In 2024, the annual per capita gross domestic product (GDP) in different provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions in China varied from approximately 228,200 yuan in Beijing municipality to roughly 52,800 yuan in Gansu province. The average national per capita GDP crossed the threshold of 10,000 U.S. dollars in 2019 and reached around 95,700 yuan in 2024. Regional economic differences in China The level of economic development varies considerably in different parts of China. Four major geographic and economic regions can be discerned in the country: The economically advanced coastal regions in the east, less developed regions in Northeast and Central China, and the developing regions in the west. This division has deep historical roots reflecting the geography of each region and their political past and present. Furthermore, regional economic development closely correlates with regional urbanization rates, which closely resembles the borders of the four main economic regions. Private income in different parts of China Breaking the average income figures further down by province, municipality, or autonomous region reveals that the average disposable income in Shanghai or Beijing is on average more than three times higher than in Tibet or Gansu province. In rural areas, average disposable income is often only between one third and one half of that in urban areas of the same region. Accordingly, consumer expenditure per capita in urban areas reaches the highest levels in Shanghai, Beijing, and the coastal regions of China.

In 2023, Shanghai was the city with the largest GDP in China, reaching a value added of approximately *** trillion yuan. The four Chinese first-tier cites Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, and Guangzhou had by far the strongest economic performance. Development of Chinese cities Rapid urbanization and economic growth have reshaped all Chinese cities since the economic opening up of China. While the first-tier cities have overall benefitted most from this development, the last two decades have seen many second-tier cities catching up. For many years already, growth rates in Qingdao, Hangzhou, Changsha, and Zhengzhou have been higher than in Shanghai or Beijing.This development was driven by lower costs in smaller cities, a specialization of their economies, and political measures to support inland cities and ease the pressure on the largest municipalities. Today, per capita GDP in cities such as Suzhou, Nanjing, and Shenzhen is already higher than in Beijing or Shanghai. Future perspectives Competition between cities will further change China’s urban landscape in the future. Medium-sized cities that can provide an attractive economic environment have the potential to grow their economy at a faster pace, attract immigration, and further increase their relative importance. Cities that are losing their competitive edge, however, like Shenyang, Dalian, and other cities in the northeastern rustbelt, are increasingly confronted by economic stagnation and demographic decline.

Regional gross domestic product (GDP) in China varies tremendously across the country. In 2024, the GDP of Guangdong province amounted to around **** trillion yuan, whereas that of Tibet only reached about ***** billion yuan. While Guangdong has a thriving economy and is densely populated, Tibet is located in a remote mountain area and has a population of only around *** million people. Regional economic differences in China China can generally be divided into four different economic macro-regions: the economically well-developed coastal parts in Eastern China, the less-developed Central and Northeastern China, and the developing region of Western China. This division is reflected in the figures for regional per capita GDP. The coastal parts of China are not only economically more advanced, but also have a considerably higher population density. This is the result of climatic conditions on the one hand and China's firm integration into the global economy on the other. International companies were initially attracted by special economic zones set up in coastal areas during China's market opening, and well-connected, highly developed urban areas of Eastern China are still favored by international businesses. Prospects for future development The Chinese government has long since been aware of the economic disparities in the country and the political unrest they might stir. Major efforts have been made to improve the conditions in less developed regions. The situation in Central and Western China has improved considerably in the last two decades, and rural poverty decreased on a striking scale. In recent years, growth rates in the west of China have even been higher than in coastal areas. However, the constraints of the global economy remain, and it is very likely that Eastern China will stay ahead in international markets in the foreseeable future.

According to a report on Chinese cities from 2024 that provided a ranking of their economic clout, Beijing, Shanghai, and Hong Kong shared first place with a total composite score of ***. The overall city ranking, which consisted of ten subsets, was headed by China's capital Beijing.

This statistic indicates the number of people owning more than *********** yuan in mainland China as of January 2024, by region. In January 2024, approximately ******* millionaires lived in Guangdong province, whereas around ******* millionaires lived in Beijing.

