Over the past 160 years, life expectancy (from birth) in the United States has risen from 39.4 years in 1860, to 78.9 years in 2020. One of the major reasons for the overall increase of life expectancy in the last two centuries is the fact that the infant and child mortality rates have decreased by so much during this time. Medical advancements, fewer wars and improved living standards also mean that people are living longer than they did in previous centuries.

Despite this overall increase, the life expectancy dropped three times since 1860; from 1865 to 1870 during the American Civil War, from 1915 to 1920 during the First World War and following Spanish Flu epidemic, and it has dropped again between 2015 and now. The reason for the most recent drop in life expectancy is not a result of any specific event, but has been attributed to negative societal trends, such as unbalanced diets and sedentary lifestyles, high medical costs, and increasing rates of suicide and drug use.

In the world's most populous country, life expectancy has been continuously rising over the last decades, benefitting greatly from China's economic ascendance. In 2022, average life expectancy at birth in China reached about 78.6 years. Life expectancy at birth Life expectancy at birth refers to the average number of years a group of people born in the same year would live, assuming constant mortality rates. San Marino and Monaco had the highest life expectancy at birth, while China had reached a life expectancy above global average. People who were born in San Marino or Monaco in 2023 had a life expectancy of approximately 87 years or 86 years on average respectively. Demographic development in China Whereas average life expectancy at birth has been growing steadily, birth rates in China have been experiencing a slowdown. In 2024, about 6.77 babies had been born per 1,000 women in China, the second lowest point in the recent decade. As a result of low fertility rates and the extended life expectancy in China, the share of elderly people had been rising rapidly. The number of Chinese population aged 60 and older had more than doubled over the past three decades and is projected to reach its peak at 504 million in 2050. People aged 60 and older have been estimated to account for approximately one fourth of China’s total population by 2030, indicating a sharp climb from just around 13 percent in 2010. In order to pinpoint this massive shift in the age pyramid of China, an important indicator for measuring the pressure of aging population on productive population may be consulted. The old-age dependency ratio in China was expected to reach 52.3 percent in 2050.

Graph and download economic data for Life Expectancy at Birth, Total for the United States (SPDYNLE00INUSA) from 1960 to 2023 about life expectancy, life, birth, and USA.

Global life expectancy at birth has risen significantly since the mid-1900s, from roughly 46 years in 1950 to 73.2 years in 2023. Post-COVID-19 projections There was a drop of 1.7 years during the COVID-19 pandemic, between 2019 and 2021, however, figures resumed upon their previous trajectory the following year due to the implementation of vaccination campaigns and the lower severity of later strains of the virus. By the end of the century it is believed that global life expectancy from birth will reach 82 years, although growth will slow in the coming decades as many of the more-populous Asian countries reach demographic maturity. However, there is still expected to be a wide gap between various regions at the end of the 2100s, with the Europe and North America expected to have life expectancies around 90 years, whereas Sub-Saharan Africa is predicted to be in the low-70s. The Great Leap Forward While a decrease of one year during the COVID-19 pandemic may appear insignificant, this is the largest decline in life expectancy since the "Great Leap Forward" in China in 1958, which caused global life expectancy to fall by almost four years between by 1960. The "Great Leap Forward" was a series of modernizing reforms, which sought to rapidly transition China's agrarian economy into an industrial economy, but mismanagement led to tens of millions of deaths through famine and disease.

China life expectancy for 2025 is 77.81, a 0.22% increase from 2024.

<ul style='margin-top:20px;'>

<li>China life expectancy for 2024 was <strong>77.64</strong>, a <strong>0.22% increase</strong> from 2023.</li>
<li>China life expectancy for 2023 was <strong>77.47</strong>, a <strong>0.22% increase</strong> from 2022.</li>
<li>China life expectancy for 2022 was <strong>77.30</strong>, a <strong>0.22% increase</strong> from 2021.</li>
</ul>Life expectancy at birth indicates the number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life.

