This statistic illustrates the average risk free rate (RF) used in France in 2015, 2017, 2018 and 2019. It can be seen that the average risk free rate fluctuated during this period. The risk free rate is a theoretical rate of return of an investment with zero risk. This rate represents the minimum interest an investor would expect from a risk free investment over a period of time. It is important to remember that the risk free rate is only theoretical as all investments carry even the smallest of risks. As of 201 the risk free rate in France was 1.2 percent.

Up until 2018, the average risk-free rate in Germany remained relatively stable at approximately *** percent. The risk-free rate is a theoretical rate of return of an investment with zero risk. This rate represents the minimum interest an investor would expect from a risk-free investment over a period. It is important to remember that the risk-free rate is only theoretical as all investments carry even the smallest of risks. As of 2024, the risk-free rate in Germany was *** percent. Risk free rates in Europe A higher risk-free rate illustrates that even with a so-called "zero risk" investment, investors would want a higher return because of the countries associated investment risks. In Europe, Ukraine and Turkey were among the countries with relatively higher average risk-free rates in 2024 compared to other European countries. The majority of European countries have RF rates under **** percent in 2024. Market risk premiums Risk free rates reflect market risk premiums (MRP) with Germany displaying low MRP compared to other European countries. Split into three categories (required, historical, expected), market risk premiums measure the rate of return investors expect on an investment over the risk that investment holds. In Europe, average market risk premiums (MRP) sit between five and ten percent. During the last ten years, Germany has seen slight increase in market risk premiums.

Interactive chart showing the daily 10 year treasury yield back to 1962. The 10 year treasury is the benchmark used to decide mortgage rates across the U.S. and is the most liquid and widely traded bond in the world.

The average market risk premium in the United States decreased slightly to *** percent in 2023. This suggests that investors demand a slightly lower return for investments in that country, in exchange for the risk they are exposed to. This premium has hovered between *** and *** percent since 2011. What causes country-specific risk? Risk to investments come from two main sources. First, inflation causes an asset’s price to decrease in real terms. A 100 U.S. dollar investment with three percent inflation is only worth ** U.S. dollars after one year. Investors are also interested in risks of project failure or non-performing loans. The unique U.S. context Analysts have historically considered the United States Treasury to be risk-free. This view has been shifting, but many advisors continue to use treasury yield rates as a risk-free rate. Given the fact that U.S. government securities are available at a variety of terms, this gives investment managers a range of tools for predicting future market developments.

In December 2024, the yield on a 10-year U.S. Treasury note was **** percent, forecasted to decrease to reach **** percent by August 2025. Treasury securities are debt instruments used by the government to finance the national debt. Who owns treasury notes? Because the U.S. treasury notes are generally assumed to be a risk-free investment, they are often used by large financial institutions as collateral. Because of this, billions of dollars in treasury securities are traded daily. Other countries also hold U.S. treasury securities, as do U.S. households. Investors and institutions accept the relatively low interest rate because the U.S. Treasury guarantees the investment. Looking into the future Because these notes are so commonly traded, their interest rate also serves as a signal about the market’s expectations of future growth. When markets expect the economy to grow, forecasts for treasury notes will reflect that in a higher interest rate. In fact, one harbinger of recession is an inverted yield curve, when the return on 3-month treasury bills is higher than the ten-year rate. While this does not always lead to a recession, it certainly signals pessimism from financial markets.

Interactive chart showing the daily 1 year treasury yield back to 1962. The values shown are daily data published by the Federal Reserve Board based on the average yield of a range of Treasury securities, all adjusted to the equivalent of a one-year maturity.

The risk-free rate is a theoretical rate of return of an investment with zero risk of financial loss. This rate represents the minimum interest an investor would expect from a risk-free investment over a period of time. It is important to remember that the risk-free rate is only theoretical as all investments carry even the smallest of risks. Across European countries, average risk-free rates differed quite significantly.

United Kingdom is low risk and low reward

When average risk-free rates on a theoretical investment with no risk is high, like seen in Turkey and Ukraine, the opportunity for high reward investments must seem tempting. But with high rewards come higher risks. Countries such as the UK and Germany has consistently shown low risk-free rates due to their investment markets’ relative stability.

Market risk premiums

Market risk premiums (MRP) are a measure that is closely associated with average risk-free rates. MRPs are a measurement of the expected return on investment an investor looks to make. For potential investors looking to add to their portfolio, the perfect scenario for a risk-based investment would be a high rate of return with as small a risk as possible. There are three main concepts to MRPs, including required market risk premiums, historical market risk premiums and expected market risk premiums. Like average risk-free rates, MRPs vary quite widely across Europe.

