69 billion U.S. dollars. The total net interest income of the Fed amounted to roughly 174.5 billion U.S. dollars at the end of the year.

India Bank of America: Capital Reserves data was reported at 3,457.657 INR mn in 2018. This stayed constant from the previous number of 3,457.657 INR mn for 2017. India Bank of America: Capital Reserves data is updated yearly, averaging 3,221.517 INR mn from Mar 1992 (Median) to 2018, with 27 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4,670.257 INR mn in 2007 and a record low of 64.400 INR mn in 1992. India Bank of America: Capital Reserves data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Reserve Bank of India. The data is categorized under Global Database’s India – Table IN.KBP007: Foreign Banks: Assets and Liabilities: Bank of America.

Graph and download economic data for Monetary Authority; Federal Reserve Bank Stock; Liability, Level (MAFRBIA027N) from 1945 to 2024 about monetary authorities, IMA, stocks, liabilities, banks, depository institutions, and USA.

The weekly value of all liquidity facilities of the Federal Reserve Banks in the United States peaked in 2008, during the global financial crisis. On December 10th, 2008, the value of such facilities amounted to 1.5 trillion U.S. dollars, the highest value during the observed period. There was another sharp increase in 2020, likely triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic. As of January 22, 2025, the value of liquidity facilities of the Federal Reserve amounted to roughly 3.2 billion U.S. dollars.

From 2003 to 2025, the central banks of the United States, United Kingdom, and European Union exhibited remarkably similar interest rate patterns, reflecting shared global economic conditions. In the early 2000s, rates were initially low to stimulate growth, then increased as economies showed signs of overheating prior to 2008. The financial crisis that year prompted sharp rate cuts to near-zero levels, which persisted for an extended period to support economic recovery. The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 led to further rate reductions to historic lows, aiming to mitigate economic fallout. However, surging inflation in 2022 triggered a dramatic policy shift, with the Federal Reserve, Bank of England, and European Central Bank significantly raising rates to curb price pressures. As inflation stabilized in late 2023 and early 2024, the ECB and Bank of England initiated rate cuts by mid-2024, and the Federal Reserve also implemented its first cut in three years, with forecasts suggesting a gradual decrease in all major interest rates between 2025 and 2026. Divergent approaches within the European Union While the ECB sets a benchmark rate for the Eurozone, individual EU countries have adopted diverse strategies to address their unique economic circumstances. For instance, Hungary set the highest rate in the EU at 13 percent in September 2023, gradually reducing it to 6.5 percent by October 2024. In contrast, Sweden implemented more aggressive cuts, lowering its rate to 2.25 percent by February 2025, the lowest among EU members. These variations highlight the complex economic landscape that European central banks must navigate, balancing inflation control with economic growth support. Global context and future outlook The interest rate changes in major economies have had far-reaching effects on global financial markets. Government bond yields, for example, reflect these policy shifts and investor sentiment. As of June 2024, the United States had the highest 10-year government bond yield among developed economies at 4.09 percent, while Switzerland had the lowest at 0.69 percent. These rates serve as important benchmarks for borrowing costs and economic expectations worldwide.

Graph and download economic data for Book Value of Federal Reserve Bank Held Gold Bullion: On Display (FRDGBSV) from Jan 2012 to Feb 2025 about gold, accounting, reserves, banks, depository institutions, and USA.

United States - Federal Debt Held by Federal Reserve Banks was 4629.26900 Bil. of $ in October of 2024, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Federal Debt Held by Federal Reserve Banks reached a record high of 6254.96600 in January of 2022 and a record low of 55.80000 in January of 1970. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Federal Debt Held by Federal Reserve Banks - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on March of 2025.

The benchmark interest rate in the United States was last recorded at 4.50 percent. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - United States Fed Funds Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

India Bank of America: Financial Ratio: Cash-Deposit data was reported at 5.870 % in 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 6.060 % for 2017. India Bank of America: Financial Ratio: Cash-Deposit data is updated yearly, averaging 7.990 % from Mar 1999 (Median) to 2018, with 20 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 14.910 % in 2010 and a record low of 5.750 % in 2013. India Bank of America: Financial Ratio: Cash-Deposit data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Reserve Bank of India. The data is categorized under India Premium Database’s Banking Sector – Table IN.KBR008: Foreign Banks: Selected Financial Ratios: Bank of America.

As of March 2024, Banco Central do Brasil topped the list of the largest central banks in Latin America and the Caribbean by international reserve assets, reporting 355 billion U.S. dollars. This highlights Brazil's economic strength in the region. Banco de México followed in second place, with approximately 219.5 billion U.S. dollars in reserve assets.

United States - ICE BofA 7-10 Year US Corporate Index Semi-Annual Yield to Worst was 5.38% in March of 2025, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - ICE BofA 7-10 Year US Corporate Index Semi-Annual Yield to Worst reached a record high of 9.82 in October of 2008 and a record low of 1.83 in December of 2020. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - ICE BofA 7-10 Year US Corporate Index Semi-Annual Yield to Worst - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on March of 2025.

India Bank of America: Return on Assets data was reported at 2.120 % in 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 2.320 % for 2017. India Bank of America: Return on Assets data is updated yearly, averaging 2.465 % from Mar 1999 (Median) to 2018, with 20 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3.770 % in 2011 and a record low of 1.170 % in 2000. India Bank of America: Return on Assets data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Reserve Bank of India. The data is categorized under India Premium Database’s Banking Sector – Table IN.KBR008: Foreign Banks: Selected Financial Ratios: Bank of America.