Basic data and life tables by educational attainment. (CSV 54 kb)

IntroductionAdult male and female mortality declines in Japan have been slower than in most high-income countries since the early 1990s. This study compares Japan’s recent life expectancy trends with the more favourable trends in Australia, measures the contribution of age groups and causes of death to differences in these trends, and places the findings in the context of the countries’ risk factor transitions.MethodsThe study utilises data on deaths by age, sex and cause in Australia and Japan from 1950–2016 from the Global Burden of Disease Study. A decomposition method measures the contributions of various ages and causes to the male and female life expectancy gap and changes over four distinct phases during this period. Mortality differences by cohort are also assessed.FindingsJapan’s two-year male life expectancy advantage over Australia in the 1980s closed in the following 20 years. The trend was driven by ages 45–64 and then 65–79 years, and the cohort born in the late 1940s. Over half of Australia’s gains were from declines in ischaemic heart disease (IHD) mortality, with lung cancer, chronic respiratory disease and self-harm also contributing substantially. Since 2011 the trend has reversed again, and in 2016 Japan had a slightly higher male life expectancy. The advantage in Japanese female life expectancy widened over the period to 2.3 years in 2016. The 2016 gap was mostly from differential mortality at ages 65 years and over from IHD, chronic respiratory disease and cancers.ConclusionsThe considerable gains in Australian male life expectancy from declining non-communicable disease mortality are attributable to a range of risk factors, including declining smoking prevalence due to strong public health interventions. A recent reversal in life expectancy trends could continue because Japan has greater scope for further falls in smoking and far lower levels of obesity. Japan’s substantial female life expectancy advantage however could diminish in future because it is primarily due to lower mortality at old ages.

Singapore had the highest life expectancy at birth of all the Southeast Asian countries in 2023, with its citizens expected to live to an average of 84.3 years. Falling behind by almost 20 years was Myanmar, with a life expectancy of 67.5 years old at birth as of 2023. Interestingly, Singapore made the top ten of countries with the highest average life expectancy worldwide. Increasing life expectancyLife expectancy throughout the Southeast Asian region has been rising throughout recent years, likely due to improved healthcare systems. Improvements brought about by increasing healthcare expenditures. The East Asian region also joined Southeast Asia in displaying higher life expectancies at birth, with Hong Kong and Macao all exhibiting life expectancies at birth of over 85 years old. Improved healthcare Thailand, the Philippines and Singapore are just some of the Southeast Asian governments which have released successful universal healthcare plans. As the region faces an aging population, there has been more demand for effective healthcare. Healthcare has been improving not just in the Southeast Asian region but throughout the whole Asia Pacific region, with many countries exhibiting near perfect child immunization rates, offering its citizens better healthcare from birth. With these improvements made, it does not seem surprising that life expectancy at birth has increased.

Keywords; Search terms: historical time series; historical statistics; histat / HISTAT . Abstract: In this study the constantly rising human life expectancy since the beginning of the 18th century is analysed in some regions of Germany in comparative point of view. On the basis of worldwide singular sources in terms of clan registers of villages and localities as well as flow sheets the researcher Arthur E. Imhof and his research group of the ‘Freie Universität Berlin’ analysed more than 130.000 individual biografies from the 17th till the 19th century in six regions of northern, southern and central Germany. Aim of this research project was to compile area life-tables and to compute the life-expectancy. To enable comparisons with life-expectancy-calculations of today, all data originally prepared by generations are transformed into period-tables according to modern demografic methods. Topics Regional and national datafiles on populationstructure, development of mortality, historical demography, family structure, date of birth, marriages, number of birth, date of death, cause of death, locality of death, occupation, occupation of the parents. This study is available as SPSS-Data file as well as a downloadable EXCEL-Data-File, offered via the online-downloadsystem HISTAT (Historical Statistics). In HISTAT timeseries data are available. Categorisation in HISTAT:In HISTAT an excerpt of the archived total data stock is offered. The total data stock can be ordered as individual personal data at GESIS, Data Archive and Data Analysis. A. Datatables about mortality (14 tables, timeseries)B. Synoptical mortality tables (14 tables, timeseries)C. Datatables about life expectancy (14 tables, timeseries)D. Synoptical tables: all regions (without Hamburg) by sex in periodical presentation. (14 tables, timeseries)