Graph and download economic data for Market Yield on U.S. Treasury Securities at 20-Year Constant Maturity, Quoted on an Investment Basis (DGS20) from 1962-01-02 to 2025-06-27 about 20-year, maturity, Treasury, interest rate, interest, rate, and USA.

Interactive chart showing the daily 5 year treasury yield back to 1962. The values shown are daily data published by the Federal Reserve Board based on the average yield of a range of Treasury securities, all adjusted to the equivalent of a five-year maturity.

Graph and download economic data for Market Yield on U.S. Treasury Securities at 5-Year Constant Maturity, Quoted on an Investment Basis (DGS5) from 1962-01-02 to 2025-06-18 about maturity, Treasury, interest rate, interest, 5-year, rate, and USA.

Graph and download economic data for Market Yield on U.S. Treasury Securities at 1-Month Constant Maturity, Quoted on an Investment Basis (DGS1MO) from 2001-07-31 to 2025-06-26 about 1-month, bills, maturity, Treasury, interest rate, interest, rate, and USA.

The replication data contain MATLAB and GAUSS codes as well as the data required for replication of the results from the paper

1. Monte Carlo Simulation:

Contains codes and data for simulation study from Section 3.

Data:

• MV.mat, MV.txt- monthly data on market capitalization of the 205 stocks of the S&P500 index obtained from DataStream for the period 01.01.1974-01.05.2015

• sp500_edata.mat - monthly data on close prices of components of S&P500 index for the period 01.01.1974-01.05.2015 processed to obtain excess returns using as a risk free return data on the risk free return from French & Fama database. Description of the price data from DataStream: "The ‘current’ prices taken at the close of market are stored each day. These stored prices are adjusted for subsequent capital actions, and this adjusted figure then becomes the default price offered on all Research programs. " Description of the excess return of the market from French & Fama database : "the excess return on the market, value-weight return of all CRSP firms incorporated in the US and listed on the NYSE, AMEX, or NASDAQ that have a CRSP share code of 10 or 11 at the beginning of month t, good shares and price data at the beginning of t, and good return data for t minus theone-month Treasury bill rate (from Ibbotson Associates)." From the latest file two separate data files were created (see CAPMsim.m):

• sp500_stocks.txt, sp500_stocks.mat - monthly data on close prices of 205 components of S&P500 index for the period 01.01.1974-01.05.2015

• FactorData.txt, FactorData.txt - The Fama & French factors from French & Fama database for a period July 1926 - May 2015.

Codes:

• CAPMsim.m - the main code that replicates the Monte Carlo simulation of the artificial market and proxy indexes subject to different types of the measurement error.

• sure.m- obtains the estimated parameters for the SUR system and performs hypothesis testing of the significance of the coefficients.

2. Empirical Application

Contains codes and data for empirical application from Section 4.

Data:

• data1203.txt - 120 monthly observations on the excess returns on 20 random stocks from S&P500, S&P500 index return, DJIA return from DataStream and excess return of the CRSP index from French & Fama database for a period 01/06/2005-01/05/2015.

• data1204.txt - 120 monthly observations on the excess returns on 30 stocks from DJIA, S&P500 index return, DJIA return from DataStream and excess return of the CRSP index from French & Fama database for a period 01/06/2005-01/05/2015.

• DJSTOCKS_60_FF_Z.dat - 60 monthly observations on the excess returns on 30 stocks from DJIA from DataStream and excess return of the CRSP index from French & Fama database for a period 01/06/2010-01/05/2015.

• DJSTOCKS_60_SP_Z.dat - 60 monthly observations on the excess returns on 30 stocks from DJIA and S&P500 index return from DataStream for a period 01/06/2010-01/05/2015.

  • DJSTOCKS_60_DJ_Z.dat - 60 monthly observations on the excess returns on 30 stocks from DJIA and DJIA return from DataStream for a period 01/06/2010-01/05/2015.
  • STOCKS_60_FF_Z.dat - 60 monthly observations on the excess returns on 20 random stocks from S&P500 from DataStream and excess return of the CRSP index from French & Fama database for a period 01/06/2010-01/05/2015.
  • STOCKS_60_SP_Z.dat - 60 monthly observations on the excess returns on 20 random stocks from S&P500 and S&P500 index return from DataStream for a period 01/06/2010-01/05/2015.

• STOCKS_60_DJ_Z.dat - 60 monthly observations on the excess returns on 20 random stocks from S&P500 and DJIA return from DataStream for a period 01/06/2010-01/05/2015.

  Description of the variables in the data sets:

• Z_1, Z_2,...,Z_20,..., Z_30 - returns of individual stocks depending on the data set.

• For calculation of the returns adjusted prices from DataStream were used (see data from Monte Carlo simulation part). Risk free return is taken from French & Fama database.