In 2021, the highest per capita gross domestic product (GDP) of major cities in China had been reached in Beijing, amounting to about ******* yuan per person. Per capita GDP of cities may vary largely in China, from ** to ** thousand yuan in smaller and remote cities in the countryside to nearly ******* yuan in large cities.

Traditional Chinese Instruments Market Outlook

The global Traditional Chinese Instruments market size was valued at approximately USD 1.2 billion in 2023 and is expected to reach USD 2.4 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8%. The increasing global appreciation for cultural diversity and music education is fueling this growth. Factors such as rising interest in world music, government initiatives to preserve cultural heritage, and the growing middle-class population in Asia-Pacific countries are major growth drivers for this market.

One of the primary growth factors for the Traditional Chinese Instruments market is the increasing popularity of cultural tourism. As international travel becomes more accessible, an increasing number of tourists are visiting China and other regions with rich musical heritage. This tourism contributes to the dissemination and appreciation of traditional Chinese music, resulting in a heightened demand for traditional Chinese instruments. Furthermore, music festivals and cultural exchange programs play a crucial role in popularizing these instruments, thereby driving market growth. Additionally, the advent of digital platforms has made it easier for enthusiasts around the world to learn about and purchase traditional Chinese instruments, propelling market expansion.

Another significant growth driver is the rising interest in music education among parents and educators. Traditional Chinese instruments such as the guzheng, erhu, and pipa are increasingly being integrated into music curricula in schools and universities, not only in China but also globally. Governments and educational institutions are recognizing the importance of cultural education, further bolstering the market. Music education programs that include traditional Chinese instruments are also supported by various non-profit organizations and cultural foundations, which provide funding and resources to schools and community centers. This widespread institutional support is a key factor in the marketÂ’s robust growth.

The support from governments and cultural organizations plays a pivotal role in the expansion of the Traditional Chinese Instruments market. Various Chinese provinces have established initiatives to preserve and promote their musical heritage, including financial support for instrument makers and educational programs. These initiatives are also gaining traction in other countries with significant Chinese populations, such as Malaysia and Singapore. Additionally, collaborations between Chinese cultural institutions and international music conservatories are fostering greater global interest in traditional Chinese instruments. The increasing availability of grants and subsidies for cultural projects further drives the market.

The inclusion of Musical Instruments for Children in educational settings is becoming increasingly popular as educators recognize the value of introducing young learners to diverse musical traditions. By integrating traditional Chinese instruments into school music programs, children gain exposure to unique sounds and cultural stories, fostering a deeper appreciation for global music heritage. This early introduction not only enhances their musical skills but also broadens their cultural understanding, encouraging a lifelong interest in music. As more educational institutions adopt these instruments, manufacturers are responding by creating child-friendly versions that are easier to play and handle, ensuring that young musicians can fully engage with the learning process. This trend is contributing to the growth of the Traditional Chinese Instruments market, as it opens new avenues for both educational and personal use.

From a regional perspective, Asia-Pacific is the dominant market for traditional Chinese instruments, accounting for more than 60% of the global market share in 2023. This dominance is attributed to the deep-rooted cultural significance of these instruments and the large population base in countries like China, Japan, and Korea. North America and Europe are emerging markets, driven by the growing interest in world music and cultural diversity. In contrast, Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are nascent markets but exhibit significant growth potential due to increasing cultural exchange and tourism.

Instrument Type Analysis

The Traditional Chinese Instruments market can be segmented by instrument type into string instruments, wind instruments, pe

As of January 2025, Zhang Yiming topped the list of the richest people in China with a net worth of 60 billion U.S. dollars. Zhong Shanshan, founder of the beverage company Nongfu Spring, and Ma Huateng, founder of the IT giant Tencent, came in second and third respectively, while Ma Yun, founder of the IT giant Alibaba, fell back to the tenth place. Ultra-high net worth individuals (UHNWI) in China Net worth refers to the amount of value by which an individual’s assets exceed their liabilities. It is usually cited to demonstrate the economic position of a person. Following China’s extensive economic development over the past two decades, the number of wealthy people had been rapidly growing as well. According to Hurun Research Institute, Greater China was the region with the second largest number of billionaires worldwide as of 2025, with a total number of 870 billionaires. As of February 2025, the number of millionaires had amounted to approximately 19,000 people in Beijing alone. Unsurprisingly, the majority of high-net worth individuals lives in one of the four first-tier cities Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen. Chinese billionaire's sources of wealth Chinese millionaires have accumulated their wealth primarily as private entrepreneurs. Most of the people listed among the 20 wealthiest Chinese in 2024 had owned their own companies. Zhang Yiming, who topped the list of richest people in China in 2025, has made his fortune as founder of BytaDance and Douyin, the social media platform internationally known as TikTok.