Supplementary files for article Life expectancy and human capital: New empirical evidence

This paper re-examines a well-established hypothesis postulating that life expectancy augments incentives for human capital accumulation, leading to global income differences. A major distinguishing feature of the current study is to estimate heterogeneous panel data models under a common factor framework, which explicitly accounts for parameter heterogeneity, unobserved common factors (UCFs), and variables' non-stationarity. In sharp contrast to most previous studies, I find that the impact of health improvements on human capital accumulation turns out to be imprecisely estimated at conventionally accepted levels of statistical significance. I demonstrate that conventional estimates of the educational returns to rising longevity are derived from estimating misspecified models at least partially due to parameter heterogeneity and the presence of UCFs.

BackgroundCounties are the smallest unit for which mortality data are routinely available, allowing consistent and comparable long-term analysis of trends in health disparities. Average life expectancy has steadily increased in the United States but there is limited information on long-term mortality trends in the US counties This study aimed to investigate trends in county mortality and cross-county mortality disparities, including the contributions of specific diseases to county level mortality trends. Methods and FindingsWe used mortality statistics (from the National Center for Health Statistics [NCHS]) and population (from the US Census) to estimate sex-specific life expectancy for US counties for every year between 1961 and 1999. Data for analyses in subsequent years were not provided to us by the NCHS. We calculated different metrics of cross-county mortality disparity, and also grouped counties on the basis of whether their mortality changed favorably or unfavorably relative to the national average. We estimated the probability of death from specific diseases for counties with above- or below-average mortality performance. We simulated the effect of cross-county migration on each county's life expectancy using a time-based simulation model. Between 1961 and 1999, the standard deviation (SD) of life expectancy across US counties was at its lowest in 1983, at 1.9 and 1.4 y for men and women, respectively. Cross-county life expectancy SD increased to 2.3 and 1.7 y in 1999. Between 1961 and 1983 no counties had a statistically significant increase in mortality; the major cause of mortality decline for both sexes was reduction in cardiovascular mortality. From 1983 to 1999, life expectancy declined significantly in 11 counties for men (by 1.3 y) and in 180 counties for women (by 1.3 y); another 48 (men) and 783 (women) counties had nonsignificant life expectancy decline. Life expectancy decline in both sexes was caused by increased mortality from lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), diabetes, and a range of other noncommunicable diseases, which were no longer compensated for by the decline in cardiovascular mortality. Higher HIV/AIDS and homicide deaths also contributed substantially to life expectancy decline for men, but not for women. Alternative specifications of the effects of migration showed that the rise in cross-county life expectancy SD was unlikely to be caused by migration. ConclusionsThere was a steady increase in mortality inequality across the US counties between 1983 and 1999, resulting from stagnation or increase in mortality among the worst-off segment of the population. Female mortality increased in a large number of counties, primarily because of chronic diseases related to smoking, overweight and obesity, and high blood pressure.

A global phenomenon, known as the demographic transition, has seen life expectancy from birth increase rapidly over the past two centuries. In pre-industrial societies, the average life expectancy was around 24 years, and it is believed that this was the case throughout most of history, and in all regions. The demographic transition then began in the industrial societies of Europe, North America, and the West Pacific around the turn of the 19th century, and life expectancy rose accordingly. Latin America was the next region to follow, before Africa and most Asian populations saw their life expectancy rise throughout the 20th century.

