Ripple - or XRP - prices surged in 2021, but went down significantly as 2022 progressed. As of March 26, 2025, one XRP token was worth 2.35 U.S. dollars. Ethereum's price, for example, kept on reaching new all-time highs, a feat not performed by XRP. Indeed, XRP's more price spikes followed relatively late - only occurring in early 2021, against late 2020 for most other cryptos - after the US SEC filed a legal complaint against Ripple in November 2020. This legal action caused the XRP price to plummet from around 0.70 U.S. dollars to 0.20 U.S. dollars.Ripple versus XRP: two become oneTechnically speaking, Ripple is not a cryptocurrency. Renamed from a protocol called OpenCoin in 2013, Ripple facilitates open-source payments. XRP, on the other hand, is the cryptocurrency that runs on this network. In that sense, Ripple and XRP have a similar symbiosis to each other like the Ethereum network and its cryptocurrency Ether. Unlike Ethereum - whose price changes are connected to the world of Decentralized Finance or DeFI - Ripple/XRP mostly looks at developments on cross-border payments for companies. In 2020, companies worldwide began to favor fintech solutions for future B2B solutions and, in a way, Ripple is an extension of that.What affects the price of Ripple?Ripple is mostly active in Southeast Asia - a region with a splintered payment landscape and that heavily investigates its own types of state-issued cryptocurrency to make cross-border payments a lot easier. Price spikes tend to follow after news on this topic in this specific region. In 2019, for example, the XRP price grew after Japan and South Korea began testing to reduce time and costs for transferring international funds between the two countries. In March 2021, Ripple announced that it had agreed to acquire 40 percent of Malaysian cross-border payments firm Tranglo to meet growing demand in Southeast Asia.
The market cap of Ripple, or XRP, grew substantially in November 2024, after the results of the United States elections. At the beginning of 2024, the cryptocurrency had a market capitalization of around 30 billion U.S. dollars. One year later, this had changed to 120 billion U.S. dollars. The company Ripple faced charges in 2020 from the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), which led to a 125 million U.S. dollar fine in August 2024 as the company was sentenced for violating investor-protection laws. The SEC appealed this decision, deeming the sentence too low. The results of the U.S. elections in November 2024, however, and the announced changes to the leadership of the SEC, made crypto investors believe that the case against Ripple Labs might be dropped in January 2025.
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Cryptocurrency historical datasets from January 2012 (if available) to October 2021 were obtained and integrated from various sources and Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) including Yahoo Finance, Cryptodownload, CoinMarketCap, various Kaggle datasets, and multiple APIs. While these datasets used various formats of time (e.g., minutes, hours, days), in order to integrate the datasets days format was used for in this research study. The integrated cryptocurrency historical datasets for 80 cryptocurrencies including but not limited to Bitcoin (BTC), Ethereum (ETH), Binance Coin (BNB), Cardano (ADA), Tether (USDT), Ripple (XRP), Solana (SOL), Polkadot (DOT), USD Coin (USDC), Dogecoin (DOGE), Tron (TRX), Bitcoin Cash (BCH), Litecoin (LTC), EOS (EOS), Cosmos (ATOM), Stellar (XLM), Wrapped Bitcoin (WBTC), Uniswap (UNI), Terra (LUNA), SHIBA INU (SHIB), and 60 more cryptocurrencies were uploaded in this online Mendeley data repository. Although the primary attribute of including the mentioned cryptocurrencies was the Market Capitalization, a subject matter expert i.e., a professional trader has also guided the initial selection of the cryptocurrencies by analyzing various indicators such as Relative Strength Index (RSI), Moving Average Convergence/Divergence (MACD), MYC Signals, Bollinger Bands, Fibonacci Retracement, Stochastic Oscillator and Ichimoku Cloud. The primary features of this dataset that were used as the decision-making criteria of the CLUS-MCDA II approach are Timestamps, Open, High, Low, Closed, Volume (Currency), % Change (7 days and 24 hours), Market Cap and Weighted Price values. The available excel and CSV files in this data set are just part of the integrated data and other databases, datasets and API References that was used in this study are as follows: [1] https://finance.yahoo.com/ [2] https://coinmarketcap.com/historical/ [3] https://cryptodatadownload.com/ [4] https://kaggle.com/philmohun/cryptocurrency-financial-data [5] https://kaggle.com/deepshah16/meme-cryptocurrency-historical-data [6] https://kaggle.com/sudalairajkumar/cryptocurrencypricehistory [7] https://min-api.cryptocompare.com/data/price?fsym=BTC&tsyms=USD [8] https://min-api.cryptocompare.com/ [9] https://p.nomics.com/cryptocurrency-bitcoin-api [10] https://www.coinapi.io/ [11] https://www.coingecko.com/en/api [12] https://cryptowat.ch/ [13] https://www.alphavantage.co/ This dataset is part of the CLUS-MCDA (Cluster analysis for improving Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis) and CLUS-MCDAII Project: https://aimaghsoodi.github.io/CLUSMCDA-R-Package/ https://github.com/Aimaghsoodi/CLUS-MCDA-II https://github.com/azadkavian/CLUS-MCDA