• Time period was shortened from 120 to 60 observations: 01/06/2010-01/05/2015

• Excess returns from the market and indeces:

  • Z_SP - 60 observations on excess return of the S&P500 from DataStream
  • Z_DJ - 60 observations on excess return of the DJIA from DataStream
  • Z_FF - 60 observations on excess return of the market from French & Fama database

Codes:

• load_stocks120.gss - loads the data on the returns of the randomly selected 20 socks of S&P500 and selects last 60 observations
  • load_djstocks120.gss - loads the data on the returns of the 30 socks of the Dow-Jones Industrial Average Index and selects last 60 observations
  • CAPM.prc- contains functions to estimate CAPM model by SUR and Minimum Distance methods
• CAPM.inc- sets the format for the output files from the GAUSS procedures
• CAPM_STOCKS20_FF.gss, CAPM_STOCKS20_DJ.gss, CAPM_STOCKS20_SP.gss, CAPM_DJSTOCKS30_FF.gss,CAPM_DJSTOCKS30_DJ.gss,CAPM_DJSTOCKS30_SP.gss - GAUSS procedures to estimate the CAPM models based on particular data set (20 random stocks or 30 stocks from DJIA as well as different market indexes: S&P500, DJIA, CRSP) and generate separate output files. 2019-03-05 11:51:42.893129 The replication data contain MATLAB and GAUSS codes as well as the data required for replication of the results from the paper

The yield on France 10Y Bond Yield rose to 3.29% on June 30, 2025, marking a 0.03 percentage point increase from the previous session. Over the past month, the yield has edged up by 0.09 points, though it remains 0.01 points lower than a year ago, according to over-the-counter interbank yield quotes for this government bond maturity. France 10-Year Government Bond Yield - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on July of 2025.

The risk-free rate is a theoretical rate of return on an investment with zero risk. This rate represents the minimum interest an investor would expect from a risk-free investment over a period of time. It is important to remember that the risk-free rate is only theoretical, as all investments carry even the smallest risks. As of 2025, the risk-free rate in Poland was *** percent.

Interactive chart showing the daily 30 year treasury yield back to 1977. The U.S Treasury suspended issuance of the 30 year bond between 2/15/2002 and 2/9/2006.

Snapshot img

Fixed Income Assets Management Market Size 2025-2029

The fixed income assets management market size is forecast to increase by USD 9.16 tr at a CAGR of 6.3% between 2024 and 2029.

The market is experiencing significant growth, driven by increasing investor interest in fixed income securities as a hedge against market volatility. A key trend in this market is the expansion of bond Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs), which offer investors liquidity, diversification, and cost savings. However, this market is not without risks. Transactions in fixed income assets involve complexities such as credit risk, interest rate risk, and liquidity risk, which require sophisticated risk management strategies. As global investors seek to capitalize on market opportunities and navigate these challenges effectively, they must stay informed of regulatory changes, market trends, and technological advancements. Companies that can provide innovative solutions for managing fixed income risks and optimizing returns will be well-positioned to succeed in this dynamic market.

What will be the Size of the Fixed Income Assets Management Market during the forecast period?

Request Free SampleThe fixed income assets market in the United States continues to be an essential component of investment portfolios for various official institutions and individual investors. With an expansive market size and growth, fixed income securities encompass various debt instruments, including corporate bonds and government treasuries. Interest rate fluctuations significantly impact this market, influencing investment decisions and affecting the returns from interest payments on these securities. Fixed income Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs) and index managers have gained popularity due to their cost-effective and diversified investment options. However, the credit market volatility and associated default risk pose challenges for investors. In pursuit of financial goals, investors often choose fixed income funds over equities for their stable dividend income and tax savings benefits. Market risk and investors' risk tolerance are crucial factors in managing fixed income assets. Economic uncertainty and interest rate fluctuations necessitate active management by asset managers, hedge funds, and mutual funds. The fund maturity and investors' financial goals influence the choice between various fixed income securities, such as treasuries and loans. Despite the challenges, the market's direction remains positive, driven by the continuous demand for income-generating investments.

How is this Fixed Income Assets Management Industry segmented?