As of 2023, the countries with the highest life expectancy included Switzerland, Japan, and Spain. As of that time, a new-born child in Switzerland could expect to live an average of 84.2 years. Around the world, females consistently have a higher average life expectancy than males, with females in Europe expected to live an average of six years longer than males on this continent. Increases in life expectancy The overall average life expectancy in OECD countries increased by 11.3 years from 1970 to 2019. The countries that saw the largest increases included Turkey, India, and South Korea. The life expectancy at birth in Turkey increased an astonishing 24.4 years over this period. The countries with the lowest life expectancy worldwide as of 2022 were Chad, Lesotho, and Nigeria, where a newborn could be expected to live an average of 53 years. Life expectancy in the U.S. The life expectancy in the United States was 77.43 years as of 2022. Shockingly, the life expectancy in the United States has decreased in recent years, while it continues to increase in other similarly developed countries. The COVID-19 pandemic and increasing rates of suicide and drug overdose deaths from the opioid epidemic have been cited as reasons for this decrease.

Increasing longevity can distort time trends in summary measures of health and mortality, such as the lifetime risk of getting diseased. If not observing a cohort, this lifetime risk is calculated with cross-sectional data on age-specific incidence and survival. In those instances, incidence and survival may work in opposite directions resulting in lifetime risk estimates where, reductions in incidence might be offset by a simultaneous longevity increase. The proposed method decomposes the difference between two lifetime risks into contributions of changing incidence and changing survival. The approach can be extended to measure the contributions of changes in disease related mortality and even case fatality. We illustrate the method with hypothetical examples as well as remaining lifetime risk at age 60 of experiencing a myocardial infarction, colorectal cancer and hip fractures for Swedish males. The empirical examples show that the influence of increasing longevity on the development of lifetime risk depends on the respective age profile of occurrence. In the cases of myocardial infarction and hip fracture, longevity increases of the general population counterbalanced or even exceeded the substantial gains in disease incidence, while for colorectal cancer, the lifetime risk was almost unaffected by the longevity improvement. This was because colorectal cancer has an on average earlier onset than myocardial infarction and hip fracture.

What effect does rising income inequality have on longevity in advanced developed economies? This paper focuses on the effect of income inequality on mortality rates for men and women in a subset of OECD countries over nearly six decades from 1950-2008. Using adult mortality rates at aged sixty-five as the outcome measure of mortality, the latest available data on inverted Pareto-Lorenz coefficient as a measure of income inequality, we conduct a range of analysis to investigate the relationship. The findings show that income inequality has a negative effect on mortality rates for both men and women, that is, an increase in income inequality at the top of the distribution does not appear to have a detrimental effect on adult mortality rates in the population of advanced developed countries. For every one unit increase in income inequality, female mortality rates decreased by 0.024 percentage points (p≤0.001) and male mortality rates decreased by 0.052 percentage points (p≤0.001). Dynamic OLS results show that for every one unit increase in income inequality, female mortality rates decreased by 0.032 percentage points (p≤0.01) and male mortality rates decreased by 0.067 percentage points (p≤0.001). The findings remain robust to changes in methodology and the inclusion of control variables including GDP, population and the health capital index.

The life expectancy for men aged 65 years in the U.S. has gradually increased since the 1960s. Now men in the United States aged 65 can expect to live 17 more years on average. Women aged 65 years can expect to live around 19.7 more years on average.

Life expectancy in the U.S.

As of 2021, the average life expectancy at birth in the United States was 76.33 years. Life expectancy in the U.S. had steadily increased for many years but has recently dropped slightly. Women consistently have a higher life expectancy than men but have also seen a slight decrease. As of 2019, a woman in the U.S. could be expected to live up to 79.3 years.

Leading causes of death

The leading causes of death in the United States include heart disease, cancer, unintentional injuries, chronic lower respiratory diseases and cerebrovascular diseases. However, heart disease and cancer account for around 38 percent of all deaths. Although heart disease and cancer are the leading causes of death for both men and women, there are slight variations in the leading causes of death. For example, unintentional injury and suicide account for a larger portion of deaths among men than they do among women.