The three northeastern provinces and the Korean Peninsula are geographically and climatically diverse, and the geographical regions have continuously formed relatively unique flora. This paper collected through the national and provincial list of bryophytes, the specimens in the online herbarium, recently published bryophytes papers and bryophytes information recorded in field investigation in certain areas. Quantitative statistical analysis of plant species or taxa data was carried out by traditional methods. In order to clarify the species diversity and species genetic relationship of bryophytes in the study area, a preliminary study was conducted to explain the flora pattern and formation mechanism. There are 1,006 species of bryophytes belonging to 305 genera and 107 families in the three provinces of Northeast China, and there are 1,119 species of bryophytes belonging to 368 genera and 126 families in the Korean Peninsula. In addition, 477 new distribution records of bryophytes in the three northeastern provinces were supplemented. The dominant families and genera of bryophyte in the Korean Peninsula and the three northeastern provinces are highly similar, and the species richness of mosses and liverworts in the two study areas is dominated by families containing 2–10 species and single-species genera. According to a similarity analysis of family, genus and species, there are 541 species of bryophytes belonging to 269 genera and 102 families in the study area. The three northeastern provinces and the Korean Peninsula are rich in bryophytes, and are mainly distributed in temperate zones. Therefore, the similarity between Heilongjiang Province and Jilin Province in the three northeastern provinces is higher, while the similarity between Jilin Province, Liaoning Province and the Korean Peninsula is higher, indicating that the adjacent areas may have a common evolutionary origin or show evolutionary convergence. Compared with the Korean Peninsula, the proportion of tropical distribution and East Asian distribution in the three northeastern provinces is slightly higher. This study analyses the characteristics, similarity feature and floristic composition of bryophyte species and provides background information on bryophyte biodiversity conservation in the study area, which is highly important for the protection of bryophyte diversity and the promotion of basic data sharing.

The China Analog IC market is experiencing robust growth, projected to reach $40.61 million in 2025 and maintain a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 8.32% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is fueled by several key drivers. The surging demand for consumer electronics, particularly smartphones, wearables, and other smart devices, is a primary catalyst. The burgeoning automotive sector, with its increasing reliance on advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) and electric vehicles (EVs), significantly contributes to market growth. Furthermore, advancements in industrial automation and the expansion of 5G infrastructure are creating substantial opportunities for analog ICs in various applications. The market is segmented by type (general-purpose and application-specific ICs) and application (consumer, automotive, communication, computer, and industrial). While precise regional breakdowns within China are unavailable, the overall market's strong growth indicates significant contributions from major Chinese provinces and technological hubs. Competition is intense, with leading global players such as Analog Devices, Infineon, Texas Instruments, and STMicroelectronics, alongside prominent Chinese manufacturers, vying for market share. Despite potential restraints such as global supply chain complexities and economic fluctuations, the long-term outlook for the China Analog IC market remains positive, driven by continuous technological innovation and sustained demand from diverse sectors. The substantial growth trajectory is underpinned by government initiatives promoting technological self-reliance and domestic manufacturing within China. This focus is stimulating investments in research and development, fostering a more robust domestic supply chain and further fueling the market expansion. The increasing integration of analog ICs into diverse applications across various industries ensures sustained demand, mitigating the impact of potential short-term fluctuations. The significant market size and the projected CAGR highlight the immense potential for both established players and emerging companies operating within the Chinese analog IC landscape. Strategic partnerships, mergers, and acquisitions are likely to intensify as companies compete for market share and seek to capitalize on the ongoing expansion of this dynamic market segment. Recent developments include: May 2024 - China, in response to escalating US export restrictions, has unveiled a substantial fund, boasting a registered capital of 344 billion yuan (approximately USD 47.5 billion), aimed at bolstering its semiconductor sector. This initiative marks the largest among the trio of funds introduced by the China Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund, commonly referred to as the Big Fund., June 2024 - SEMIFIVE and China's Atron Technologies have inked a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to jointly venture into semiconductor design and manufacturing. Their focus is on the Chinese market, with plans to offer on-site technical support. Atron Technologies, known for its prowess in high-end ASIC design and turnkey services, boasts a rich portfolio in semiconductor designs, particularly in AI/HPC, automotive, networking, and AIoT sectors.. Key drivers for this market are: The Growing Telecommunication Industry and Rising Adoption of 5G. Potential restraints include: The Growing Telecommunication Industry and Rising Adoption of 5G. Notable trends are: Growing Adoption of 5G Technology to Boost Market Demand.