The fixed income assets management industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD tr' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments. TypeCoreAlternativeEnd-userEnterprisesIndividualsGeographyNorth AmericaUSCanadaEuropeFranceGermanyItalyUKAPACChinaIndiaJapanSouth KoreaSouth AmericaMiddle East and Africa

By Type Insights

The core segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.The fixed income asset management market encompasses a diverse range of investment vehicles, including index investing, pension funds, official institutions, mutual funds, investment advisory services, and hedge funds. This asset class caters to income holders with varying risk tolerances, offering securities such as municipal bonds, government bonds, and high yield bonds through asset management firms. Institutional investors, insurance companies, and corporations also play significant roles in this sector. Fixed income securities, including Treasuries, municipal bonds, corporate bonds, and debt securities, provide regular interest payments and can offer tax savings, making them attractive for investors with financial goals. However, liquidity issues and credit market volatility can pose challenges. The Federal Reserve's interest rate decisions and economic uncertainty also impact the fixed income market. Asset management firms employ various strategies, such as the core fixed income (CFI) strategy, which invests in a mix of investment-grade fixed-income securities. CFI strategies aim to deliver consistent performance by carefully managing portfolios, considering issuer creditworthiness, maturity, and jurisdiction. Fixed income funds, including government bonds and corporate bonds, offer lower market risk compared to equities. Investors can choose from various investment vehicles, including mutual funds, ETFs, and index funds managed by active managers or index managers. Fixed income ETFs, in particular, provide investors with the benefits of ETFs, such as liquidity and transparency, while offering exposure to the fixed income market. Despite market risks and liquidity issues, the fixed income asset management market continues to be

The yield on Germany 10Y Bond Yield eased to 2.51% on June 20, 2025, marking a 0.01 percentage point decrease from the previous session. Over the past month, the yield has fallen by 0.14 points, though it remains 0.10 points higher than a year ago, according to over-the-counter interbank yield quotes for this government bond maturity. Germany 10-Year Bond Yield - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on June of 2025.

Key information about Nepal Long Term Interest Rate

• Nepal Long Term Interest Rate: Month End: Nepal: Government Bond Yield: 5 Years was reported at 9.00 % pa in Dec 2024, compared with 9.00 % pa in the previous month.
• Nepal Long Term Interest Rate data is updated monthly, available from Jun 1981 to Dec 2024.
• The data reached an all-time high of 15.00 % pa in May 1990 and a record low of 6.00 % pa in Feb 2019.
• Long Term Interest Rate is reported by reported by CEIC Data.

• In the latest reports, Nepal Discount Rate: Treasury Bill: 91 Days was reported at 2.85 % pa in Dec 2024.
• The cash rate (Policy Rate: Month End: Bank Rate) was set at 6.50 % pa in Dec 2024.
• Nepal Exchange Rate against USD averaged 131.10 (USD/NPR) in May 2023.

The yield on India 10Y Bond Yield eased to 6.37% on July 1, 2025, marking a 0.02 percentage point decrease from the previous session. Over the past month, the yield has edged up by 0.09 points, though it remains 0.64 points lower than a year ago, according to over-the-counter interbank yield quotes for this government bond maturity. India 10-Year Government Bond Yield - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on July of 2025.

As of April 16, 2025, the yield for a ten-year U.S. government bond was 4.34 percent, while the yield for a two-year bond was 3.86 percent. This represents an inverted yield curve, whereby bonds of longer maturities provide a lower yield, reflecting investors' expectations for a decline in long-term interest rates. Hence, making long-term debt holders open to more risk under the uncertainty around the condition of financial markets in the future. That markets are uncertain can be seen by considering both the short-term fluctuations, and the long-term downward trend, of the yields of U.S. government bonds from 2006 to 2021, before the treasury yield curve increased again significantly in the following years. What are government bonds? Government bonds, otherwise called ‘sovereign’ or ‘treasury’ bonds, are financial instruments used by governments to raise money for government spending. Investors give the government a certain amount of money (the ‘face value’), to be repaid at a specified time in the future (the ‘maturity date’). In addition, the government makes regular periodic interest payments (called ‘coupon payments’). Once initially issued, government bonds are tradable on financial markets, meaning their value can fluctuate over time (even though the underlying face value and coupon payments remain the same). Investors are attracted to government bonds as, provided the country in question has a stable economy and political system, they are a very safe investment. Accordingly, in periods of economic turmoil, investors may be willing to accept a negative overall return in order to have a safe haven for their money. For example, once the market value is compared to the total received from remaining interest payments and the face value, investors have been willing to accept a negative return on two-year German government bonds between 2014 and 2021. Conversely, if the underlying economy and political structures are weak, investors demand a higher return to compensate for the higher risk they take on. Consequently, the return on bonds in emerging markets like Brazil are consistently higher than that of the United States (and other developed economies). Inverted yield curves When investors are worried about the financial future, it can lead to what is called an ‘inverted yield curve’. An inverted yield curve is where investors pay more for short term bonds than long term, indicating they do not have confidence in long-term financial conditions. Historically, the yield curve has historically inverted before each of the last five U.S. recessions. The last U.S. yield curve inversion occurred at several brief points in 2019 – a trend which continued until the Federal Reserve cut interest rates several times over that year. However, the ultimate trigger for the next recession was the unpredicted, exogenous shock of the global coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, showing how such informal indicators may be grounded just as much in coincidence as causation.