Ripple - or XRP - prices surged in 2021, but went down significantly as 2022 progressed. As of March 25, 2025, one XRP token was worth 2.45 U.S. dollars. Ethereum's price, for example, kept on reaching new all-time highs, a feat not performed by XRP. Indeed, XRP's more price spikes followed relatively late - only occurring in early 2021, against late 2020 for most other cryptos - after the US SEC filed a legal complaint against Ripple in November 2020. This legal action caused the XRP price to plummet from around 0.70 U.S. dollars to 0.20 U.S. dollars.Ripple versus XRP: two become oneTechnically speaking, Ripple is not a cryptocurrency. Renamed from a protocol called OpenCoin in 2013, Ripple facilitates open-source payments. XRP, on the other hand, is the cryptocurrency that runs on this network. In that sense, Ripple and XRP have a similar symbiosis to each other like the Ethereum network and its cryptocurrency Ether. Unlike Ethereum - whose price changes are connected to the world of Decentralized Finance or DeFI - Ripple/XRP mostly looks at developments on cross-border payments for companies. In 2020, companies worldwide began to favor fintech solutions for future B2B solutions and, in a way, Ripple is an extension of that.What affects the price of Ripple?Ripple is mostly active in Southeast Asia - a region with a splintered payment landscape and that heavily investigates its own types of state-issued cryptocurrency to make cross-border payments a lot easier. Price spikes tend to follow after news on this topic in this specific region. In 2019, for example, the XRP price grew after Japan and South Korea began testing to reduce time and costs for transferring international funds between the two countries. In March 2021, Ripple announced that it had agreed to acquire 40 percent of Malaysian cross-border payments firm Tranglo to meet growing demand in Southeast Asia.
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Prices for XRPUSC Ripple USD Coin including live quotes, historical charts and news. XRPUSC Ripple USD Coin was last updated by Trading Economics this February 19 of 2025.
XRP trading volume peaked in early December 2024 to a level not seen since the summer of 2022, as crypto investors showed much interest in the U.S. token. The cryptocurrency from Ripple Labs is regarded as one of the main gainers since the results of the United States elections in November 2024. This has to do with announced changes in January 2025 to the leadership of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) - which crypto investors believe would both be more favorable towards blockchain regulation and would be open to drop a lawsuit against XRP creator Ripple Labs. By 2025, XRP ranked among the top cryptocurrencies based on market cap.
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Prices for XRPUNI Ripple Uniswap including live quotes, historical charts and news. XRPUNI Ripple Uniswap was last updated by Trading Economics this March 27 of 2025.
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Prices for XRPXMR Ripple Monero including live quotes, historical charts and news. XRPXMR Ripple Monero was last updated by Trading Economics this February 26 of 2025.
Ripple, or XRP, circulating supply in January 2025 was more than half of its maximum total supply, even if the cryptocurrency supports billions of tokens. The supply figures shown here start from August 2019 - the oldest available to the source - but XRP was launched in 2013 by U.S. company OpenLabs, which renamed itself into Ripple Labs. It ranks among the top cryptocurrencies based on market cap, as the XRP token is designed around payment settlement and transaction speed. The company Ripple faced charges in 2020 from the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), which led to a 125 million U.S. dollar fine in August 2024 as the company was sentenced for violating investor-protection laws. The SEC appealed this decision, deeming the sentence too low. The results of the U.S. elections in November 2024, however, and the announced changes to the leadership of the SEC, made crypto investors believe that the case against Ripple Labs might be dropped in January 2025.