Per capita gross domestic product (GDP) of cities in China varies tremendously, mainly depending on the location of the city. Cities with the highest per capita GDP are mainly to be found in coastal provinces in East China and in South China, like Guangdong province. The poorest cities are located in the still less developed western parts of China, like Gansu province, or in the Chinese rust belt in Northeastern China, like Heilongjiang province.

The computed population density data for the map is based on a media CD released by ESRI in 2006. According to the media CD, China in 2006 comprised of 33 provinces. These include Tibet (now named Xizang, an autonomously administered region), Hong Kong and Macau (both of which are designated as special districts) along with Xingiang in the west, parts of which are involved in an unsettled border dispute with a neighboring country, as can be seen by a dotted line in google base map of the region and Taiwan. Compare this map with the population density map of 2002 that now has only 32 provinces...

To enhance domestic energy security and reduce air pollution, China has accelerated the deployment of alternative fuel vehicles including methanol vehicles since the 2010s. Already completed pilot projects have demonstrated that methanol vehicles (commercial fleet) are economical, environmentally friendly, and technically mature. Therefore, the Chinese government aims to continually deploy methanol vehicles in coal-rich provinces. There are more than 20,000 methanol taxis in operation in China, it is important to evaluate the existing consumer acceptance of such commercial fleet before commercialization in a wider range. This paper proposes a conceptual model to identify consumer acceptance of methanol taxis. The model generates hypotheses that have been tested using surveys completed by taxi drivers of methanol vehicles in the cities of Xi’an (Shaanxi province) and Guiyang (Guizhou province). Results demonstrate that market, economic, and technological concerns strongly determine the consumer acceptance of the commercial fleet of methanol vehicles in China.

The UBGG dataset provides easily access and leverage to researchers and analysts, which is stored in the following Zenodo repository (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8352777). The UBGG dataset consists of two main components:

• UBGG-3m: the fine-grained UBGG map product of 36 metropolises in China. The UBGG-3m dataset captures the intricate urban landscape features with remarkable precision, providing a detailed representation at an impressive 3-meter resolution. Fig. 1 in User Guides shows the classification results for 36 Chinese metropolises. Researchers can delve into the nuances of the UBGG continuum, gaining invaluable insights into the interplay between the blue, green, and gray elements of urban environments in each metropolis.

• UBGGset: the large-volume sample dataset to support the UBGG deep learning research. Complementing the UBGG-3m dataset, UBGGset serves as a large-volume sample dataset specifically tailored to support and foster UBGG research endeavors (Fig. 2). The UBGGset consists of 14,627 sample images (without data augmentation), with dimensions of 256 pixels in length and width, covering an urban area of approximately 2,272 km². The UBGGset was constructed with co-registered pairs of 3 m Planet images and fine-annotated urban landscapes labeled on 1 m Google Earth image. This dataset encompasses 15 typical cities, offering researchers a rich and diverse resource to drive exploration, analysis, and innovation in the field of urban landscape studies.