Evolution of increased adult longevity in Drosophila melanogaster populations selected for adaptation to larval crowding.File type: Microsoft excel (.xlsx)Shenoi_et_al_2015_JEB.xlsx

According to Cognitive Market Research, the global Longevity and Anti-senescence Therapy market size will be USD 27154.2 million in 2024. It will expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.50% from 2024 to 2031.

North America held the major market share for more than 40% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 10861.68 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.7% from 2024 to 2031.
Europe accounted for a market share of over 30% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 8146.26 million.
Asia Pacific held a market share of around 23% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 6245.47 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.5% from 2024 to 2031.
Latin America had a market share of more than 5% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 1357.71 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.9% from 2024 to 2031.
Middle East and Africa had a market share of around 2% of the global revenue and was estimated at a market size of USD 543.08 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.2% from 2024 to 2031.
The senolytic drug therapy category is the fastest growing segment of the Longevity and Anti-senescence Therapy industry

Market Dynamics of Longevity and Anti-senescence Therapy Market

Key Drivers for Longevity and Anti-senescence Therapy Market

Increasing the Use of Biodegradable and Compostable Materials to Boost Market Growth

Losing physiological integrity and function over time is the process of aging. Aging epigenetics is the study of naturally occurring changes in gene expression that take place throughout an organism's lifespan without affecting the DNA sequence. Anti-aging treatment is used for many purposes, including reducing the generation of free radicals. In addition, it is utilized to boost skin suppleness by supplementing with antioxidants and collagen or enzymes. Furthermore, anti-aging nutritional supplements and skin care treatments can successfully postpone the aging process. Thus, the need for longevity and anti-senescence medicines is being driven by the increasing number of older persons in the population, which is opening up new markets for growth and innovation. The number of older adults worldwide is increasing at a never-before-seen rate. Data from "An Aging World: 2015" indicates that by 2050 (when there will be 1.6 billion people on the planet), the proportion of the population that is older is predicted to increase to over 17%. Similarly, according to data released by the National Institutes of Health, the number of Americans 65 and older is predicted to nearly double over the next three decades, rising from 48 million to 88 million by 2050. The number of adults 80 years of age and above is expected to grow at a treble rate worldwide between 2015 and 2050, from 126.5 million to 446.6 million. Thus, the market for longevity and anti-senescence therapy is anticipated to expand as a result of the increasing number of older adults living in countries throughout the world.

Increased Awareness Regarding Anti-aging Products to Drive Market Growth

Growth in the industry will be aided by Generation Y and subsequent generations being more conscious of anti-aging products. Due to their formulation, anti-wrinkle creams are becoming more and more popular worldwide as they slow down the aging process. The primary causes of wrinkles are dehydration, a lack of vital nutrients in the body, prolonged exposure to pollutants and UV light, smoking, drug use, and other genetic factors. The chance of purchasing anti-aging products is positively correlated with appearance prominence and aging anxiety. In addition, the target market is becoming more interested in the growing advances in anti-senescence technologies and the rising level of disposable income. Additionally, throughout the forecast period, the market share for longevity and anti-senescence therapy is anticipated to be significantly boosted by the rising need for cell-based assays in research and development, as well as the increasing importance of stem cell research.

Restraint Factor for the Longevity and Anti-senescence Therapy Market

High Cost Associated with Therapies Will Limit Market Growth

The market for longevity and anti-senescence therapies is severely constrained by the high expense of cutting-edge therapies and treatments....