Ethereum's price history suggests that that crypto was worth significantly less in 2022 than during late 2021, although nowhere near the lowest price recorded. Much like Bitcoin (BTC), the price of ETH went up in 2021 but for different reasons altogether: Ethereum, for instance, hit the news when a digital art piece was sold as the world's most expensive NFT for over 38,000 ETH - or 69.3 million U.S. dollars. Unlike Bitcoin - of which the price growth was fueled by the IPO of the U.S.' biggest crypto trader Coinbase - the rally on Ethereum came from technological developments that caused much excitement among traders. First, the so-called 'Berlin update' rolled out on the Ethereum network in April 2021, an update which would eventually lead to the Ethereum Merge in 2022 and reduced ETH gas prices - or reduced transaction fees. The collapse of FTX in late 2022, however, changed much for the cryptocurrency. As of March 25, 2025, Ethereum was worth 2,067.76 U.S. dollars - significantly less than the 4,400 U.S. dollars by the end of 2021.Ethereum's future and the DeFi industry Price developments on Ethereum are difficult to predict, but cannot be seen without the world of DeFi - or Decentralized Finance. This industry used technology to remove intermediaries between parties in a financial transaction. One example includes crypto wallets such as Coinbase Wallet that grew in popularity in recent years, with other examples including smart contractor Uniswap, Maker (responsible for stablecoin DAI), money lender Dharma and market protocol Compound. Ethereum's future developments are tied with this industry: Unlike Bitcoin and Ripple, Ethereum is technically not a currency but an open-source software platform for blockchain applications - with Ether being the cryptocurrency that is used inside the Ethereum network. Essentially, Ethereum facilitates DeFi - meaning that if DeFi does well, so does Ethereum.NFTs: the most well-known application of EthereumNFTs or non-fungible tokens grew nearly ten-fold between 2018 and 2020, as can be seen in the market cap of NFTs worldwide. These digital blockchain assets can essentially function as a unique code connected to a digital file, allowing to distinguish the original file from any potential copies. This application is especially prominent in crypto art, although there are other applications: gaming, sports and collectibles are other segments where NFT sales occur.
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The United States cryptocurrency market is projected to exhibit a growth rate (CAGR) of 58.88% during 2024-2032. Numerous initiatives undertaken by the government in regulatory developments and legal clarity surrounding cryptocurrencies, the advancements in blockchain networks, DeFi platforms, and NFTs and the increasing adoption and awareness among the masses represent some of the key factors driving the market.
Cryptocurrency refers to digital or virtual currencies that utilize cryptography for security and operate on decentralized networks known as blockchains. Blockchain is the fundamental technology behind cryptocurrencies that has the potential to revolutionize various industries, including supply chain management, voting systems, and identity verification, by providing transparent, secure, and immutable record-keeping capabilities. One of the key features of cryptocurrencies is decentralization, which means that they are not controlled or regulated by any central authority, such as a government or financial institution. Instead, transactions and the creation of new units of cryptocurrency are managed by a network of computers. It offers several advantages over traditional fiat currencies, such as they enable fast and secure peer-to-peer transactions without the need for intermediaries, and eliminating the delays and costs associated with traditional payment systems. Additionally, cryptocurrencies provide individuals with greater control over their finances, as users hold the private keys to their digital wallets and have direct ownership of their funds. As a result, it is gaining widespread traction due to its potential to revolutionize various aspects of finance and technology.