Citation format for paper and dataset:

[1] Zhiyu Xu, Shuqing Zhao. Fine-grained urban blue-green-gray landscape dataset for 36 Chinese cities based on deep learning network. Sci Data 11, 266 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02844-2

[2] Zhiyu Xu, Shuqing Zhao, Fine-grained urban landscape mapping reveals broad-scale homogeneity in urban environments,
Science Bulletin, (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2024.03.060

[3] Zhiyu Xu, Shuqing Zhao. UBGG-3m: Fine-grained urban blue-green-gray landscape dataset for 36 Chinese cities based on deep learning network (v1.0) [Data set]. (2023). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8352777

Species traits reflect the species’ ecological function and fitness. The trait databases play a vital role in studying biodiversity maintenance and loss, species evolution and adaptation, ecological interactions and processes, ecosystem functions, and species responses to both climate change and human pressures. China is one of the countries with the richest mammal diversity in the world, so far, there is no comprehensive resource of morphological, life history, ecological and geographical distribution data of the mammals in China. We compiled 24 traits data of 754 Chinese mammals (including recently regional extinct species and those species with disputed taxonomy and distribution) between 2008 and 2021 through systematic literature review and dataset integration, referred to mammalian monographs and field guides. The main sources used in completing the dataset were: the life history traits were retrieved from trait database (COMBINE: COalesced Mammal dataBase of INtrinsic and Extrinsic traits, Soria et al, 2021); Smith and Xie (2009) A Guide to the Mammals of China and Pan et al (2007) A Field Guide to the Mammals of China, and the zoogeographical regionalization and distribution type were searched in Zhang (2011) China Animal Geography, and species distribution in provinces and threatened category were cited from Jiang et al (2021) China’s Red list of Biodiversity: Vertebrates, Volume I, Mammals and Liu et al (2019; 2020) Handbook of Mammals of China. In addition, Handbook of the Mammals of the World (Wilson & Mittermeier, 2009; 2011; 2012; 2018; 2019; Mittermeier & Wilson, 2014; Wilson et al, 2016), Mammal Diversity Database (American Society of Mammalogists, ASM, 2021) and COMBINE (COalesced Mammal dataBase of INtrinsic and Extrinsic traits, Soria et al, 2021) were taken as supplementary data source. Further, peer–reviewed scientific publications from 1990 to 2021 were searched in CNKI, Google Scholar to supplementary traits data. Our dataset included body weight, brain size, head body length, tail length, forearm length (Chiroptera), hind foot length, ear length, sexual maturity time, gestation length, litter size, litters per year, generation length, diet, activity pattern, habitat type, habitat breadth, realm, biome, endemic species, elevational range, distribution type, zoogeographical regionalization, geographical distribution. Among these twenty-four traits, the data integrity ranged from 30.11% to 100.00%. The traits data were incomplete to some extent due to lack of research while the information about endemic species, geographical distribution in province of China’s mammals are completed. The dataset is the latest and most complete database on the traits of China’s mammals, which lays the foundation for future researches in mammalogy and biodiversity study and promote information sharing and in-depth mining of mammal diversity in China.

Previous evidence from developed nations has suggested that more trusting individuals are more likely to take financial risks, such as investing in the stock market. Previous studies have found that Chinese citizens have particularly high generalized trust and are more risk-seeking in investment compared with Americans, which makes China an interesting case. The current study examines the relation between generalized trust and stock market participation in China at both a contextual and individual level. Across provinces, a lower level of generalized trust was associated with stock market participation. For example, the stock market participation was four times higher in provinces with the lowest level of perceived fairness than in provinces with the highest level of perceived fairness. The contextual effects of less generalized trust suggest an association between risk-taking behaviors and societal level inequality. At the individual level, trust of strangers was associated with risk preference in highly educated and wealthy people but its effect on risk behaviors was not clear. The findings suggest that trust may affect financial risk-taking behavior at different levels through different pathways, and that cultural differences in understanding of trust also need to be considered.