In most organisms, fecundity and longevity are negatively associated and the molecular regulation of these two life history traits is highly interconnected. In addition, nutrient intake often has opposing effects on lifespan and reproduction. In contrast to solitary insects, the main reproductive individual of social hymenopterans, the queen, is also the most long-lived. During development, queen larvae are well-nourished, but we are only beginning to understand the impact of nutrition on the queens’ adult life and the molecular regulation and connectivity of fecundity and longevity. Here, we used two experimental manipulations to alter queen fecundity in the ant Temnothorax rugatulus and investigated associated changes in fat body gene expression. Egg removal triggered a fecundity increase, leading to expression changes in genes with functions in fecundity such as oogenesis and body maintenance. Dietary restriction lowered the egg production of queens and altered the expression of gene..., Temnothorax rugatulus is a small ant with colonies of a few hundred workers and one to several queens. Two queen morphs can occur and we only used colonies of the common larger queen morph (19). These ants reside in rock crevices in forests throughout Western North America. We collected 105 T. rugatulus colonies in the Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona, USA in August 2015 (Table S1). In our laboratory, colonies were transferred to artificial nest boxes and kept at 22°C and 12h light / 12h dark in a climate chamber. For the dietary-restriction experiment, we limited the queens’ access to workers, as these might buffer food restrictions imposed on the queen. The queen was isolated with five workers to ensure some food provisioning in the upper part of an artificial experimental nestsite (queenright part, QR), while the reminder of the colony inhabited the lower section (queenless, QL). Both parts were separated by a metal grid, allowing the exchange of volatiles, but not of food (Fig. S1). Th..., , # Data from: Experimental increase in fecundity causes upregulation of body maintenance genes in ant queens

[Access these datasets on Dryad](doi:10.5061/dryad.sxksn0322)

File name --> Content

DEGs_Dietary_Restrictions_Egg_Removal.xlsx -->Â Â The list of upregulated contigs with their blast annotation for each group and the two experiments, with sheet 1: the list of upregulated contigs in the Non dietary restriction treatment compared to the Dietary restriction one from the dietary restriction experiment;Â sheet 2: the list of upregulated contigs in the Dietary restriction treatment compared to the Non dietary restriction one from the dietary restriction experiment; sheet 3: the list of upregulated contigs in the No egg removal treatment compared to the Egg removal one from the egg removal experiment;Â sheet 4: the list of upregulated contigs in the Egg removal treatment compared to the No egg removal one from the egg removal experiment; BlastX is the blast annotation; lfcSE is ...

his paper consists of five related notes on Japanese health care.\ud \ud Section 1 of the paper proposes a simple model of health care needs in a stationary population where all the sickness is concentrated in the period leading up to death. The main variables determining the burden of health care, such as life expectancy, duration of chronic illness prior to death, etc., are identified. While we are not able to comment (at this time), on trends in the prevalence of chronic conditions in old age, extrapolation of trends in life expectancy presented in Section 2 of the paper suggest that there will be continuing increase in the number of Japanese surviving to extremely old ages. This aging of the population will assuredly put upward pressure on health spending, but this pressure must be put in the context of other factors. Section 3 decomposes increase in Japanese health care spending into portions attributable to overall demographic increase, change in population age structure, and change in a residual "underlying factors" term subsuming changes in technology, health system coverage, etc. The residual dominates total increase in health care spending. In fact, based on historical data and projected demographic trends, the strongest upward pressure from population aging occurred in the period 1980-95, when aging accounted for 1.4 percentage points of 5.6% per annum total health expenditure growth. Health care spending growth attributed to ageing is estimated to be 1.13% per annum in 1995- 2020 and only 0.34% per annum in 2020-2050.\ud \ud Section 4 focuses on home care of the elderly and suggests that there is a substantial ongoing decline in the supply of potential in-family caregivers. Lower fertility is an important determinant of this trend. Section 5 describes the overall profile of the Japanese health care system, noting that it receives relatively high marks in international comparisons but tends to lump together acute care and chronically ill patients. As recognized by the "Gold Plan" policy currently being implemented, there is a severe shortage of nursing home facilities beds as well as services to make home care a more practical option for families. A simple ratio analysis suggests that the number of bedridden chronically ill persons (i.e., the population that would ideally be cared for in a nursing home setting) will reach 1,800,000 by 2020 as opposed to 600,000 today.