The United States cryptocurrency market is driven by the presence of a regulatory environment. Also, Finally, regulatory developments and legal clarity surrounding cryptocurrencies, including guidelines for ICOs and investor protection, provide confidence and attract investment, which is creating a positive market outlook. Institutional adoption is another significant driver, as more banks, asset managers, and hedge funds recognize the potential of cryptocurrencies as an investment asset class, bringing legitimacy, liquidity, and capital into the market is providing an impetus to the demand. Furthermore, the development of robust market infrastructure, including regulated exchanges and custodial services, provides a secure environment for investors significantly supporting the adoption of cryptocurrencies across the United States. Additionally, continual technological innovation, such as the advancements in blockchain networks, DeFi platforms, and NFTs, is impelling the growth and diversification. In addition to this, the increasing consumer adoption and awareness, driven by broader acceptance and integration of cryptocurrencies in various industries, is also contributing to market expansion. Apart from this, economic uncertainty and inflation concerns are encouraging individuals and institutions to seek alternative investment options, thus influencing the market. The market is further driven by extensive media coverage of cryptocurrencies, particularly during periods of market volatility or major events, has a significant impact on market sentiment and investor interest. Positive coverage highlighting success stories or adoption by prominent companies and negative coverage highlighting risks or regulatory concerns can drive market trends and influence investor behavior.
IMARC Group provides an analysis of the key trends in each segment of the United States cryptocurrency market report, along with forecasts at the country level for 2024-2032. Our report has categorized the market based on type, component, process, and application.
Type Insights:
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The report has provided a detailed breakup and analysis of the United States cryptocurrency market based on the type. This includes bitcoin, ethereum, bitcoin cash, ripple, litecoin, dashcoin, and others.
Component Insights:
A detailed breakup and analysis of the United States cryptocurrency market based on the component has also been provided in the report. This includes hardware and software.
Process Insights:
The report has provided a detailed breakup and analysis of the United States cryptocurrency market based on the process. This includes mining and transaction.
Application Insights:
A detailed breakup and analysis of the United States cryptocurrency market based on the application has also been provided in the report. This includes trading, remittance, payment and others.
Regional Insights:
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The report has also provided a comprehensive analysis of all the major regional markets, which include Northeast, Midwest, South and West.
The report has also provided a comprehensive analysis of the competitive landscape in the United States cryptocurrency market. Competitive analysis such as market structure, key player positioning, top winning strategies, competitive dashboard, and company evaluation quadrant has been covered in the report. Also, detailed profiles of all major companies have been provided.
Report Features | Details |
---|---|
Base Year of the Analysis | 2023 |
Historical Period | 2018-2023 |
Forecast Period | 2024-2032 |
Units | US$ Billion |
Scope of the Report | Exploration of Historical and Forecast Trends, Industry Catalysts and Challenges, Segment-Wise Historical and Predictive Market Assessment:
|
Types Covered | Bitcoin, Ethereum, Bitcoin Cash, Ripple, Litecoin, Dashcoin, Others |
Components Covered | Hardware, Software |
Processes Covered | Mining, Transaction |
Applications Covered | Trading, Remittance, Payment, Others |
Regions Covered | Northeast, Midwest, South, West |
Customization Scope | 10% Free Customization |
Report Price and Purchase Option | Single User License: US$ 2699 Five User |
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Global cryptocurrency market size worth approximately USD 800 Million in 2020. expected to USD 5200 Million by 2028, CAGR 29.5% over the forecast period.
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Prices for XRPSOL Ripple Solana including live quotes, historical charts and news. XRPSOL Ripple Solana was last updated by Trading Economics this March 26 of 2025.
The market cap of the top 10 stablecoin initially multiplied over time, reaching a combined value of over 221 billion USD in March 2025. Note this value does not include TerraUSD (UST), the algorithmic stablecoin tied to the LUNA crypto which declined severely in May 2022. Up to then, estimates reveal that the market cap had more than tripled within five months - likely in the wake of growing interest worldwide in cryptocurrencies, after sudden price spikes in a coin like Dogecoin (DOGE). Stability above all, or what does a stablecoin do? Stablecoins are cryptocurrencies - like the commonly known Bitcoin (BTC) and Ethereum (ETH) - but their value is determined in a different way. Whilst the price of Bitcoin mainly follows supply - how many coins are being mined or are available to purchase - and demand - how many investors want buy the coin - stablecoins are synthetically connected to the price of an altogether different asset. Tether's USDT, for instance, is connected to the price development of the U.S. dollar (USD): if the U.S. dollar falls in the FX market, so does the USDT. Compare this to the "regular" price history of a cryptocurrency like Ripple (XRP) and stablecoins reveal themselves to be a relatively less volatile digital currency to either use or invest in that their counterparts in the free market. A test ground for digital payments This stability of these particular cryptocurrencies is important for two areas in digital payments that do not prefer volality. For instance, these coins are a popular choice within the world of Decentralized Finance or DeFi - an online financial market without the supervision of central bank that relies on cryptocurrencies for payments and loans. Because of that reliance, it is a market that can rapidly change in size due to price fluctuations or changing transaction fees of certain cryptocurrencies - something that is less likely to occur when using stablecoins. Additionally, stablecoins are seen as the inspiration for so-called CBDC or Central Bank Digital Currencies - such as China's e-CNY currency or the "digital euro" that is being researched in the EU-27. In terms of how advanced countries worldwide are into researching their own cryptocurrency, China ranked third in 2020, behind Cambodia, and The Bahamas.