As the lowest horizon of the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota, the Huajiying Formation of the northern Hebei Province, China is rich with avians and feathered dinosaurs, but lacks pterosaur record. Here the first pterosaur fossil is reported from the Huajiying Formation. The new pterosaur specimen is characterised by an unusual pedal configuration of a short and spread metatarsus with elongate digits, showing a close resemblance to the dentulous Ornithocheiroidea. The pedal configuration is diverse in pterosaurs, and is often associated with ecological adaptations. In contrast to the general pattern of the elongate metatarsus and short digits, the elongate digits of the dentulous ornithocheiroids (e.g., boreopterids and istiodactylids) might offset the shortened metatarsus to enlarge the pedal surface for paddling, representing a new strategy in adaptation to the aquatic environment.

Rice false smut caused by the fungal pathogen Ustilaginoideavirens is becoming a destructive disease throughout major rice-growing countries. Information about its genetic diversity and population structure is essential for rice breeding and efficient control of the disease. This study compared the genome sequences of two U. virens isolates. Three SNP-rich genomic regions were identified as molecular markers that could be used to analyze the genetic diversity and population structure of U. virens in China. A total of 56 multilocus sequence types (haplotypes) were identified out of 162 representative isolates from 15 provinces covering five major rice-growing areas in China. However, the phylogeny, based on sequences at individual SNP-rich regions, strongly conflicted with each other and there were significant genetic differences between different geographical populations. Gene flow between the different geographical populations and genetic differentiation within each geographical population were also detected. In addition, genetic recombination and genetic isolation resulting from geographic separation was also found.

According to the Hurun Global Rich List 2025, the city with the highest number of billionaires in 2025 was New York. In detail, *** billionaires resided in the American city. Furthermore, ** billionaires lived in London, while Shanghai had a billionaire population of ** individuals. New York was the only city in the world with more than 100 billionaires that year. Mega-cities of the world A large number of the world’s billionaires are concentrated in a select number of the world’s megacities. This has as much to do with the location of their wealth, business interests, and further earning potential as it does with the quality of life in those cities. A look at the most significant industries in the global billionaire production line helps to explain the prominence of the traditional capitals of global business, including New York, London, and Hong Kong. The place of many Chinese cities on the list can in part be explained by the strong performance of industrial conglomerates from the country recently. Economic growth in China While New York is the city with the highest number of billionaires, China now boasts the most billionaires of any country in the world. However, ***** of the top ten wealthiest billionaires still came from the United States as of 2025.

BackgroundCatastrophic health expenditures (CHE) can trigger illness-caused poverty and compound poverty-caused illness. Our study is the first regional comparative study to analyze CHE trends and health inequality in eastern, central and western China, exploring the differences and disparities across regions to make targeted health policy recommendations.MethodsUsing data from China's Household Panel Study (CFPS), we selected Shanghai, Henan and Gansu as representative eastern-central-western regional provinces to construct a unique 5-year CHE unbalanced panel dataset. CHE incidence was measured by calculating headcount; CHE intensity was measured by overshoot and CHE inequality was estimated by concentration curves (CC) and the concentration index (CI). A random effect model was employed to analyze the impact of household head socio-economic characteristics, the household socio-economic characteristics and household health utilization on CHE incidence across the three regions.ResultsThe study found that the incidence and intensity of CHE decreased, but the degree of CHE inequality increased, across all three regions. For all regions, the trend of inequality first decreased and then increased. We also revealed significant differences across the eastern, central and western regions of China in CHE incidence, intensity, inequality and regional differences in the CHE influencing factors. Affected by factors such as the gap between the rich and the poor and the uneven distribution of medical resources, families in the eastern region who were unmarried, use supplementary medical insurance, and had members receiving outpatient treatment were more likely to experience CHE. Families with chronic diseases in the central and western regions were more likely to suffer CHE, and rural families in the western region were more likely to experience CHE.ConclusionsThe trends and causes of CHE varied across the different regions, which requires a further tilt of medical resources to the central and western regions; improved prevention and financial support for chronic diseases households; and reform of the insurance reimbursement policy of outpatient medical insurance. On a regional basis, health policy should not only address CHE incidence and intensity, but also its inequality.