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Prices for XRPDOT Ripple Polkadot including live quotes, historical charts and news. XRPDOT Ripple Polkadot was last updated by Trading Economics this February 25 of 2025.
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Historical price and volatility data for XRP in Euro across different time periods.
Cryptocurrency Market Size 2025-2029
The cryptocurrency market size is forecast to increase by USD 39.75 billion at a CAGR of 16.7% between 2024 and 2029.
The market continues to evolve at an unprecedented pace, driven by increasing investment in digital assets and growing acceptance by retailers as a legitimate form of currency. According to recent reports, global investment in cryptocurrencies reached an all-time high in 2020, with institutional investors leading the charge. This trend is expected to continue, as more financial institutions explore the benefits of cryptocurrencies for portfolio diversification and transaction settlement. However, the market's volatility remains a significant challenge for both investors and businesses. The value of cryptocurrencies can fluctuate dramatically in a short period, making it difficult to predict future trends and assess risk. Despite this, many companies are finding ways to capitalize on the opportunities presented by the market. For instance, some retailers have begun accepting Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies as payment, while others are exploring blockchain technology to streamline transactions and enhance security. To navigate this complex and dynamic market, companies must stay informed about the latest trends and developments. This includes keeping abreast of regulatory changes, technological advancements, and market sentiment. By doing so, they can position themselves to take advantage of emerging opportunities and mitigate potential risks. Overall, the market offers significant potential for growth and innovation, but also presents unique challenges that require careful planning and strategic foresight.
What will be the Size of the Cryptocurrency Market during the forecast period?
Request Free SampleThe market, driven by the underlying technology of blockchain, represents a decentralized currency system that has gained significant global adoption as a digital alternative to traditional fiat currencies. With a total market capitalization surpassing USD2 trillion, this dynamic market is characterized by price volatility, presenting both opportunities and risks for investors. Theft and security concerns, regulatory outlook, and energy consumption with environmental effects are among the challenges faced by this industry. Skilled developers and financial services institutions are increasingly embracing this digital revolution, leveraging blockchain technology to create innovative consumer protection solutions and ensure financial stability. Meanwhile, the rise of decentralized systems and public ledgers has given way to the proliferation of digital assets, leading to an influx of fraudulent investments. Renewable energy sources and blockchain talent are becoming essential components of the cryptocurrency ecosystem as the industry strives to address concerns related to energy consumption and environmental effects.
How is this Cryptocurrency Industry segmented?
The cryptocurrency industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments. TypeBitcoinEthereumOthersRippleBitcoin CashCardanoComponentHardwareSoftwareProcessMiningTransactionMiningTransactionEnd-UseTradingE-commerce and RetailPeer-to-Peer PaymentRemittanceTradingE-commerce and RetailPeer-to-Peer PaymentRemittanceGeographyNorth AmericaUSCanadaEuropeGermanyItalySwitzerlandThe NetherlandsUKAPACChinaJapanSouth AmericaBrazilMiddle East and Africa
By Type Insights
The bitcoin segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.Bitcoin, the largest cryptocurrency by market capitalization, is a decentralized digital currency valued at over USD470 billion. It operates on a peer-to-peer (P2P) system without central authorities. The top four stablecoins, Tether, USD Coin, Binance USD, and DAI, are directly pegged to the US dollar and collectively hold a significant market share. In the US, approximately 8% of the population engages in cryptocurrency trading. Bitcoin, as a digital asset, is created, stored, processed, and transferred using blockchain technology – a decentralized system. Other cryptocurrencies like Ethereum, Ripple, and Litecoin also follow this model. The market is evolving, with financial services increasingly adopting digital assets for transactions, investments, and consumer protection. Blockchain technology powers digital wallets, crypto exchanges, and smart contracts, enabling decentralized finance, token offerings, and decentralized applications. The market is subject to price volatility and theft risk, necessitating wallet security and regulatory compliance. Energy consumption and environmental effects are areas of concern, with renewable energy solutions emerging. Skilled developers are in high demand for cre
Ethereum's price history suggests that that crypto was worth significantly less in 2022 than during late 2021, although nowhere near the lowest price recorded. Much like Bitcoin (BTC), the price of ETH went up in 2021 but for different reasons altogether: Ethereum, for instance, hit the news when a digital art piece was sold as the world’s most expensive NFT for over 38,000 ETH - or 69.3 million U.S. dollars. Unlike Bitcoin - of which the price growth was fueled by the IPO of the U.S.’ biggest crypto trader Coinbase - the rally on Ethereum came from technological developments that caused much excitement among traders. First, the so-called “Berlin update” rolled out on the Ethereum network in April 2021, an update which would eventually lead to the Ethereum Merge in 2022 and reduced ETH gas prices - or reduced transaction fees. The collapse of FTX in late 2022, however, changed much for the cryptocurrency. As of March 26, 2025, Ethereum was worth 2,009.19 U.S. dollars - significantly less than the 4,400 U.S. dollars by the end of 2021.Ethereum’s future and the DeFi industry Price developments on Ethereum are difficult to predict, but cannot be seen without the world of DeFi - or Decentralized Finance. This industry used technology to remove intermediaries between parties in a financial transaction. One example includes crypto wallets such as Coinbase Wallet that grew in popularity in recent years, with other examples including smart contractor Uniswap, Maker (responsible for stablecoin DAI), money lender Dharma and market protocol Compound. Ethereum’s future developments are tied with this industry: Unlike Bitcoin and Ripple, Ethereum is technically not a currency but an open-source software platform for blockchain applications - with Ether being the cryptocurrency that is used inside the Ethereum network. Essentially, Ethereum facilitates DeFi - meaning that if DeFi does well, so does Ethereum.NFTs: the most well-known application of EthereumNFTs or non-fungible tokens grew nearly ten-fold between 2018 and 2020, as can be seen in the market cap of NFTs worldwide. These digital blockchain assets can essentially function as a unique code connected to a digital file, allowing to distinguish the original file from any potential copies. This application is especially prominent in crypto art, although there are other applications: gaming, sports and collectibles are other segments where NFT sales occur.
Ripple - or XRP - prices surged in 2021, but went down significantly as 2022 progressed. As of March 26, 2025, one XRP token was worth 2.35 U.S. dollars. Ethereum's price, for example, kept on reaching new all-time highs, a feat not performed by XRP. Indeed, XRP's more price spikes followed relatively late - only occurring in early 2021, against late 2020 for most other cryptos - after the US SEC filed a legal complaint against Ripple in November 2020. This legal action caused the XRP price to plummet from around 0.70 U.S. dollars to 0.20 U.S. dollars.Ripple versus XRP: two become oneTechnically speaking, Ripple is not a cryptocurrency. Renamed from a protocol called OpenCoin in 2013, Ripple facilitates open-source payments. XRP, on the other hand, is the cryptocurrency that runs on this network. In that sense, Ripple and XRP have a similar symbiosis to each other like the Ethereum network and its cryptocurrency Ether. Unlike Ethereum - whose price changes are connected to the world of Decentralized Finance or DeFI - Ripple/XRP mostly looks at developments on cross-border payments for companies. In 2020, companies worldwide began to favor fintech solutions for future B2B solutions and, in a way, Ripple is an extension of that.What affects the price of Ripple?Ripple is mostly active in Southeast Asia - a region with a splintered payment landscape and that heavily investigates its own types of state-issued cryptocurrency to make cross-border payments a lot easier. Price spikes tend to follow after news on this topic in this specific region. In 2019, for example, the XRP price grew after Japan and South Korea began testing to reduce time and costs for transferring international funds between the two countries. In March 2021, Ripple announced that it had agreed to acquire 40 percent of Malaysian cross-border payments firm Tranglo to meet growing demand in Southeast Asia.